金属锚杆端锚状态下的动测度量参数研究
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摘要
有效锚固长度、固结波速等特征量参数已经证明其可用定性反映锚杆的锚固质量,但为了能对锚固系统进行定量评价,本文开展了动测度量参数化研究。
首先,为了能够准确地模拟复杂的现场锚固情形,对室内各种锚固测试影响因素进行了分解,然后分别对单一因素的影响进行分析,并据此设计各种工况,再按照逐因素递加的方法进行复杂的工况试验。主要包括:
(1)对自由状态下的单独锚杆,测试加速度传感器的安装方式和激励方式;
(2)托盘与锚杆的连接方式,以及加速度传感器的安装方式和激励方式;
(3)锚杆的不同约束方式与张拉方式。
通过自由状态下锚杆的这种单因素以及逐渐增加因素的方法,得到了加速度传感器最佳安装方式和激励方式与最佳激发波。然后据此设计了以下几种主要的复杂工况:
(1)将锚杆固定于试验台上,设定张拉荷载等级,分别测定从一端固定一端自由到张拉至设计拉力值各张拉等级下的动态响应曲线;
(2)将锚杆锚固于预先制作好的“稳定岩体”中,在同固定张拉工况相同的张拉荷载等级下,分别测定各个张拉等级下的动态响应曲线;
(3)针对锚固系统有可能出现的锚杆杆体非轴拉(剪拉、弯拉)工况,室内条件下分别模拟了一端固定一端剪拉、弯拉、一端锚固一端剪拉、弯拉工况。
第二,理论上以一维应力波在杆中传播规律为依据,计算出一端固定一端弹性支承锚杆模型在瞬态激发力作用下的振动,分析了在无能量损失时的理想状况下,从一端固定一端自由至两端固定边界条件,计算得到一次纵向振动各次谐振频率所含能量特性的规律,指出基频所含能量比例均占80%以上,从而为试验中重点分析振动信号的低频部分奠定了一定的理论基础。
第三,根据应力波在介质交界面上的能量衰减、反射特性,建立了锚杆杆体吸收衰减能量损失解析式,并对散射衰减下的锚固体系一次行波周期的固端反射衰减进行了计算,得出了动态影响区域,即控制体积的大小,从而为确定模型尺寸以及现场评价奠定了理论基础。
第四,采用小波分析和长度分形维的方法,不仅提取出了有效信号,而且也提取出了整周期位置。其中,对于自由锚杆等边界条件简单的条件下,对信噪比较高的工况,提出了直接进行时域波形衰减的计算方法;而对信噪比相对较低,且频谱分布较宽的振动信号,首先采用了小波消噪的方法,然后再选择合适的小波基,分析逼近信号,得到了有用逼近信号以及细节信号频谱图;进而再采用长度分形维的MATLAB编程方法以及建立在逼近信号上的衰减计算,找到了可较准确反映锚固状态相关的两个特征量,即单个平均行波周期所需时间以及锚固段张拉时的衰减系数。最后,得到了新的可用于反映锚固状态的衰减系数特征量的计算方法,以及三种动态量化参数,即衰减系数、行波周期和频率谱。
Some characteristic quantity parameters such as valid bonding length, consolidation wave speed, have been proved that these parameters can qualitative reflect the bolt bonding quality. For anchor system quantitative assessment, the dynamic parameterized testing is studied in this paper.
In order to accurately simulate complex field anchoring condition, first, a variety of anchor test factors is decomposed, then single factor of the system is tested respectively. According to the design condition and factors ascending, complex loading level test is carried on in the next three aspects:
(1) The accelerometer installation and incentive methods are done in the condition of single free rock bolt;
(2) The connection between bolt plate and rock bolt, the installation and incentive methods;
(3) The different restriction and tension style.
Base on the free rock bolt test and the factors ascending way, the best accelerometer installation and optimum excitation wave is gotten. Some complex load levels work is done:
(1) Fix the bolt and set the level tensile load, then the dynamic response curves is obtained respectively on every condition from one end is fixed and one end is free to design tension values.
(2) Using the same tension method above to test the response curves after the bolt is anchorage in pre-simulated“stable rock”;
(3) On account of non-axial tension working condition, shear-stretch and flexural-tensile experiment is also implemented respectively by fixed and anchorage.
The second, based on the one-dimensional stress wave propagation in the rod, vertical vibration at three boundary conditions and vibration characteristics under the excitation force for one end is fixed end the other is free, vibration characteristics is calculated by the tension end. Via the calculate, we will know relationship between resonant frequency and energy, and the first frequency have occupied more than 80%, all of which will provided a foundation to analysis the low frequency signal.
For the third, on the foundation of energy attenuation, reflectance at the interface of media, attenuation energy loss analytic is established, fixed end reflection for one wave cycle scattering attenuation is calculated, then the size of control volume dynamic effects of regional is got, and we can easy to assure the model size and definite some theoretical foundation for site evaluation.
Fourth, utilize wavelet analysis and the length method of fractal dimension, effective signal position and the entire cycle are both extracted. In free rock bolt signal-to-noise ratio is relatively high; time-domain waveform calculation of attenuation can be done directly, on the contrary, wavelet denoising, appropriate wavelet is used to analysis the signal, then the approximation signal in time domain and useful approximation signal and detail signal spectrum is got. After that, the average time single wave cycle and tension anchorage section attenuation coefficient which can more accurately reflect the anchorage, has been got by the length method of fractal dimension and attenuation coefficient calculation which is based on the approximation signal. At last, three new methods, attenuation coefficient, single wave cycle and frequency spectrum, is got which can reflect the anchorage.
首先,为了能够准确地模拟复杂的现场锚固情形,对室内各种锚固测试影响因素进行了分解,然后分别对单一因素的影响进行分析,并据此设计各种工况,再按照逐因素递加的方法进行复杂的工况试验。主要包括:
(1)对自由状态下的单独锚杆,测试加速度传感器的安装方式和激励方式;
(2)托盘与锚杆的连接方式,以及加速度传感器的安装方式和激励方式;
(3)锚杆的不同约束方式与张拉方式。
通过自由状态下锚杆的这种单因素以及逐渐增加因素的方法,得到了加速度传感器最佳安装方式和激励方式与最佳激发波。然后据此设计了以下几种主要的复杂工况:
(1)将锚杆固定于试验台上,设定张拉荷载等级,分别测定从一端固定一端自由到张拉至设计拉力值各张拉等级下的动态响应曲线;
(2)将锚杆锚固于预先制作好的“稳定岩体”中,在同固定张拉工况相同的张拉荷载等级下,分别测定各个张拉等级下的动态响应曲线;
(3)针对锚固系统有可能出现的锚杆杆体非轴拉(剪拉、弯拉)工况,室内条件下分别模拟了一端固定一端剪拉、弯拉、一端锚固一端剪拉、弯拉工况。
第二,理论上以一维应力波在杆中传播规律为依据,计算出一端固定一端弹性支承锚杆模型在瞬态激发力作用下的振动,分析了在无能量损失时的理想状况下,从一端固定一端自由至两端固定边界条件,计算得到一次纵向振动各次谐振频率所含能量特性的规律,指出基频所含能量比例均占80%以上,从而为试验中重点分析振动信号的低频部分奠定了一定的理论基础。
第三,根据应力波在介质交界面上的能量衰减、反射特性,建立了锚杆杆体吸收衰减能量损失解析式,并对散射衰减下的锚固体系一次行波周期的固端反射衰减进行了计算,得出了动态影响区域,即控制体积的大小,从而为确定模型尺寸以及现场评价奠定了理论基础。
第四,采用小波分析和长度分形维的方法,不仅提取出了有效信号,而且也提取出了整周期位置。其中,对于自由锚杆等边界条件简单的条件下,对信噪比较高的工况,提出了直接进行时域波形衰减的计算方法;而对信噪比相对较低,且频谱分布较宽的振动信号,首先采用了小波消噪的方法,然后再选择合适的小波基,分析逼近信号,得到了有用逼近信号以及细节信号频谱图;进而再采用长度分形维的MATLAB编程方法以及建立在逼近信号上的衰减计算,找到了可较准确反映锚固状态相关的两个特征量,即单个平均行波周期所需时间以及锚固段张拉时的衰减系数。最后,得到了新的可用于反映锚固状态的衰减系数特征量的计算方法,以及三种动态量化参数,即衰减系数、行波周期和频率谱。
Some characteristic quantity parameters such as valid bonding length, consolidation wave speed, have been proved that these parameters can qualitative reflect the bolt bonding quality. For anchor system quantitative assessment, the dynamic parameterized testing is studied in this paper.
In order to accurately simulate complex field anchoring condition, first, a variety of anchor test factors is decomposed, then single factor of the system is tested respectively. According to the design condition and factors ascending, complex loading level test is carried on in the next three aspects:
(1) The accelerometer installation and incentive methods are done in the condition of single free rock bolt;
(2) The connection between bolt plate and rock bolt, the installation and incentive methods;
(3) The different restriction and tension style.
Base on the free rock bolt test and the factors ascending way, the best accelerometer installation and optimum excitation wave is gotten. Some complex load levels work is done:
(1) Fix the bolt and set the level tensile load, then the dynamic response curves is obtained respectively on every condition from one end is fixed and one end is free to design tension values.
(2) Using the same tension method above to test the response curves after the bolt is anchorage in pre-simulated“stable rock”;
(3) On account of non-axial tension working condition, shear-stretch and flexural-tensile experiment is also implemented respectively by fixed and anchorage.
The second, based on the one-dimensional stress wave propagation in the rod, vertical vibration at three boundary conditions and vibration characteristics under the excitation force for one end is fixed end the other is free, vibration characteristics is calculated by the tension end. Via the calculate, we will know relationship between resonant frequency and energy, and the first frequency have occupied more than 80%, all of which will provided a foundation to analysis the low frequency signal.
For the third, on the foundation of energy attenuation, reflectance at the interface of media, attenuation energy loss analytic is established, fixed end reflection for one wave cycle scattering attenuation is calculated, then the size of control volume dynamic effects of regional is got, and we can easy to assure the model size and definite some theoretical foundation for site evaluation.
Fourth, utilize wavelet analysis and the length method of fractal dimension, effective signal position and the entire cycle are both extracted. In free rock bolt signal-to-noise ratio is relatively high; time-domain waveform calculation of attenuation can be done directly, on the contrary, wavelet denoising, appropriate wavelet is used to analysis the signal, then the approximation signal in time domain and useful approximation signal and detail signal spectrum is got. After that, the average time single wave cycle and tension anchorage section attenuation coefficient which can more accurately reflect the anchorage, has been got by the length method of fractal dimension and attenuation coefficient calculation which is based on the approximation signal. At last, three new methods, attenuation coefficient, single wave cycle and frequency spectrum, is got which can reflect the anchorage.
引文
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