无核抗病葡萄胚挽救育种的研究
|
摘要
2000年5月～2001年5月通过田间人工杂交，共获得以无核葡萄作母本中国野生葡萄山葡萄(黑龙江实生、左山74-1-326)、蘡薁葡萄(泰山-2)、燕山葡萄、秦岭葡萄(平利-5)和北醇作父本的种间组合17个和无核葡萄品种间组合6个及自交组合2个。然后离体培养上述25个组合的胚珠，对影响无核抗病葡萄胚挽救的取样时期、基本培养基、培养方式、珠被处理方式、幼胚萌发蔗糖浓度等因素进行了研究。主要取得了以下研究结果：
1．获得了一批杂交后代的胚挽救幼苗
通过胚挽救技术，以无核葡萄为母本的23个杂交组合共获得了764株幼苗，其中无核×抗病组合17个，成苗377株，4个无核×无核组合和2个自交组合，成苗387株。获得的无核抗病杂交后代包括底来特×北醇117株，爱莫无核×北醇107株，底来特×燕山葡萄32株，底来特×黑龙江实生29株，底来特×平利-5 28株，火焰无核×北醇27株，爱莫无核×泰山-215株，森田尼无核×北醇、爱莫无核×左山74-1-326各3株，森田尼无核×左山74-1-326 2株，京可晶×左山74-1-326、火焰无核×燕山葡萄各1株。不同的杂交组合胚挽救成苗的结果差异较大。炼苗移栽102株，成功定植于大田86株，成活率达84.31％。
2．筛选出了最适宜无核抗病葡萄胚挽救的基本培养基
筛选出的适宜胚挽救的培养基是改良ER培养基。胚发育阶段采用附加6％蔗糖的改良ER液体培养基，胚萌发及成苗阶段采用附加1.0～1.5％蔗糖的Wood Plant固体培养基，并附加0.2mg／LBA。
3．确定了各杂交组合的最佳取材时期
不同杂交组合胚挽救的最佳取材时期不同，本研究的不同组合是在授粉后40～52天之间。具体表现为：底来特×北醇、底来特×黑龙江实生、底来特×红地球、底来特×爱莫无核、底来特自交、爱莫无核×北醇及爱莫无核×底来特是授粉后48天，底来特×平利-5是授粉后52天，底来特×燕山葡萄是授粉后49天，火焰无核×北醇是授粉后40天。
4．建立了适宜无核抗病葡萄胚挽救的应用操作程序
本研究获得的无核抗病葡萄胚挽救的操作方法可分为三个培养阶段。首先将杂交胚珠取出接种在胚发育培养基上进行胚珠内幼胚的培养8周，挽救其中的幼胚以防败育，使幼胚在离体条件下进一步得到发育；然后解剖镜下无菌剥取裸胚转移到胚萌发培养基上诱导胚萌发；最后将萌发10～15天的胚转移到成苗培养基上使之生根直接成苗。
5．温室炼苗的关键环节是无菌条件下将胚挽救苗移栽到以珍珠岩为基质的营养钵中，杀菌剂的浇灌及湿度的调控。
17 pollinations between seedless grapes andChinese wild grapes (K amurensis (Heilongjiang seedling,Zuoshan741-326) V.thunbergii(raKhanr2),V.yeshanensis,V. qinlingensis (Pingli-5) and Beichun (a specific hybrid of V.amurensisJ), 6 pollinations between seedless grapes, 2 crosses of self-pollinated seedless grapes were carried out in May of 2000 and May of 2001.Fertilized ovules of 25 crosses above were cultured in vitro to study effect of harvest time, basic medium, embryo culture styles, ovule excision on embryo rescue and sugar concentrations on embryo germination.
The results were as follows:
1. 764 embryo rescue plants were obtained from 23 crosses, including 377 plants from 17 hybrids of seedless grapes x Chinese wild grapes, 387 plants fr om 4 hybrids of seedless grapes x seedless grapes and 2 crosses of self-pollination. Progenies of hybrids of seedless grapesxChinese wild grapes included 117 new plants from DelightxBeichun,107 plants from Olmo SeedlessxBeichun, 32 plants from Delightx V.yeshanensis, 29 Plants from DelightxHeilongjiang seedling, 28 plants from DelightxPingli-5, 27 Plants from Flame SeedlessxBeichun, 15 Plants from Olmo SeedlessxTaishan-2, 3 plants from Centennial SeedlessxBeichun or Olmo SeedlessxZuoshan 74-1-326, 2 plants from Centennial SeedlessxZuoshan 74-1-326, 1 plant from JingkejingxZuoshan74-l-326 or Flame SeedlessxV.yeshanensis. The percentage of recovered embryos differed significantly among crosses. 102 recovered plants were transfered and 86 plants were established in the vineyard and survival percentage was 84.31%.
2. The suitable basic media were selected for embryo rescue. The best medium for embryo development was modified liquid ER medium plus 6% sucrose; the best medium for embryo germination and plant establi shment was solid Wood Plant (WP) medium plus 1.0-1.5% sucrose and 0.2mg/L BA.
3. Different harvest time was investigated to determine the best for embryo rescue. It was found that the best time was different among crosses. Harvest time of 48 days after pollination was the best for DelightxBeichun, DelightxHeilongjiang seedling, DelightxRed Globe, DelightxOlmo Seedless, self-pollinated Delight, Olmo SeedlessxBeichun and Olmo
SeedlessxDelight; 52 days after pollination for DelightxPingli-5; 49 days after pollination for Delightx V.yeshanensis and 40 days after pollination for Flame SeedlessxBeichun.
4. Simple procedure of embryo rescue was established, which was classified into three stages. First, ovules were excised from seedless fruits to recover embryos and in-vitro ovules were cultured on medium for 8 weeks till embryo became mature. After that, the developed embryos were excised in sterile under anatomic microscope and were transferred into another medium for embryo germination. 10~15days after germination, the recovered embryos were transferred into WP medium to establish seedlings.
5. The key way to establish seedlings was that the domesticated plants should be transferred in sterile from Erenmeyer flasks to pots as matrix of pearlite, with irrigation of fungicide solution and with moisture control.
1．获得了一批杂交后代的胚挽救幼苗
通过胚挽救技术，以无核葡萄为母本的23个杂交组合共获得了764株幼苗，其中无核×抗病组合17个，成苗377株，4个无核×无核组合和2个自交组合，成苗387株。获得的无核抗病杂交后代包括底来特×北醇117株，爱莫无核×北醇107株，底来特×燕山葡萄32株，底来特×黑龙江实生29株，底来特×平利-5 28株，火焰无核×北醇27株，爱莫无核×泰山-215株，森田尼无核×北醇、爱莫无核×左山74-1-326各3株，森田尼无核×左山74-1-326 2株，京可晶×左山74-1-326、火焰无核×燕山葡萄各1株。不同的杂交组合胚挽救成苗的结果差异较大。炼苗移栽102株，成功定植于大田86株，成活率达84.31％。
2．筛选出了最适宜无核抗病葡萄胚挽救的基本培养基
筛选出的适宜胚挽救的培养基是改良ER培养基。胚发育阶段采用附加6％蔗糖的改良ER液体培养基，胚萌发及成苗阶段采用附加1.0～1.5％蔗糖的Wood Plant固体培养基，并附加0.2mg／LBA。
3．确定了各杂交组合的最佳取材时期
不同杂交组合胚挽救的最佳取材时期不同，本研究的不同组合是在授粉后40～52天之间。具体表现为：底来特×北醇、底来特×黑龙江实生、底来特×红地球、底来特×爱莫无核、底来特自交、爱莫无核×北醇及爱莫无核×底来特是授粉后48天，底来特×平利-5是授粉后52天，底来特×燕山葡萄是授粉后49天，火焰无核×北醇是授粉后40天。
4．建立了适宜无核抗病葡萄胚挽救的应用操作程序
本研究获得的无核抗病葡萄胚挽救的操作方法可分为三个培养阶段。首先将杂交胚珠取出接种在胚发育培养基上进行胚珠内幼胚的培养8周，挽救其中的幼胚以防败育，使幼胚在离体条件下进一步得到发育；然后解剖镜下无菌剥取裸胚转移到胚萌发培养基上诱导胚萌发；最后将萌发10～15天的胚转移到成苗培养基上使之生根直接成苗。
5．温室炼苗的关键环节是无菌条件下将胚挽救苗移栽到以珍珠岩为基质的营养钵中，杀菌剂的浇灌及湿度的调控。
17 pollinations between seedless grapes andChinese wild grapes (K amurensis (Heilongjiang seedling,Zuoshan741-326) V.thunbergii(raKhanr2),V.yeshanensis,V. qinlingensis (Pingli-5) and Beichun (a specific hybrid of V.amurensisJ), 6 pollinations between seedless grapes, 2 crosses of self-pollinated seedless grapes were carried out in May of 2000 and May of 2001.Fertilized ovules of 25 crosses above were cultured in vitro to study effect of harvest time, basic medium, embryo culture styles, ovule excision on embryo rescue and sugar concentrations on embryo germination.
The results were as follows:
1. 764 embryo rescue plants were obtained from 23 crosses, including 377 plants from 17 hybrids of seedless grapes x Chinese wild grapes, 387 plants fr om 4 hybrids of seedless grapes x seedless grapes and 2 crosses of self-pollination. Progenies of hybrids of seedless grapesxChinese wild grapes included 117 new plants from DelightxBeichun,107 plants from Olmo SeedlessxBeichun, 32 plants from Delightx V.yeshanensis, 29 Plants from DelightxHeilongjiang seedling, 28 plants from DelightxPingli-5, 27 Plants from Flame SeedlessxBeichun, 15 Plants from Olmo SeedlessxTaishan-2, 3 plants from Centennial SeedlessxBeichun or Olmo SeedlessxZuoshan 74-1-326, 2 plants from Centennial SeedlessxZuoshan 74-1-326, 1 plant from JingkejingxZuoshan74-l-326 or Flame SeedlessxV.yeshanensis. The percentage of recovered embryos differed significantly among crosses. 102 recovered plants were transfered and 86 plants were established in the vineyard and survival percentage was 84.31%.
2. The suitable basic media were selected for embryo rescue. The best medium for embryo development was modified liquid ER medium plus 6% sucrose; the best medium for embryo germination and plant establi shment was solid Wood Plant (WP) medium plus 1.0-1.5% sucrose and 0.2mg/L BA.
3. Different harvest time was investigated to determine the best for embryo rescue. It was found that the best time was different among crosses. Harvest time of 48 days after pollination was the best for DelightxBeichun, DelightxHeilongjiang seedling, DelightxRed Globe, DelightxOlmo Seedless, self-pollinated Delight, Olmo SeedlessxBeichun and Olmo
SeedlessxDelight; 52 days after pollination for DelightxPingli-5; 49 days after pollination for Delightx V.yeshanensis and 40 days after pollination for Flame SeedlessxBeichun.
4. Simple procedure of embryo rescue was established, which was classified into three stages. First, ovules were excised from seedless fruits to recover embryos and in-vitro ovules were cultured on medium for 8 weeks till embryo became mature. After that, the developed embryos were excised in sterile under anatomic microscope and were transferred into another medium for embryo germination. 10~15days after germination, the recovered embryos were transferred into WP medium to establish seedlings.
5. The key way to establish seedlings was that the domesticated plants should be transferred in sterile from Erenmeyer flasks to pots as matrix of pearlite, with irrigation of fungicide solution and with moisture control.
引文
[1] 曹孜义，刘国民．实用植物组织培养技术教程．甘肃科学技术出版社，1996
[2] 曹孜义，齐与枢．葡萄组织培养及应用．北京高等教育出版社，1990
[3] 曹孜义．我国葡萄组织培养研究概况．甘肃农业大学学报，1999，(34)：62-67
[4] 曹孜义主译．葡萄组织培养译文集．甘肃科技出版社，1989
[5] 陈纪南译．保加利亚无核葡萄的栽培及生产前景．国外农学～果树，1989，(4)：15～17
[6] 陈香波，曹孜义．离体葡萄未成熟胚成苗途径研究．果树科学，2000，17(4)：261～264
[7] 陈再光，黄德利．葡萄和油橄榄离体胚培养．植物生理学通讯，1984，(6)：20～22
[8] 陈振光．果树组织培养．上海科学技术出版社，1987
[9] 程宗明，徐喜楼，盛炳成等．葡萄组织培养的现状及展望．果树科学，1992，9(1) 50～55
[10] 董晓玲，贺普超．无核葡萄杨格尔的胚发育及胚培养．果树科学，1991，8(2)：55～58
[11] 黄学森．用生物工程技术将外源基因转入葡萄的研究．遗传，1989，11(3)：9-11
[12] 方德秋(译)．葡萄育种进展．国外农学～果树，1989，(2)29～32
[13] 付焱，唐冬梅．无核葡萄品种的幼胚离体培养及植株形成．西北农业学报，1997，6(5)：121
[14] 傅润民主编．果树瓜类生物工程育种．农业出版社，1994
[15] 高新一，罗方梅．谈谈无核葡萄．植物杂志，1990，17(6)：8～9
[16] 桂耀林，马诚编著．植物组织培养．科学出版社，1987
[17] 郭德银．生物技术在果树上的应用．果树科学，1992，9(3)：173～178
[18] 河北农业大学主编．果树栽培学总论．中国农业出版社，1983
[19] 贺普超，晁无疾．我国葡萄属野生种的抗病性研究．中国果树，1982，(4)：17～20
[20] 贺普超，董晓玲．极早熟葡萄胚珠培养技术的研究．果树科学，1989，6(4)：199～204
[21] 贺普超，任治邦．我国葡萄属野生种对炭疽病抗性的研究．果树科学，1990，7(1)：7～12
[22] 贺普超，王国英．我国葡萄野生种霜霉病抗性的调查研究．园艺学报，1986，13(1)：17～24
[23] 贺普超，王跃进，王国英等．中国葡萄属野生种抗病性研究．中国农业科学，1991，24(3)：50～56．
[24] 贺普超，王跃进．中国葡萄属野生种抗白腐病的鉴定研究．中国果树，1988，(1)：5～8
[25] 贺普超，张远记．促进早熟葡萄胚的发育和萌发的研究．园艺学报，1988，(2)：83～87
[26] 贺普超主编．葡萄学．中国农业出版社，1999
[27] 黄学林，李筱菊编著．高等植物组织离体培养的形态建成及其调控．科学出版社，1995
[28] 金波．蔬菜作物的胚胎培养．上海农业学报，1986，2(3)：105～114
[29] 李桂荣，王跃进，唐冬梅等．无核白胚挽救育种技术研究．西北植物学报，2001，21(3)：432～436
[30] 李剑波．用胚珠培育无核葡萄品种研究．北方园艺，1990，65(9)：16～17
[31] 李世诚，堀内昭作，望罔亮介．葡萄未熟胚的胚状体诱导和再生植株．上海农业学报．1992，8(2)：27～32．
[32] 李云，冯慧，田砚亭．葡萄遗传化研究进展．生物工程进展，2000，20(3)：49～52
[33] 林伯年．果树组织培养研究综述．中国果树，1978(3)：19～27
[34] 刘加驹，卢春生．无核葡萄．果树科学，1985，(1)：15～20
[35] 刘培德，郭飞跃．利用无核葡萄胚培养获得体细胞再生植株．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1992，91)：52
[36] 刘双媛．早熟葡萄种胚的离体培养．新疆农业科学，1987，(1)：17～19
[37] 刘延琳．葡萄早熟杂交胚珠的组织培养．国际葡萄与葡萄酒学术研讨会论文集，陕西人民出版社，1998
[38] 刘用生，李秀菊．离体培养技术在葡萄上的应用．北方果树，1991，(4)：1～4
[39] 刘用生．GA_3、6-BA、IBA与活性炭对李胚萌发及幼苗生长的影响．植物生理学通讯，1993，21(3)：68
[40] 刘育昌．葡萄遗传育种和品种改良新技术．甘肃农业大学学报，1999，(34)：33～40
[41] 吕湛．美国加州的主要鲜食葡萄品种．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1995，(3)：1
[42] 罗国光译．怎样加快葡萄育种的进程．济南：葡萄科技，1980，(2)：26～28
[43] 孟新法，张利，张潞生．无核葡萄胚发育及早期离体培养的研究：Ⅲ培养方式对离体胚发育影响．北京农业大学学报，1992，18(4)393～395
[44] 孟新法，张利，张潞生等．无核葡萄胚发育及早期离体培养的研究：Ⅳ胚珠接种时期对胚发育的影响．北京农业大学学报，1993，19(1)：45～47
[45] 牛建新(译)．葡萄品种“希姆劳德”无核性解剖组织学研究．北方园艺，1998，118(1)：48～50
[46] 牛立新．世界葡萄种质资源研究概况，葡萄栽培与酿酒，1994，70(3)：18～20
[47] 亓桂梅，潘春云，汤小宁等．无核葡萄杂交胚珠的培养技术．果树科学，1998，15(4)：364～367
[48] 山根弘康(董新平译)．葡萄的遗传特性和育种．国外农学～果树，1988，(2)：40～42
[49] 沈德绪主编．果树育种学．中国农业出版社，1985
[50] 石荫坪，王强生．中国落叶果树育种五十年(续完)．落叶果树，2000，(3)：1～5
[51] 石荫坪，王强生．中国落叶果树育种五十年．落叶果树，1999，(4)：1～5
[52] 苏玉珍译(Cet A著)．美国加州的鲜食葡萄．国外农学～果树，1991，(2)：36
[53] 汤小宁，潘春云，亓桂敏等．葡萄幼胚试管苗移栽技术．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1998，(1)：31
[54] 陶建敏，陈长春，徐喜楼．无核葡萄育种技术研究进展．果树科学，1998，15(1)：78～83
[55] 陶建敏，陈长春，徐喜楼．组织培养技术在葡萄无核育种上的应用．葡萄栽培与酿酒．1997，(4)：48～51．
[56] 陶建敏，章镇．一九九九年度日本新发表的葡萄品种，中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2000，(1)：40～41
[57] 汪景山，渔光．山楂幼胚培养．植物生理学通讯，1981，(4)：42～43
[58] 王纪方，金波等编著．蔬菜组织培养．上海科技出版社，1983
[59] 王近卫，堀内昭作．无核白葡萄的无核果形成的组织形态学形究．园艺学报，1992，(1)：1～6
[60] 王晶，罗国光．巨峰葡萄胚和胚乳的发育．园艺学报，1996，23(2)：191～193
[61] 王西平，王跃进，周鹏等．中国野生葡萄抗黑痘病基因特有的RAPD标记．中国农业科学，2000，33(6)：13～18．
[62] 王元裕，周碧英，高土贤等．柑桔胚培养技术的研究：Ⅱ多胚性品种未熟胚的早期离体培养．园艺学报，1981，(1)：13～14
[63] 王跃进，Lamikanra O., Schell L. 等．用RAPD分析鉴定葡萄属远缘杂种．西北农业大学，1997，25(3)：16～20
[64] 王跃进，Lamikanra O.,卢江等．葡萄无核基因的RAPD遗传标记．西北农业大学学报，1996，24(5)：1～10
[65] 王跃进，万怡震．美国加州的葡萄生产与科研，西北农林科技大学学报，2002，143(1)：134～140
[66] 王跃进，张剑侠，李桂荣等．采用胚挽救技术获得抗病无核葡萄新材料的研究．甘肃农业大学学报．2001，36(专辑)：105～111．
[67] 王跃进，张剑侠，王西平等．中国野生葡萄抗病基因的RAPD标记及应用．甘肃农业大学学报，2001，36(专辑)：175～177
[68] 王跃进，张剑侠，周鹏等．中国野生葡萄抗白粉病基因的RAPD标记．西北农林科技大学学报，2001，29(1)：1～5
[69] 王跃进．加速无核葡萄品种选育的新技术．西北农业学报，1997，6(5)：81～83
[70] 王跃进．中国葡萄属野生种质资源的研究利用．中国野生植物，1989，(2)：11～13
[71] 徐海英．无核葡萄研究进展．甘肃农业大学学报，1998，(34)：41～45
[72] 颜昌敬．植物组织培养手册．上海科学技术出版社，1990
[73] 杨有龙．美国和日本的葡萄育种．北方果树，1992，(2)：1～2
[74] 杨增海，胡霓云，路广明．早熟桃胚培养技术研究．西北农学院学报，1983，(1)：15～25
[75] 杨增海编著．园艺植物组织培养．农业出版社，1987
[76] 姚强，路广明，胡霓云．早熟桃胚珠培养技术研究初报．果树科学，1988，5(4)：164～168
[77] 余旦华，张磊，赵改荣等．早熟和四倍体葡萄胚培养的研究．果树科学，1992，9(1)：1～7
[78] 曾雪强，陈谦．部分美国加州无核葡萄品种简介．中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2000，(3)：45～46
[79] 张宏明，孟新法，张潞生等．无核葡萄胚珠发育及早期离体培养的研究：Ⅰ激素对胚珠离体培养的影响．北京农业大学学报，1990，16(2)：227～282
[80] 张利，孟新法，张潞生．无核葡萄胚珠发育及早期离体培养的研究：Ⅱ无核葡萄胚发育的特点．北京农业大学学报，1991，17(4)：55～59
[81] 张潞生，孟新法．大粒无核葡萄品种选育技术(综述)．北京农业大学学报，1993，19(4)：92～97
[82] 张潞生．无核葡萄有籽技术(综述)．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1993，6(3)：8～10
[83] 中川昌一著(曾骧等译)．果树园艺原论．农业出版社，1982，161～162．
[84] 朱际君，汪祖华，蔡兴元等．特早熟桃胚培养技术．江苏农业学报，1985，1(3)：41～43
[85] 朱林，李佩芬，李炳芝等，无核葡萄品种的胚珠培养和胚分化(简报)．植物生理学通讯，1992，28(4)：273～274
[86] Alberto C, Suzanne M.,Pethier R.. By growth of immature peach embryos in response to media, ovule support method, and ovule perforation. Hortsience, 1994, 29(9):1081～1083
[87] Baritt B. K.Ovule development in seeded and seedless grapes. Vitis,1970,9:7-14
[88] Barlass M., Ramming D.W., Davis H.P.. In-ovule embryo culture,a breeding technique to rescue seedless × seedless table grape crosses. Australian Grape Grower and Winemaker,1968,259:123-125
[89] Blake, M.A..Some results of crosses of early ripening varieties of peaches.Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 1939, 37: 332-241
[90] C.A.Ledbetter, L. Burgos. Inheritance of stenospermocarpic seedlessness in Vitis vinifera L.. Journal of heredity, 1994, 85(2) : 159-160
[91] C.A.Ledbetter,C.B.Shonnard.Berry and seed characteristics associated with stenospermy in vinifera grapes.Journal of Hortscience,1991,66(2) :247-252
[92] Cain D.W., Emershad R.L., Tarilo R.E.. In-ovule embryo culture and seedling development of seeded and seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)Vitis, 1983, 22:9-14
[93] D. W. Ramming.In ovule embryo culture of early maturing prunus. .Hortscience, 1985． 20(3) : 419-420
[94] D.J.Gray,L.A.Hanger.Effect of ovule maturity on recovery of zygotic embryo and embryogenic cultures from muscadine grape.Hortscience,1993,28(3) :227
[95] D.W.Ramming.The use of embryos culture of fruit breeding.Hortscience, 1990, 25(4) : 393-398
[96] David W. Ramming, R. Tarailo. ' Fantasy seedless ' , a new black seedless grape. Hortscience, 1995, 30(1) : 151-153
[97] Emershad R.L.,DW Ramming.In-ovule embryo culture of Vitis vinifera L.C.V. 'Thompson Seedless' Amer. J. Bot., 1984, 71(6) : 873-877
[98] Emershad R.L.,Ramming D.W., Serpe M.D..In ovule embryo development and plant formation from stenospermic genotypes of Vitis vinifera. L. Amer. J Bot, 1989, 76(3) : 397-402
[99] Fernandez,J.N.Moore.Effect of seedcoat manipulation on the germination of stenospermocarpic grape embryos cultured in ovule. Hortscience, 1991, 26(9) : 1220
[100] Goldy R.G., Emershad R.L.. Embryo culture as a means of introgressory seedlessness from Vitis vinifera to V.rotundifolia. Hortscience, 1988, 23(5) : 886-889
[101] Gray D.J., Fisher L.C., Mortensen J.A.. Comparison of methodologies for in ovule embryo rescue of seedless grapes.Hortscience ,1987, 22: 1334-1335
[102] Gray D.J., Mortensen J.A.,Betten C.M..Ovule culture to obtain progeny from hybrid seedless bunch grapes.J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 1990, 115(6) : 1019-1024
[103] Gray.DJ.(亓桂梅译),利用组织培养方法从无核葡萄杂交中获得后代，葡萄栽培与酿酒，1993, 6 (3) : 35-38
[104] Gustafson F.G..The cause of natural parthenocarpy.Amer.J.Bot,1939,26:135-138
[105] Jiang Lu,Olusole Lamikanra.Barriers to inter subsequences crosses between Muscadinia and Euvitis. Hortscience, 1996, 31(2) : 269-271
[106] Julins I., 1980． 程家胜译，樱桃离体胚培养和微型繁殖，国外农学-果树, 1981,(1) : 25-26
[107] LedbetterC.A.,RammingD.W.Seedlessnessingrapes.HorticultualReview,1989,11: 159-181
[108] Ledbetter C.A.,Shonnerd C.B.Improved seed development and germination of stenospermic grapes by plant growth regulators. J. Horticultured. Sci.,1990, 65(3) : 269-274
[109] Lesley J.W., J. Bonner.The development of normal peach seedlings from seeds of early maturing varieties.Proc.Amer.Soc.Hort. Sci, 1952, 60: 238-242
[110] Loomis N.H., Weinberger J.H.. Inheritance studies of seedlessness in grapes.J.Amer.Soc. Hort.Sci, 1979, 104: 181-184
[111] Ma heshwari, N.. In vitro culture of excised ovules of Papaver somniferum. Science, 1958, (127) : 342
[112] Maheshwari, P. The embryology of angrosperms-A retrospect and prospect. Trends in plant morphogenesis, 1966, 97-112
[113] Mathias R., S. Espinosa, G.Robbelen.A new embryo rescue procedure for interspecific hybridization.Plant Breeding,1990,104:258-261
[114] Moore J.M., E.Broun. 'Venus' grape. Hortscience, 1977, 12: 585
[115] Moore J.N.. 'Mars seedless' grape. Hortscience, 1985, 20: 313
[116] Mortensen J.A,D. J. Gray. 'Orlando seedless' grape. Hortscience, 1987, 22: 327-328
[117] Murashige Tand F.Skoog.A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue. culture,Physiol Plant,1962,15:473-497
[118] N. H. Loomis, J.H. Weinberger. In heritance studies of seedlessness in grapes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 1979, 104(2) : 181-184．
[119] Narayanaswarni. S., K. Norstog. Plant embryo culture.Bot.Rev.,1964,30:587-628
[120] Neal C.A.,L.D.Topoleski.Hormonal regulation of growth and development of tomato embryos in vitro.J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci,198 5,110:869-873
[121] Nitsch J.P., C.Pcat, C.Nitsch,et al. Natural growth substances in concord and concord seedless grapes in relation to berry development. Amer. J.Bot., 1960,
47:566-576
[122] Norstog K.. Studies on the survival of very small barley embryos in culture. Bull.Torrey. Bot., 1967, 94: 223-229
[123] Oinoue,Yasusi.Studies on the formation of seedless grapes. Jap. J. Bot, 1925, 2: 37-58
[124] Olmo H.P..The potential role of (vinifera × rotundifolia)hybrids in grape variety improvement. Experientia, 1986, 42: 921-926
[125] Pearson H. M.Parthenocarpy and seed abortion in Vitis vinifera Proc Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.,1933,29:169-175
[126] Plant growth regulator handbook.Plant growth regulator working group.Longmont CO. PP., 1977:1-2
[127] R. L. Emershad, D.W. Ramming. Somatic embryogenesis and plant development from immature zygotic embryos of seedless grapes ( Vitis vinifera L). Plant Cell Reports, 1994, 14: 6-12
[128] R.G.Goldy Increasing production of Vitis vinifera × V.rotundifolia hybrids through embryo rescue . Hortscience,1989, 24: 820-822
[129] R.G.Goldy.In vitro cultivability of ovules from 10 seedless grape clones. Hortsciene, 1987,22(5) :952
[130] R.Scorza, J. M. Cordts, D.W. Ramming, et al. Transformation of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) zygotic-derived somatic embryos and regeneration of transgenic plant. Plant Cell Reports, 1995, 14: 589-592
[131] Raghavan V. Embryo Nutrition, growth and morphogenesis of plant embryos. Biol. Rev., 1966,41:1-58
[132] Raghavan V,. Embryo culture. Intl. Rev. Cytol Supl: II 1980,209-240
[133] Rajasekaran K., J.Vime, M.G. Mullins. Dormancy in somatic embryos and seeds of Vitis changes in endogenous abscisic acid during embryogeny and germination. Planta, 1982, 154: 139-144
[134] Ramming D.W., Emershad C.A., Tarilo R. Hybridization of seedless grapes. Vitis, special issue, 1990, 439-444
[135] Ramming D.W., Emershad R.L., Tarilo R.A.. Stenospermocarpic seedless Vitis vinifera X Vitis rotundifolia hybrid developed by embryo rescue. Hortscience, 2000, 35(4) : 732-734
[136] Ramming D.W., Emershad R.L.. In-ovule embryo culture of seeded and seedless Vitis vinifera (Abst). Hortscience, 1982, 17(3) : 487
[137] Ramming D.W., Lu J., Lamikanra O., et al. Developing seedless grapes by
embryo rescue. Proc-Vitis-Sci-Symp, 1995, 18: 26-30
[138] Serpe M. D.,The effect of growth regulators on nonstratified seeds of Prunus persica Li (Batsch). M. S. Thesis, California State University. Fresno.
[139] Spiegel-Roy, P. I. Baron, N.Sahar. Inheritance of seedlessness in seeded × seedless progeny of Vitis vinifera L.. Vitis, 1990, 79-83
[140] Spiegel-Roy, P. N. Sahar, I. Baron. Seedless × seedless grape progeny, technique, results and perspectives. Vitis (special issue), 1990, 432-438
[141] Spiegel-Roy, Sahar P. N., Baron J., et al. In vitro culture and plant formation from grape culture with abortive ovules and seeds. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 1985, 110: 109-112
[142] Stout A. B.. Breeding for hardy seedless grapes. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1937, 34: 416-420
[143] Tukey H. B., Embryo abortion in early ripening varieties of Prunus aviuana. Bot. Gaz., 1933, 94: 433-468
[144] Tukey H. B., F. A. Lee. Embryo abortion in the peach in relation to chemical composition and season of fruit ripening. Bot. Gaz, 1937, 98: 586-597
[145] Tukey H. B., The excised-embryo method of testing the germ inability of fruit seed with particular reference to peach seed. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. ScL, 1944, 45: 211-219
[146] Tukey H. B.. Artificial of sweet cherry embryos. J. Hered., 1933, 24: 7-12
[147] Tukey H. B..Artificial culture methods for isolated embryos of deciduous fruits. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 1934, 32: 313-322
[148] Weinberger J. H., Harmon F. N.. 'Flame seedless' grape. Hortscience, 1974, (9) : 63
[149] Weinberger J. H., Harmon F. N.. Seedlessness in Vitis vinifera grapes. Proc. Amer. Soc Hort. Sci, 1964, 85: 270-274
[2] 曹孜义，齐与枢．葡萄组织培养及应用．北京高等教育出版社，1990
[3] 曹孜义．我国葡萄组织培养研究概况．甘肃农业大学学报，1999，(34)：62-67
[4] 曹孜义主译．葡萄组织培养译文集．甘肃科技出版社，1989
[5] 陈纪南译．保加利亚无核葡萄的栽培及生产前景．国外农学～果树，1989，(4)：15～17
[6] 陈香波，曹孜义．离体葡萄未成熟胚成苗途径研究．果树科学，2000，17(4)：261～264
[7] 陈再光，黄德利．葡萄和油橄榄离体胚培养．植物生理学通讯，1984，(6)：20～22
[8] 陈振光．果树组织培养．上海科学技术出版社，1987
[9] 程宗明，徐喜楼，盛炳成等．葡萄组织培养的现状及展望．果树科学，1992，9(1) 50～55
[10] 董晓玲，贺普超．无核葡萄杨格尔的胚发育及胚培养．果树科学，1991，8(2)：55～58
[11] 黄学森．用生物工程技术将外源基因转入葡萄的研究．遗传，1989，11(3)：9-11
[12] 方德秋(译)．葡萄育种进展．国外农学～果树，1989，(2)29～32
[13] 付焱，唐冬梅．无核葡萄品种的幼胚离体培养及植株形成．西北农业学报，1997，6(5)：121
[14] 傅润民主编．果树瓜类生物工程育种．农业出版社，1994
[15] 高新一，罗方梅．谈谈无核葡萄．植物杂志，1990，17(6)：8～9
[16] 桂耀林，马诚编著．植物组织培养．科学出版社，1987
[17] 郭德银．生物技术在果树上的应用．果树科学，1992，9(3)：173～178
[18] 河北农业大学主编．果树栽培学总论．中国农业出版社，1983
[19] 贺普超，晁无疾．我国葡萄属野生种的抗病性研究．中国果树，1982，(4)：17～20
[20] 贺普超，董晓玲．极早熟葡萄胚珠培养技术的研究．果树科学，1989，6(4)：199～204
[21] 贺普超，任治邦．我国葡萄属野生种对炭疽病抗性的研究．果树科学，1990，7(1)：7～12
[22] 贺普超，王国英．我国葡萄野生种霜霉病抗性的调查研究．园艺学报，1986，13(1)：17～24
[23] 贺普超，王跃进，王国英等．中国葡萄属野生种抗病性研究．中国农业科学，1991，24(3)：50～56．
[24] 贺普超，王跃进．中国葡萄属野生种抗白腐病的鉴定研究．中国果树，1988，(1)：5～8
[25] 贺普超，张远记．促进早熟葡萄胚的发育和萌发的研究．园艺学报，1988，(2)：83～87
[26] 贺普超主编．葡萄学．中国农业出版社，1999
[27] 黄学林，李筱菊编著．高等植物组织离体培养的形态建成及其调控．科学出版社，1995
[28] 金波．蔬菜作物的胚胎培养．上海农业学报，1986，2(3)：105～114
[29] 李桂荣，王跃进，唐冬梅等．无核白胚挽救育种技术研究．西北植物学报，2001，21(3)：432～436
[30] 李剑波．用胚珠培育无核葡萄品种研究．北方园艺，1990，65(9)：16～17
[31] 李世诚，堀内昭作，望罔亮介．葡萄未熟胚的胚状体诱导和再生植株．上海农业学报．1992，8(2)：27～32．
[32] 李云，冯慧，田砚亭．葡萄遗传化研究进展．生物工程进展，2000，20(3)：49～52
[33] 林伯年．果树组织培养研究综述．中国果树，1978(3)：19～27
[34] 刘加驹，卢春生．无核葡萄．果树科学，1985，(1)：15～20
[35] 刘培德，郭飞跃．利用无核葡萄胚培养获得体细胞再生植株．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1992，91)：52
[36] 刘双媛．早熟葡萄种胚的离体培养．新疆农业科学，1987，(1)：17～19
[37] 刘延琳．葡萄早熟杂交胚珠的组织培养．国际葡萄与葡萄酒学术研讨会论文集，陕西人民出版社，1998
[38] 刘用生，李秀菊．离体培养技术在葡萄上的应用．北方果树，1991，(4)：1～4
[39] 刘用生．GA_3、6-BA、IBA与活性炭对李胚萌发及幼苗生长的影响．植物生理学通讯，1993，21(3)：68
[40] 刘育昌．葡萄遗传育种和品种改良新技术．甘肃农业大学学报，1999，(34)：33～40
[41] 吕湛．美国加州的主要鲜食葡萄品种．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1995，(3)：1
[42] 罗国光译．怎样加快葡萄育种的进程．济南：葡萄科技，1980，(2)：26～28
[43] 孟新法，张利，张潞生．无核葡萄胚发育及早期离体培养的研究：Ⅲ培养方式对离体胚发育影响．北京农业大学学报，1992，18(4)393～395
[44] 孟新法，张利，张潞生等．无核葡萄胚发育及早期离体培养的研究：Ⅳ胚珠接种时期对胚发育的影响．北京农业大学学报，1993，19(1)：45～47
[45] 牛建新(译)．葡萄品种“希姆劳德”无核性解剖组织学研究．北方园艺，1998，118(1)：48～50
[46] 牛立新．世界葡萄种质资源研究概况，葡萄栽培与酿酒，1994，70(3)：18～20
[47] 亓桂梅，潘春云，汤小宁等．无核葡萄杂交胚珠的培养技术．果树科学，1998，15(4)：364～367
[48] 山根弘康(董新平译)．葡萄的遗传特性和育种．国外农学～果树，1988，(2)：40～42
[49] 沈德绪主编．果树育种学．中国农业出版社，1985
[50] 石荫坪，王强生．中国落叶果树育种五十年(续完)．落叶果树，2000，(3)：1～5
[51] 石荫坪，王强生．中国落叶果树育种五十年．落叶果树，1999，(4)：1～5
[52] 苏玉珍译(Cet A著)．美国加州的鲜食葡萄．国外农学～果树，1991，(2)：36
[53] 汤小宁，潘春云，亓桂敏等．葡萄幼胚试管苗移栽技术．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1998，(1)：31
[54] 陶建敏，陈长春，徐喜楼．无核葡萄育种技术研究进展．果树科学，1998，15(1)：78～83
[55] 陶建敏，陈长春，徐喜楼．组织培养技术在葡萄无核育种上的应用．葡萄栽培与酿酒．1997，(4)：48～51．
[56] 陶建敏，章镇．一九九九年度日本新发表的葡萄品种，中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2000，(1)：40～41
[57] 汪景山，渔光．山楂幼胚培养．植物生理学通讯，1981，(4)：42～43
[58] 王纪方，金波等编著．蔬菜组织培养．上海科技出版社，1983
[59] 王近卫，堀内昭作．无核白葡萄的无核果形成的组织形态学形究．园艺学报，1992，(1)：1～6
[60] 王晶，罗国光．巨峰葡萄胚和胚乳的发育．园艺学报，1996，23(2)：191～193
[61] 王西平，王跃进，周鹏等．中国野生葡萄抗黑痘病基因特有的RAPD标记．中国农业科学，2000，33(6)：13～18．
[62] 王元裕，周碧英，高土贤等．柑桔胚培养技术的研究：Ⅱ多胚性品种未熟胚的早期离体培养．园艺学报，1981，(1)：13～14
[63] 王跃进，Lamikanra O., Schell L. 等．用RAPD分析鉴定葡萄属远缘杂种．西北农业大学，1997，25(3)：16～20
[64] 王跃进，Lamikanra O.,卢江等．葡萄无核基因的RAPD遗传标记．西北农业大学学报，1996，24(5)：1～10
[65] 王跃进，万怡震．美国加州的葡萄生产与科研，西北农林科技大学学报，2002，143(1)：134～140
[66] 王跃进，张剑侠，李桂荣等．采用胚挽救技术获得抗病无核葡萄新材料的研究．甘肃农业大学学报．2001，36(专辑)：105～111．
[67] 王跃进，张剑侠，王西平等．中国野生葡萄抗病基因的RAPD标记及应用．甘肃农业大学学报，2001，36(专辑)：175～177
[68] 王跃进，张剑侠，周鹏等．中国野生葡萄抗白粉病基因的RAPD标记．西北农林科技大学学报，2001，29(1)：1～5
[69] 王跃进．加速无核葡萄品种选育的新技术．西北农业学报，1997，6(5)：81～83
[70] 王跃进．中国葡萄属野生种质资源的研究利用．中国野生植物，1989，(2)：11～13
[71] 徐海英．无核葡萄研究进展．甘肃农业大学学报，1998，(34)：41～45
[72] 颜昌敬．植物组织培养手册．上海科学技术出版社，1990
[73] 杨有龙．美国和日本的葡萄育种．北方果树，1992，(2)：1～2
[74] 杨增海，胡霓云，路广明．早熟桃胚培养技术研究．西北农学院学报，1983，(1)：15～25
[75] 杨增海编著．园艺植物组织培养．农业出版社，1987
[76] 姚强，路广明，胡霓云．早熟桃胚珠培养技术研究初报．果树科学，1988，5(4)：164～168
[77] 余旦华，张磊，赵改荣等．早熟和四倍体葡萄胚培养的研究．果树科学，1992，9(1)：1～7
[78] 曾雪强，陈谦．部分美国加州无核葡萄品种简介．中外葡萄与葡萄酒，2000，(3)：45～46
[79] 张宏明，孟新法，张潞生等．无核葡萄胚珠发育及早期离体培养的研究：Ⅰ激素对胚珠离体培养的影响．北京农业大学学报，1990，16(2)：227～282
[80] 张利，孟新法，张潞生．无核葡萄胚珠发育及早期离体培养的研究：Ⅱ无核葡萄胚发育的特点．北京农业大学学报，1991，17(4)：55～59
[81] 张潞生，孟新法．大粒无核葡萄品种选育技术(综述)．北京农业大学学报，1993，19(4)：92～97
[82] 张潞生．无核葡萄有籽技术(综述)．葡萄栽培与酿酒，1993，6(3)：8～10
[83] 中川昌一著(曾骧等译)．果树园艺原论．农业出版社，1982，161～162．
[84] 朱际君，汪祖华，蔡兴元等．特早熟桃胚培养技术．江苏农业学报，1985，1(3)：41～43
[85] 朱林，李佩芬，李炳芝等，无核葡萄品种的胚珠培养和胚分化(简报)．植物生理学通讯，1992，28(4)：273～274
[86] Alberto C, Suzanne M.,Pethier R.. By growth of immature peach embryos in response to media, ovule support method, and ovule perforation. Hortsience, 1994, 29(9):1081～1083
[87] Baritt B. K.Ovule development in seeded and seedless grapes. Vitis,1970,9:7-14
[88] Barlass M., Ramming D.W., Davis H.P.. In-ovule embryo culture,a breeding technique to rescue seedless × seedless table grape crosses. Australian Grape Grower and Winemaker,1968,259:123-125
[89] Blake, M.A..Some results of crosses of early ripening varieties of peaches.Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 1939, 37: 332-241
[90] C.A.Ledbetter, L. Burgos. Inheritance of stenospermocarpic seedlessness in Vitis vinifera L.. Journal of heredity, 1994, 85(2) : 159-160
[91] C.A.Ledbetter,C.B.Shonnard.Berry and seed characteristics associated with stenospermy in vinifera grapes.Journal of Hortscience,1991,66(2) :247-252
[92] Cain D.W., Emershad R.L., Tarilo R.E.. In-ovule embryo culture and seedling development of seeded and seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)Vitis, 1983, 22:9-14
[93] D. W. Ramming.In ovule embryo culture of early maturing prunus. .Hortscience, 1985． 20(3) : 419-420
[94] D.J.Gray,L.A.Hanger.Effect of ovule maturity on recovery of zygotic embryo and embryogenic cultures from muscadine grape.Hortscience,1993,28(3) :227
[95] D.W.Ramming.The use of embryos culture of fruit breeding.Hortscience, 1990, 25(4) : 393-398
[96] David W. Ramming, R. Tarailo. ' Fantasy seedless ' , a new black seedless grape. Hortscience, 1995, 30(1) : 151-153
[97] Emershad R.L.,DW Ramming.In-ovule embryo culture of Vitis vinifera L.C.V. 'Thompson Seedless' Amer. J. Bot., 1984, 71(6) : 873-877
[98] Emershad R.L.,Ramming D.W., Serpe M.D..In ovule embryo development and plant formation from stenospermic genotypes of Vitis vinifera. L. Amer. J Bot, 1989, 76(3) : 397-402
[99] Fernandez,J.N.Moore.Effect of seedcoat manipulation on the germination of stenospermocarpic grape embryos cultured in ovule. Hortscience, 1991, 26(9) : 1220
[100] Goldy R.G., Emershad R.L.. Embryo culture as a means of introgressory seedlessness from Vitis vinifera to V.rotundifolia. Hortscience, 1988, 23(5) : 886-889
[101] Gray D.J., Fisher L.C., Mortensen J.A.. Comparison of methodologies for in ovule embryo rescue of seedless grapes.Hortscience ,1987, 22: 1334-1335
[102] Gray D.J., Mortensen J.A.,Betten C.M..Ovule culture to obtain progeny from hybrid seedless bunch grapes.J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 1990, 115(6) : 1019-1024
[103] Gray.DJ.(亓桂梅译),利用组织培养方法从无核葡萄杂交中获得后代，葡萄栽培与酿酒，1993, 6 (3) : 35-38
[104] Gustafson F.G..The cause of natural parthenocarpy.Amer.J.Bot,1939,26:135-138
[105] Jiang Lu,Olusole Lamikanra.Barriers to inter subsequences crosses between Muscadinia and Euvitis. Hortscience, 1996, 31(2) : 269-271
[106] Julins I., 1980． 程家胜译，樱桃离体胚培养和微型繁殖，国外农学-果树, 1981,(1) : 25-26
[107] LedbetterC.A.,RammingD.W.Seedlessnessingrapes.HorticultualReview,1989,11: 159-181
[108] Ledbetter C.A.,Shonnerd C.B.Improved seed development and germination of stenospermic grapes by plant growth regulators. J. Horticultured. Sci.,1990, 65(3) : 269-274
[109] Lesley J.W., J. Bonner.The development of normal peach seedlings from seeds of early maturing varieties.Proc.Amer.Soc.Hort. Sci, 1952, 60: 238-242
[110] Loomis N.H., Weinberger J.H.. Inheritance studies of seedlessness in grapes.J.Amer.Soc. Hort.Sci, 1979, 104: 181-184
[111] Ma heshwari, N.. In vitro culture of excised ovules of Papaver somniferum. Science, 1958, (127) : 342
[112] Maheshwari, P. The embryology of angrosperms-A retrospect and prospect. Trends in plant morphogenesis, 1966, 97-112
[113] Mathias R., S. Espinosa, G.Robbelen.A new embryo rescue procedure for interspecific hybridization.Plant Breeding,1990,104:258-261
[114] Moore J.M., E.Broun. 'Venus' grape. Hortscience, 1977, 12: 585
[115] Moore J.N.. 'Mars seedless' grape. Hortscience, 1985, 20: 313
[116] Mortensen J.A,D. J. Gray. 'Orlando seedless' grape. Hortscience, 1987, 22: 327-328
[117] Murashige Tand F.Skoog.A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue. culture,Physiol Plant,1962,15:473-497
[118] N. H. Loomis, J.H. Weinberger. In heritance studies of seedlessness in grapes. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 1979, 104(2) : 181-184．
[119] Narayanaswarni. S., K. Norstog. Plant embryo culture.Bot.Rev.,1964,30:587-628
[120] Neal C.A.,L.D.Topoleski.Hormonal regulation of growth and development of tomato embryos in vitro.J.Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci,198 5,110:869-873
[121] Nitsch J.P., C.Pcat, C.Nitsch,et al. Natural growth substances in concord and concord seedless grapes in relation to berry development. Amer. J.Bot., 1960,
47:566-576
[122] Norstog K.. Studies on the survival of very small barley embryos in culture. Bull.Torrey. Bot., 1967, 94: 223-229
[123] Oinoue,Yasusi.Studies on the formation of seedless grapes. Jap. J. Bot, 1925, 2: 37-58
[124] Olmo H.P..The potential role of (vinifera × rotundifolia)hybrids in grape variety improvement. Experientia, 1986, 42: 921-926
[125] Pearson H. M.Parthenocarpy and seed abortion in Vitis vinifera Proc Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.,1933,29:169-175
[126] Plant growth regulator handbook.Plant growth regulator working group.Longmont CO. PP., 1977:1-2
[127] R. L. Emershad, D.W. Ramming. Somatic embryogenesis and plant development from immature zygotic embryos of seedless grapes ( Vitis vinifera L). Plant Cell Reports, 1994, 14: 6-12
[128] R.G.Goldy Increasing production of Vitis vinifera × V.rotundifolia hybrids through embryo rescue . Hortscience,1989, 24: 820-822
[129] R.G.Goldy.In vitro cultivability of ovules from 10 seedless grape clones. Hortsciene, 1987,22(5) :952
[130] R.Scorza, J. M. Cordts, D.W. Ramming, et al. Transformation of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) zygotic-derived somatic embryos and regeneration of transgenic plant. Plant Cell Reports, 1995, 14: 589-592
[131] Raghavan V. Embryo Nutrition, growth and morphogenesis of plant embryos. Biol. Rev., 1966,41:1-58
[132] Raghavan V,. Embryo culture. Intl. Rev. Cytol Supl: II 1980,209-240
[133] Rajasekaran K., J.Vime, M.G. Mullins. Dormancy in somatic embryos and seeds of Vitis changes in endogenous abscisic acid during embryogeny and germination. Planta, 1982, 154: 139-144
[134] Ramming D.W., Emershad C.A., Tarilo R. Hybridization of seedless grapes. Vitis, special issue, 1990, 439-444
[135] Ramming D.W., Emershad R.L., Tarilo R.A.. Stenospermocarpic seedless Vitis vinifera X Vitis rotundifolia hybrid developed by embryo rescue. Hortscience, 2000, 35(4) : 732-734
[136] Ramming D.W., Emershad R.L.. In-ovule embryo culture of seeded and seedless Vitis vinifera (Abst). Hortscience, 1982, 17(3) : 487
[137] Ramming D.W., Lu J., Lamikanra O., et al. Developing seedless grapes by
embryo rescue. Proc-Vitis-Sci-Symp, 1995, 18: 26-30
[138] Serpe M. D.,The effect of growth regulators on nonstratified seeds of Prunus persica Li (Batsch). M. S. Thesis, California State University. Fresno.
[139] Spiegel-Roy, P. I. Baron, N.Sahar. Inheritance of seedlessness in seeded × seedless progeny of Vitis vinifera L.. Vitis, 1990, 79-83
[140] Spiegel-Roy, P. N. Sahar, I. Baron. Seedless × seedless grape progeny, technique, results and perspectives. Vitis (special issue), 1990, 432-438
[141] Spiegel-Roy, Sahar P. N., Baron J., et al. In vitro culture and plant formation from grape culture with abortive ovules and seeds. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 1985, 110: 109-112
[142] Stout A. B.. Breeding for hardy seedless grapes. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 1937, 34: 416-420
[143] Tukey H. B., Embryo abortion in early ripening varieties of Prunus aviuana. Bot. Gaz., 1933, 94: 433-468
[144] Tukey H. B., F. A. Lee. Embryo abortion in the peach in relation to chemical composition and season of fruit ripening. Bot. Gaz, 1937, 98: 586-597
[145] Tukey H. B., The excised-embryo method of testing the germ inability of fruit seed with particular reference to peach seed. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. ScL, 1944, 45: 211-219
[146] Tukey H. B.. Artificial of sweet cherry embryos. J. Hered., 1933, 24: 7-12
[147] Tukey H. B..Artificial culture methods for isolated embryos of deciduous fruits. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 1934, 32: 313-322
[148] Weinberger J. H., Harmon F. N.. 'Flame seedless' grape. Hortscience, 1974, (9) : 63
[149] Weinberger J. H., Harmon F. N.. Seedlessness in Vitis vinifera grapes. Proc. Amer. Soc Hort. Sci, 1964, 85: 270-274
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |