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可持续发展的庐山风景区旅游规划方法与实践研究
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摘要
旅游业是当今世界上发展最为迅速、最具发展前景的新兴产业之一,在庐山风景区的发展中占据着举足轻重的位置。然而,在旅游业迅猛发展的同时,资源、环境、经济和社会等各个层面的一系列问题与矛盾也不断涌现,这些问题的存在与不断升级,严重影响了庐山风景区旅游的可持续发展。因此,进行可持续发展的风景区旅游规划方法与实践研究已经是一个紧迫的课题。
     本文以可持续发展为前提,论述了国内外风景区旅游规划的研究状况,阐述了复杂适应系统理论,建立了庐山风景区旅游可持续发展能力评价指标体系,提出了以和合思维为指导的在复杂适应系统背景下的整合规划方法,介绍了公众参与理论,并从利益共生角度构建了以可持续发展为前提、以复杂适应系统为背景、以整合规划为方法、以公众参与旅游规划为实施途径的庐山风景区旅游规划方法模型。为了实现“人本关怀”,本文就旅游市场、居民搬迁意愿、居民旅游感知及游客旅游满意度等问题进行了大量的问卷调查,并采用层次分析法、七级量表主成份分析法及ASEB栅格分析法等方法进行数据的统计与分析。最后,本文在庐山风景区可持续发展现状评价的基础上,结合庐山风景区的旅游资源、旅游市场、旅游发展状况的调查与分析结果,根据可持续发展的庐山风景区旅游规划方法模型的方法和思路,对庐山风景区的旅游产品、旅游商品、旅游形象营销、旅游管理体制、旅游人力资源、旅游环境、旅游绿化与景观等具体项目进行了整合规划,实现了旅游规划方法论与旅游规划实践有机融合。本文主要实践内容与研究成果:
     1.庐山风景区在1990~2000年其可持续发展协调性很差,多年都处于不可持续发展状态;产业结构比较单一,经济上缺少第一产业、第二产业的支持,旅游业易受突发事件的影响与制约;风景区旅游资源与环境的保护问题比较突出。
     2.庐山风景区旅游资源种类丰富,级别较高,其中特品级景点、四级景点、三级景点所占比重较大,并以水域风光和地文景观为主,具有较大的发展潜力。随着“山一江—湖”战略的提出,通过对庐山风景区及其外围区域旅游资源的整合,促进庐山风景区大旅游系统和谐发展。
     3.庐山风景区的国内客源市场以南昌市场圈、上海市场圈、京津市场圈和深圳市场圈等为一级市场,以湖南、河南、河北、四川、广西、山西、陕西等省市为二级市场,以其他省市为三级市场;国外一级客源市场主要包括港澳台等华人市场中心和日韩等东方市场中心,二级市场包括美国、澳大利亚、法国、意大利等西方市场中心,三级市场为国外其他市场中心。庐山风景区游客主要以15-45岁年龄段,具有高中以上学历,收入在501-2500元的教师、管理干部、学生、企事业单位职工为主,交通方式主要为铁路和公路,以观光旅游为主要目的,旅游消费多在501-1000元和1001-1500元之间,过夜以2天者居多,以自己游玩占优势,对庐山风景区的认知以亲朋同事介绍为主流,游览时多选择传统景点,旅游购物消费以201-300元者占多数。
     4.游客对庐山风景区的自然景观比较满意,而对住宿设施质量、旅游信息的提供、外国语言的辅助、夜生活质量、购物机会、饮食等方面不太满意,并对旅游产品的可参与性和体验性表示失望。在进行旅游产品开发与整合时,应以其参与性和体验性为重点。
     5.庐山风景区管理体制错综复杂,建议在和合思维指导下,采取“求同存异”政策,将各管理机构进行整合,成立旅游管理委员会,共同负责风景区的旅游开发与管理;成立旅游协调与监督委员会对其进行监督与协调;根据居民的问卷调查结果,在妥善处理居民搬迁问题的基础上,积极鼓励社区公众通过成立旅游任务小组和组织社团等形式,共同进行和谐社区与景区建设。
     6.为了完善庐山风景区的产业结构,促进第一产业和第二产业的发展,增加游客在庐山风景区的旅游购物消费,必须整合现有茶叶资源,通过社区共建的方式积极打造“和谐”牌庐山云雾茶知名品牌,最终实现“产、供、销”一条龙服务。
     7.为了提升庐山风景区的整体旅游形象和影响力度,本文提出了旅游产品整合、路线整合、形象整合及营销整合的基本思路,并就举办“中国首届和谐风景区高峰论坛”活动进行了初步策划。此外,从公众参与角度出发,对庐山风景区旅游资源与环境的保护、监测与评估方法及人力资源发展的阶段目标进行了整合规划,并就主要的绿化和景观环境问题运用加法整形与减法整形等手法进行了具体的整合设计。
     8.基于复杂适应系统多主体的建模方法与体系对于解决庐山风景区的现存矛盾与问题意义重大,为其今后的旅游规划提供了全新的规划方法与实施平台,对促进庐山风景区的可持续发展具有较强的理论和现实意义。
Tourism has become one of the newly-emerging industries nowadays, which aredeveloping fastest and have most developing potential. In particular, it takes up an importantposition in the existence and development of scenic spots. However, with the rapiddevelopment of tourism, a series of problems turn out such as resource, environment, economyand society and other aspects. The existence and upgrading of these problems has a strongimpact on the sustainable development of tourism of Lushan scenic spots. Consequently, it isan urgent subject to conduct research on method and practice in tourism planning of scenicspots for the sake of sustainable development.
     Based on the sustainable development, the present thesis is concerned with the currentresearches of tourism planning of scenic spots; it elaborates upon complex adaptive systemtheory; it establishes the evaluation index system of sustainable developmental capability ofscenic spots tourism of Lushan; it puts forward the integrated planning method set in thecomplex adaptive system background, guided by the idea of hehe "harmony and integration"; itintroduces the public participating theory and constructs the planning method model, from theperspective of benefit co-existence, with the complex adaptive system being the background,by means of planning and integrating and taking public involvement with tourism planning aspractice measures.
     Furthermore, in order to realize humanistic concern, this thesis carries out a number ofquestionnaires in relation to questions such as tourism market, residents' willingness to transfer,residents' tourism perception and tourists' satisfaction and so on, and it adopts the followingstatistical methods such as hierarchical analysis, chief component analysis of seven-scale testand ASEB grid analytical method and cell code houses and so on. Last of all, based on theevaluation of current sustainable development situation of Lushan and integrated with researchand analysis results of tourism resource, tourism market, tourism capacity and the tourismdevelopment, with reference to the method and ideas of integrative planning model ofsustainable developmental Lushan scenic spots, the thesis makes integrative planning ofspecific programs such as the tourist production, tourist commodities, tourist image marketing,tourist management system, tourist environment and a forestation and so on. As a consequence,this realizes the organic integration of the methodology and practice of tour planning. Throughthis research, the main conclusions are arrived at as follows:
     1. The Lushan scenic spots has not run very well during 1990~2000 in terms of the harmonyof sustainable development and the unsustainable developmental state has been dominantfor years; the industrial construction is monolithic, lacking the support from the first industry and the secondary industry, and therefore tourism is subject to be affected andconstrained by accidental incidents; problems have been highlighted such as touristresource exploitation and environment protection.
     2. The tourist resources of Lushan are characterized by rich variety, high level, withsuperfine, 4-class and 3-class spots taking up a high percentage. And it's marked forwatery area views and cultural landscape views. All these features listed above stands fora greater developing potential. Strategy of "hills-rivers-lakes" is proposed and theintegrative consideration of scenic spots and tourist resources of outer areas are taken soas to promote the harmonious development of large system of Lushan scenic spots.
     3. The source of tourism markets at home is made up of first-class market, consisting of themarket circles of Nanchan, Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjing, Shenzhen and so on; Second-class market represented by Hunan, Henan, Hebei, Sichuan, Guangxi, Shanxi, andShan'xi and so on; and the third-class of other provinces. The first-class tourist source ofoverseas markets mainly consists of market center of Hong Kong, Macau and Tiwan andso on, and oriental market center around Japan and South Korea; the second-class marketconsists of western market center such as USA, Australia, France, Italy and so on. Andthe third-class markets are the rest market centers, The majority of tourists to Lushan areteachers, students, managers and employees in factory and business, ranging from 15 to45 years old and with their salaries ranging from 500 to 2500 RMB. The main means oftransportation are railway and road and the main aim is tour. The tourism expense of mosttourists ranges from 500 to 1000 or from 1001 to 1500 RMB. Most of them stay here for2 days. Most of them prefer to go sightseeing on their own. Most tourists get to knowLushan through their friends or colleagues and most of them choose the traditional spots.Most tourists spend 200-300 on shopping.
     4. Tourists are satisfied with the natural landscapes of Lushan scenic spots, but they are lesssatisfied with the quality of accommodation equipment, the offering of touristinformation, the assistance of foreign languages, quality of the night life, shoppingchances and the food and they show disappointment in the participation and experiencingin the tourism products. It is suggested to focus on the participation and experiencingwhile developing and integrating tourism productions.
     5. The managerial system of Lushan scenic spots is complex so that it is suggested that,guided by hehe "harmony and integration", the policy of seeking common points whilereserving difference should be taken, establish tourism management committee afterreorganizing the staffs in each managerial sections so as to be altogether responsible forthe development and management of the scenic spots. It is suggested to establish tourismcoordination and supervision committee. According to the questionnaires results of residents, and on the basis of properly dealing with the problems of residents'transference, it is suggested to actively encourage community public to cooperate in thedevelopment of harmonious community and scenic areas by means of organizing tourismtask groups, associations and so on.
     6. It is necessary to integrate the existing resources, organize syndicate company and bymeans of community cooperation actively promote the famous brand of hexie "harmony"of the tea in the Lushan scenic spots in order to finally realize the one-line service ofproducing, providing and selling in the end.
     7. In order to enlarge the overall tourism image and influential popularity of Lushan scenicspots, the thesis proposes the basic idea of tourism products integration, tourism lineintegration, and marketing integration and makes an elementary plan of holding "the firstNational Summit Forum of Harmonious Scenic Spots". Moreover, from the perspectiveof public participation, the thesis integrates the measures of the supervision andevaluation method of Lushan scenic spots' tourist resources and environment protection,and the stage goal of human resource development. And it integrates the major designconsidering some afforestation and sight environmental problems by means of additionintegration and subtracting integration.
     8. Because the modeling method based on the complex adaptive system is of greatsignificance for solving the existing problems, the thesis provides us a brand newplanning methods and practice platform and it is of theoretical and practical significancefor promoting the sustainable development of Lushan scenic spots.
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