免耕播种机滑板压秆旋切式防堵技术与装置研究
|
摘要
玉米地免耕播种小麦时,由于秸秆量大、秸秆粗大、韧性强,机具通过性差。现有动力驱动式防堵技术虽然在防堵方面有了很大改进,但仍存在问题。本文在研究国内外免耕防堵技术基础上,开发了一种滑板压秆旋切式防堵技术,并设计了相应免耕防堵装置,并配置与之配套的防堵开沟装置。通过室内特性试验研究和理论分析,确定各部件关键参数。在此基础上,进行样机试制和田间试验。主要研究结论如下：
(1)针对现有动力驱动式免耕防堵装置转速高导致动力消耗大,振动大导致安全性差,动土量大,土壤破坏严重及残茬随高速旋转的刀片向后抛,再次落在种带上影响小麦出苗和幼苗生长等问题,基于支撑切割原理,开发了一种滑板压秆旋切式防堵技术,并设计了相应防堵装置,秸秆被切割时,滑板压住秸秆形成有支撑切割,同时防止秸秆向后飞溅影响出苗。本装置转速低、土壤破坏少、播种质量高。
(2)根据滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置支撑切割秸秆防堵思路,开展了室内玉米秸秆切割特性试验。研究表明：①秸秆直径、含水率一定时,切刀质量越大,所需临界速度越小,秸秆被切断所需临界动能相同；②秸秆直径一定时,所需临界动能随秸秆含水率增大,表现出先增大后减小的趋势,秸秆含水率为50%～60%时,临界动能最大。
(3)为避免秸秆在滑板前方或底部堆积导致堵塞,开展了室内防堵装置对秸秆的导流特性试验,主要研究滑板对秸秆的导流特性,即秸秆顺利通过滑板的必要条件,受力分析得到与之密切相关的参数：秸秆与滑板摩擦系数及秸秆与土壤摩擦系数,通过试验对比Q235、不锈钢、木材和塑料的导流特性,确定Q235为最佳滑板材料。
(4)对滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置进行结构和运动学分析。应用Ansys进行静力学分析,分别得到关键部件旋切平面刀和滑板各方向应力和等效应力,在此基础上对滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置切割过程进行深入分析,将切割过程分为下支撑切割、上下联合支撑切割和上支撑切割三个过程,得到每个过程切割长度L、滑切角τn及其变化规律和秸秆受力模型。
(5)对与滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置配套使用的防堵开沟装置进行理论和试验研究,防堵开沟装置由双圆盘施肥开沟器和锄铲式播种开沟器组成。确定了双圆盘开沟器切断或推开秸秆、锄铲式开沟器铲尖位于双圆盘开沟器之间等多重防堵,防堵能力强；确定了双圆盘开沟器沟底宽度、开沟宽度和沟型模型及锄铲式开沟器排种特性和回土特性；确定了种肥开沟器配置关系,前进方向距离范围满足R/2 (6)在以上理论和试验分析基础上,确定滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置和防堵开沟装置各部件关键参数和配置参数,样机试制完成后进行田间试验。试验结果表明：种肥平均深度及种肥间距分别为6.68cm和4.53cm,土壤平均扰动量20%,地轮滑移率分别为4.6%和3%,播种带上秸秆和根茬切断效果好,小麦出苗好。分别与带状旋耕和条带粉碎免耕播种机进行对比试验表明,安装滑板压杆旋切式防堵装置的免耕播种机动土量小,出苗均匀,刀具转速低。
Due to large amount of straw cover and straw of bulk and strong toughness, the planter has a bad performance in anti-blocking when wheat is planted in the field with maize straw cover. Exsiting power-driven anti-blocking technology has great improvement in anti-blocking, but still has problems. Based on the research of no-till anti-blocking technology at home and abroad, a technology of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw was put forward, and relevant device was developed and anti-blocking opening device matched to anti-blocking device was configurated. Key parameters for each component were determined by experimental research and theoretical analysis. On this basis, prototype was trial-produced and tested. The main results are as follows:
(1) According to the problems that power-drived no-till anti-blocking device has high rotary speed, large power consumption, serious vibration and poor safety, large amount of soil disturbance and damage, and stubble cut by blade is thrown into seed bed and affects wheat emergence, based on support cutting, a technology of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw was put forward, and relevant device was designed. When straw was cut, slide plate pressed the straw and straw was support cut, at the same time, the straw was avoided flying back and affecting emergence. The device had low rotary speed, less soil degradation and good seeding quality.
(2) According to the idea of support cutting on anti-blocking device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw, laboratory experiment was designed. The results showed that:①When straw with certain diameter and moisture was cut, cutting speed was declined with blade weight increasing, and the same straw needs the same cutting kinetic energy;②when straw with certain diameter was cut, the cutting kinetic energy was first increased then decreased with straw moisture increasing. The cutting kinetic energy reached to highest when the straw moisture was50%or60%.
(3) To avoid straw was accumulated in front of and at the bottom of slide plate and blocked, laboratory experiment was developed to test river diversion of anti-blocking device on straw. River diversion of the slide plate that straw passed slide plate successfully was tested. The related parameters include friction coefficient between straw and slide plate, and friction coefficient between straw and soil. Comparison river diversion of Q235, stainless steel, wood and plastic showed that Q235was the best material of support plate.
(4) Geometric modeling and kinematics model of anti-blocking device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw were analysed. Statics analysis by Ansys got stress in each direction and equivalent stress of blade and slide plate.On the basis, deep analysis of cutting progress of the device was got, and the cutting progress was devided into three parts, including cutting with support underneath the blade, cutting with support both underneath and above the blade, and cutting with support above the blade. Cutting lenghth L, force analysis model and variation of slip cutting τn for each part were derived.
(5) Matched to anti-blocking device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw, anti-blocking opening device was designed, included double-disc fertilizing opener and hoe seeding opener. Multiple anti-blocking methods such as double-disc opener cut or bypassed straw, and the tine of hoe opener was between two discs, which ensured good anti-blocking ability. The models of groove width d1, opening width df and furrow shape for double-disc opener, and the characteristics of seeding and soil covering for hoe opener were determined. Base on above, the configuration of double-disc opener and hoe opener was confirmed:the distance between double-disc opener and hoe opener in moving, vertical and horizontal direction was R/2 (6) Based on the theoretical and experimental analysis, key parameters and configuration parameters for each component on anti-blocking device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw and anti-blocking opening device were determined. After produced, prototype was tested in the field. The result showed that:the average depth of seeds and fertilizers were2.59cm and6.68cm respectively, and the distance between seeds and fertilizers was4.53cm; average soil distanbance was20%, and actual opening width was higher than theoretical opening width, however, the width was much lower than the opening width made by strip rotary anti-blocking device; ground wheel slid was4.6%and3%, respectively; there was a good performance of stubble cutting on crop bed and good emergency performance. Compared with zonal rotary and strip chopping no-till planter respectively, no-till planter of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw has less disturbed soil, even emergence and lower rotary speed of blade.
(1)针对现有动力驱动式免耕防堵装置转速高导致动力消耗大,振动大导致安全性差,动土量大,土壤破坏严重及残茬随高速旋转的刀片向后抛,再次落在种带上影响小麦出苗和幼苗生长等问题,基于支撑切割原理,开发了一种滑板压秆旋切式防堵技术,并设计了相应防堵装置,秸秆被切割时,滑板压住秸秆形成有支撑切割,同时防止秸秆向后飞溅影响出苗。本装置转速低、土壤破坏少、播种质量高。
(2)根据滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置支撑切割秸秆防堵思路,开展了室内玉米秸秆切割特性试验。研究表明：①秸秆直径、含水率一定时,切刀质量越大,所需临界速度越小,秸秆被切断所需临界动能相同；②秸秆直径一定时,所需临界动能随秸秆含水率增大,表现出先增大后减小的趋势,秸秆含水率为50%～60%时,临界动能最大。
(3)为避免秸秆在滑板前方或底部堆积导致堵塞,开展了室内防堵装置对秸秆的导流特性试验,主要研究滑板对秸秆的导流特性,即秸秆顺利通过滑板的必要条件,受力分析得到与之密切相关的参数：秸秆与滑板摩擦系数及秸秆与土壤摩擦系数,通过试验对比Q235、不锈钢、木材和塑料的导流特性,确定Q235为最佳滑板材料。
(4)对滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置进行结构和运动学分析。应用Ansys进行静力学分析,分别得到关键部件旋切平面刀和滑板各方向应力和等效应力,在此基础上对滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置切割过程进行深入分析,将切割过程分为下支撑切割、上下联合支撑切割和上支撑切割三个过程,得到每个过程切割长度L、滑切角τn及其变化规律和秸秆受力模型。
(5)对与滑板压秆旋切式防堵装置配套使用的防堵开沟装置进行理论和试验研究,防堵开沟装置由双圆盘施肥开沟器和锄铲式播种开沟器组成。确定了双圆盘开沟器切断或推开秸秆、锄铲式开沟器铲尖位于双圆盘开沟器之间等多重防堵,防堵能力强；确定了双圆盘开沟器沟底宽度、开沟宽度和沟型模型及锄铲式开沟器排种特性和回土特性；确定了种肥开沟器配置关系,前进方向距离范围满足R/2
Due to large amount of straw cover and straw of bulk and strong toughness, the planter has a bad performance in anti-blocking when wheat is planted in the field with maize straw cover. Exsiting power-driven anti-blocking technology has great improvement in anti-blocking, but still has problems. Based on the research of no-till anti-blocking technology at home and abroad, a technology of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw was put forward, and relevant device was developed and anti-blocking opening device matched to anti-blocking device was configurated. Key parameters for each component were determined by experimental research and theoretical analysis. On this basis, prototype was trial-produced and tested. The main results are as follows:
(1) According to the problems that power-drived no-till anti-blocking device has high rotary speed, large power consumption, serious vibration and poor safety, large amount of soil disturbance and damage, and stubble cut by blade is thrown into seed bed and affects wheat emergence, based on support cutting, a technology of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw was put forward, and relevant device was designed. When straw was cut, slide plate pressed the straw and straw was support cut, at the same time, the straw was avoided flying back and affecting emergence. The device had low rotary speed, less soil degradation and good seeding quality.
(2) According to the idea of support cutting on anti-blocking device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw, laboratory experiment was designed. The results showed that:①When straw with certain diameter and moisture was cut, cutting speed was declined with blade weight increasing, and the same straw needs the same cutting kinetic energy;②when straw with certain diameter was cut, the cutting kinetic energy was first increased then decreased with straw moisture increasing. The cutting kinetic energy reached to highest when the straw moisture was50%or60%.
(3) To avoid straw was accumulated in front of and at the bottom of slide plate and blocked, laboratory experiment was developed to test river diversion of anti-blocking device on straw. River diversion of the slide plate that straw passed slide plate successfully was tested. The related parameters include friction coefficient between straw and slide plate, and friction coefficient between straw and soil. Comparison river diversion of Q235, stainless steel, wood and plastic showed that Q235was the best material of support plate.
(4) Geometric modeling and kinematics model of anti-blocking device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw were analysed. Statics analysis by Ansys got stress in each direction and equivalent stress of blade and slide plate.On the basis, deep analysis of cutting progress of the device was got, and the cutting progress was devided into three parts, including cutting with support underneath the blade, cutting with support both underneath and above the blade, and cutting with support above the blade. Cutting lenghth L, force analysis model and variation of slip cutting τn for each part were derived.
(5) Matched to anti-blocking device of rotary cutting with slide plate pressing straw, anti-blocking opening device was designed, included double-disc fertilizing opener and hoe seeding opener. Multiple anti-blocking methods such as double-disc opener cut or bypassed straw, and the tine of hoe opener was between two discs, which ensured good anti-blocking ability. The models of groove width d1, opening width df and furrow shape for double-disc opener, and the characteristics of seeding and soil covering for hoe opener were determined. Base on above, the configuration of double-disc opener and hoe opener was confirmed:the distance between double-disc opener and hoe opener in moving, vertical and horizontal direction was R/2
引文
[1]高焕文.旱地农业保护性耕作技术与机具研究.中国农业大学学报,2004,9(1)：75-76.
[2]农业部农业机械化管理司.中国保护性耕作.北京：中国农业出版社,2008,2-8.
[3]高焕文,李洪文.可持续机械化早作农业研究.干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(1)：57-62.
[4]蒋金琳.免耕播种机开沟器的研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,1989.
[5]高焕文,李问盈.保护性耕作技术与机具.北京：化学工业出版社,2004,5-10.
[6]Alvarez R.and Steinbach H. S. A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties, water content, nitrate availability and crops yield in the Argentine Pampas. Soil & Tillage Research,2009,104:1-15.
[7]高焕文,李洪文,王晓燕,等.10年保护性耕作试验初步总结.机械化保护性耕作技术,2003,8-17.
[8]潘涛.小麦免耕播种机防堵装置的设计研究：[硕士学位论文].甘肃：甘肃农业大学,2005.
[9]张波屏.播种机械设计原理.北京：机械工业出版社,1982,50-52.
[10]马洪亮.免耕播种机玉米秸秆根茬切断装置的研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2006.
[11]包文育.东北垄作免耕播种机关键部件研究与整机设计：[博士学位论文].沈阳农业大学,2009.
[12]刘立晶.一年两熟地区全程保护性耕作体系试验与效应研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2004.
[13]李兵.小麦对行免耕播种机的研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2004.
[14]高焕文.保护性耕作与农业机械发展.农机市场,2008,20(06)：45-48.
[15]FAO,2008. Conservation Agriculture website of FAO, http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/la.html Consulted in December 2008. Subject what is conservation agriculture.
[16]白晓虎.免耕播种机关键部件及其参数化设计方法研究：[博士学位论文].沈阳：沈阳农业大学,2012.
[17]Lai Rattan. Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Agriculture:Tropics Versus Temperate Environments. Advances in Agronomy,1989,42:85-197.
[18]吴红丹,李洪文,李问盈,等.中美两国保护性耕作的管理与应用对比分析.干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(2)：40-44.
[19]Hendrix Paul F.,Franzluebbers Alan J.and McCracken Daniel V. Management effects on C accumulation and loss in soils of the southern Appalachian Piedmont of Georgia. Soil and Tillage Research,1998,47:245-251.
[20]Carter M. R.and Sanderson J. B. Influence of conservation tillage and rotation length on potato productivity, tuber disease and soil quality parameters on a fine sandy loam in eastern Canada. Soil and Tillage Research,2001,63:1-13.
[21]Carter M. R.,Gregorich E. G.and Angers D. A., et al. Organic C and N storage, and organic C fractions, in adjacent cultivated and forested soils of eastern Canada. Soil and Tillage Research, 1998,47:253-261.
[22]Jill Clapperton M.,Miller James J.and Larney Francis J., et al. Earthworm populations as affected by long-term tillage practices in southern Alberta, Canada. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1997, 29:631-633.
[23]Vamerali T.,Bertocco M.and Sartori L. Effects of a new wide-sweep opener for no-till planter on seed zone properties and root establishment in maize (Zea mays, L.):A comparison with double-disk opener. Soil and Tillage Research,2006,89:196-209.
[24]Darmora D. P.and Pandey K. P. Evaluation of performance of furrow openers of combined seed and fertiliser drills. Soil and Tillage Research,1995,34:127-139.
[25]胡东元,焦刚.赴巴西阿根廷保护性耕作考察报告.农机科技推广,2008,8(03)：40-45.
[26]朱士岑.国外主要拖拉机市场观察(12).农业机械,2007,14(13)：50-51.
[27]Mcgarry D. Soil compaction cotton growth on a vertisol. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 1990,28:869-878.
[28]王长生,王遵义,苏成贵,等.保护性耕作技术的发展现状.农业机械学报,2004,35(1)：167-169.
[29]刘恒新,王薇,李庆东,等.保护性耕作在澳大利亚的成功实践——农业部赴澳大利亚技术交流考察报告.农机科技推广,2009,(9)：48-51.
[30]Emden Francis H. D.,Llewellyn Rick S.and Burton Michael P. Factors influencing adoption of conservation tillage in Australian cropping regions. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,2008,52:169-182.
[31]Emden Francis H. D.,Llewellyn Rick S.and Burton Michael P. Adoption of conservation tillage in Australian cropping regions:An application of duration analysis. Technological Forecasting & Social Change,2006,73:630-647.
[32]李安宁,范学民,吴传云,等.保护性耕作现状及发展趋势.农业机械学报,2006,37(10)：177-180.
[33]Ganesh Thapa.亚洲和拉美地区经济转型过程中小规模农业面临的挑战和机遇.中国农村经济,2010,26(12)：77-86.
[34]Chan-Kangand Connie Shenggen Fan And. Road development, economic growth, and poverty reduction in China. Washington DC:International Food Policy Research Institute,2005,138.
[35]施森宝,胡鸿烈.秸秆覆盖免耕法.农业工程学报,1990,6(3)：31-36.
[36]熊巧安.免耕与秸秆还田对土壤生态环境和小麦生长的影响：[硕士学位论文].扬州：扬州大学,2011.
[37]胡鸿烈,丁加明.2BQM-6A型免耕播种机的研制.北京农业大学学报,1993,19(2)：41-47.
[38]施森宝,胡鸿烈 机械化吨粮田配套技术的研究.农业工程学报,1992,8(4)：34-40.
[39]施森宝,胡鸿烈.国产免耕覆盖播种机的研制与试验.北京农业大学学报,1989,15(3)：273-279.
[40]李洪文,陈君达.旱地玉米免耕覆盖播种技术及机具试验研究.干旱地区农业研究,1994,12(3)：95-100.
[41]杜兵,陈佩芳.早地小麦免耕施肥播种机的研制.北京农业工程大学学报,1995,15(4)：26-30.
[42]陈君达,李洪文.玉米免耕整秆覆盖播种机的防堵装置.北京农业工程大学学报,1994,14(3)：34-39.
[43]陈君达,李洪文.旱地玉米保护性机械化耕作技术和机具体系.中国农业大学学报,1998,3(4)：33-38.
[44]陶鑫.小麦免耕覆盖播种技术及机具研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,1999.
[45]廖庆喜,高焕文,舒彩霞.免耕播种机防堵技术研究现状与发展趋势.农业工程学报,2004,20(1)：108-112.
[46]张喜瑞,何进,李洪文,等.免耕播种机驱动圆盘防堵单元体的设计与试验.农业工程学报,2009,25(9)：117-121.
[47]赵武云,张锋伟,吴劲锋,等.免耕播种机弹齿式防堵装置.农业机械学报,2007,38(3)：188-190.
[48]张晋国.带状粉碎免耕播种机的试验研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2001.
[49]A Solhjouand Desbiolles Fielke J. M. Soil translocation by narrow openers with various rake angles. Biosystems Engineering,2012,112:65-73.
[50]U Tourn M. M. A.and G Soza E. Botta. Direct corn seeding.Effects of residue clearance on implant efficiency. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research,2003,1:99-103.
[51]朱惠斌.稻茬地种床破茬粉碎式防堵装置研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2013.
[52]苏元升.免耕播种开沟器及其测试系统的研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,1999.
[53]张喜瑞.我国北方一年两熟区小麦免耕播种机防堵装置研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2010.
[54]C Siemens J.and Thomburn Weber J. A. Mechanics of soil as influenced by tillage tools. Transactions of ASAE,1965,8:1-7.
[55]林静,陈英心,李立新,等.免耕播种机械化技术的分析.农机化研究,2010,04)：232-235.
[56]D Araujo A. G.and Ralisch Casao Junior R. Performance of the-seed-drill-fertilizer distributor PST2 on clay soils. Circular-Instituto Agronomico do Parana,44.
[57]A Principi M.and Cardinali Mattana R. R. Design and performance of a no tillage drilling prototype for pasture renovation. Argentina, RIA/ Research in Press,2012,12:7.
[58]HM Rehmanand NA Gill MA Awan,2011. Evaluation and promotion of integrated crop and resource management technologies in rice-wheat systems in Pakistan.
[59]S Sidhu H.and Et Manpreet-Singh Humphreys E. The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2007,47:844-854.
[60]I Nyagumboand T Mutsamba E. Barrett,2011. Prospects for up-scaling Conservation Agriculture in Zimbabwe using animal traction mechanization technologies.
[61]李洪文,姚宗路,高焕文.轻型高防堵性能免耕播种机研究.中国工程科学,2007,15(9)：15-20.
[62]张晋国,高焕文.免耕播种机新型防堵装置的研究.农业机械学报,2000,31(4)：33-35.
[63]西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院.秸秆粉碎覆盖免耕播种施肥机.中国,发明专利,02114625.X,2002.12.11.
[64]蒋金琳.玉米免耕播种机切茬挖茬装置研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2004.
[65]杜兵,王耀发,陈佩芳,等.旱地小麦免耕施肥播种机的研制.北京农业工程大学学报,1995,(4)：26-30.
[66]马洪亮,高焕文,魏淑艳.斜置驱动缺口圆盘刀功耗模型的试验研究.农业工程学报,2007,23(6)：150-153.
[67]张喜瑞,李洪文,何进,等.小麦免耕播种机防堵装置性能对比试验.农业机械学报,2010,41(2)：73-77.
[68]张喜瑞,何进,李洪文,等.水平拨草轮式玉米免耕播种机设计和试验.农业机械学报,2010,41(12)：39-43.
[69]李辉,吴建民,孙伟.垂直分层种施开沟器的设计与试验研究.甘肃农业大学学报,2010,45(02)：143-146.
[70]李宝筏.农业机械学.北京：中国农业出版社,2003,66-75.
[71]于建群,钱立彬,于文静,等.开沟器工作阻力的离散元法仿真分析.农业机械学报,2009,40(06)：53-57.
[72]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(上册).北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2007,373-390.
[73]李阳.自走式多功能麦田花生套播机研制：[硕士学位论文].泰安：山东农业大学,2012.
[74]北京农业机械化学院.农业机械学.北京：农业出版社,1988,6.
[75]王庆惠,王学农,陈发,等.滚刀式秸秆粉碎装置的设计及试验研究.新疆农业科学,2012,49(2)：279-284.
[76]赵洪光,张道林.秸秆切割装置夹持与切割关系的分析.山东理工大学学报：自然科学版,2005,19(4)：81-84.
[77]滕绍民,王泽群,李洋,等.切割方式与切割阻力的理论研究.农机化研究,2009,25(05)：89-90.
[78]寻怀义.滑切理论探讨.农业机械学报,1979,10(04)：107-111.
[79]高建民,桑正中.斜置旋耕刀侧切刃曲线的理论研究.农业机械学报,2001,32(02)：24-26.
[80]NY/T 1701-2009农作物秸秆资源调查与评价技术规范.
[81]吴红丹,李民,胡东元,等.从约翰迪尔产品看美国保护性耕作技术现状.农机化研究,2007,35(01)：12-15.
[82]廖庆喜.免耕播种机防堵与排种装置试验研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2003.
[83]李卫.驱动圆盘破茬式玉米免耕播种机试验研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2006.
[84]姚宗路.小麦对行免耕播种机的改进研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2005.
[85]桑正中.农业机械学(上册).北京：机械工业出版社,1987,115-136.
[86]朱金华,励振刚,邹举.旋耕刀刀片设计的CAD系统.农业机械学报,1985,3(16)：51-61.
[87]苏静波,殷佩生,邵国建.工程中有限元网格生成技术的研究和应用.工程图学学报,2008,29(06)：13-19.
[88]郭历伦,陈忠富,罗景润,等.扩展有限元方法及应用综述.力学季刊,2011,32(04)：612-625.
[89]吴晓菊.结构有限元模型修正综述.特种结构,2009,26(1)：39-45.
[90]杨鹏鹏.对带塔楼钢筋混凝土框架结构产生鞭梢效应的研究：[硕士学位论文].太原：太原理工大学,2010.
[91]周湘鄂.巨-子型有控结构在地震激励下控制性能分析：[硕士学位论文].西安：西北工业大学,2007.
[92]屈巧克.考虑安装误差网壳结构承载力概率分析：[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉理工大学,2009.
[93]宋庆彦.顶底角钢、腹板双角钢连接的冷弯薄壁C型钢梁柱节点性能研究：[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2007.
[94]马爱丽,廖庆喜,田波平,等.基于ANSYS/LS_DYNA的螺旋刀具土壤切削的数值模拟.华中农业大学学报,2009,28(2)：248-252.
[95]钟江,蒋建东,姜涛,等.基于光滑粒子流体动力学仿真的板结土壤深旋耕技术.机械工程学报,2010,46(19)：63-69.
[96]刘伟,高维成,于广滨,等.Ansys12.0宝典.北京：电子工业出版社,2010,292-336.
[97]张利民.叶片模态分析的单元类型选择.沈阳航空航天大学学报,2011,28(2)：21-24.
[98]孙训方,方孝淑,关来泰,等.材料力学(Ⅰ).北京：高等教育出版社,2008,18-21.
[99]钟源.超粗线高速绕线机器人的研究：[硕士学位论文].西安：西安理工大学,2005.
[100]杨帆,李问盈,李洪文,等.免耕播种机缺口圆盘刀有限元静强度分析.农业机械学报,2010,41(6)：53-55,80.
[101]杨帆.驱动侧置式免耕播种机防堵装置的研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2009.
[102]庞声海.关于滑切理论与滑切角的选用.华中农学院学报,1982,1(02)：64-69.
[103]陈诚,俞国胜.往复式灌木切割器滑切角对灌木切割的影响.北京林业大学学报,2011,33(2)：115-119.
[104]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(下册).北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2007,829-938.
[105]崔秀臣.关于圆盘式开沟器工作性能的探讨.农机化研究,1988,4(02)：66-68.
[106]R AllenR. Performence of three seeders in conversation tillage residue. Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1988,4:191-196.
[107]L. Kushwaha R.and K Foster R. Field evaluation of grain drill furrow openers under conservation and conventional tillage system. Canadian Agri Engi,1993,35:253-260.
[108]Ahmad Munirand Khan Muslim A. Zaidi. Development and adaption of no-till technology for sow weat. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America,1994,25:24-28.
[109]于丽娟.旱地保护性耕作施肥技术与机具研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,1994.
[110]C. Kaspar T.and C Erbach D. Improving stand establishment in no-till with residue-clearing planter attachments. Transaction of the AS AS,1998,41:301-306.
[111u B.and J Bekele A. Morrison. Drill furrow opener effects on wheat and sorghum establishment in no-till fields. Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2004,20:179-185.
[112]镇江农业机械学院.农业机械学.北京：中国农业机械出版社,1980,7.
[113]张东远.双凸轮连杆型排种施肥无极变速器研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2012.
[114]王庆杰,李洪文,何进,等.大垄宽窄行免耕种植对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响.农业工程学报,2010,26(8)：39-43.
[115]王庆杰,何进,李洪文,等.免耕播种机开沟防堵单元体设计与试验.农业工程学报,2012,28(1)：27-31.
[116]李卫,李问盈,马洪亮,等.驱动圆盘根茬处理装置的土槽试验研究.农机化研究,2006,29(12)：139-141.
[2]农业部农业机械化管理司.中国保护性耕作.北京：中国农业出版社,2008,2-8.
[3]高焕文,李洪文.可持续机械化早作农业研究.干旱地区农业研究,1999,17(1)：57-62.
[4]蒋金琳.免耕播种机开沟器的研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,1989.
[5]高焕文,李问盈.保护性耕作技术与机具.北京：化学工业出版社,2004,5-10.
[6]Alvarez R.and Steinbach H. S. A review of the effects of tillage systems on some soil physical properties, water content, nitrate availability and crops yield in the Argentine Pampas. Soil & Tillage Research,2009,104:1-15.
[7]高焕文,李洪文,王晓燕,等.10年保护性耕作试验初步总结.机械化保护性耕作技术,2003,8-17.
[8]潘涛.小麦免耕播种机防堵装置的设计研究：[硕士学位论文].甘肃：甘肃农业大学,2005.
[9]张波屏.播种机械设计原理.北京：机械工业出版社,1982,50-52.
[10]马洪亮.免耕播种机玉米秸秆根茬切断装置的研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2006.
[11]包文育.东北垄作免耕播种机关键部件研究与整机设计：[博士学位论文].沈阳农业大学,2009.
[12]刘立晶.一年两熟地区全程保护性耕作体系试验与效应研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2004.
[13]李兵.小麦对行免耕播种机的研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2004.
[14]高焕文.保护性耕作与农业机械发展.农机市场,2008,20(06)：45-48.
[15]FAO,2008. Conservation Agriculture website of FAO, http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/la.html Consulted in December 2008. Subject what is conservation agriculture.
[16]白晓虎.免耕播种机关键部件及其参数化设计方法研究：[博士学位论文].沈阳：沈阳农业大学,2012.
[17]Lai Rattan. Conservation Tillage for Sustainable Agriculture:Tropics Versus Temperate Environments. Advances in Agronomy,1989,42:85-197.
[18]吴红丹,李洪文,李问盈,等.中美两国保护性耕作的管理与应用对比分析.干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(2)：40-44.
[19]Hendrix Paul F.,Franzluebbers Alan J.and McCracken Daniel V. Management effects on C accumulation and loss in soils of the southern Appalachian Piedmont of Georgia. Soil and Tillage Research,1998,47:245-251.
[20]Carter M. R.and Sanderson J. B. Influence of conservation tillage and rotation length on potato productivity, tuber disease and soil quality parameters on a fine sandy loam in eastern Canada. Soil and Tillage Research,2001,63:1-13.
[21]Carter M. R.,Gregorich E. G.and Angers D. A., et al. Organic C and N storage, and organic C fractions, in adjacent cultivated and forested soils of eastern Canada. Soil and Tillage Research, 1998,47:253-261.
[22]Jill Clapperton M.,Miller James J.and Larney Francis J., et al. Earthworm populations as affected by long-term tillage practices in southern Alberta, Canada. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1997, 29:631-633.
[23]Vamerali T.,Bertocco M.and Sartori L. Effects of a new wide-sweep opener for no-till planter on seed zone properties and root establishment in maize (Zea mays, L.):A comparison with double-disk opener. Soil and Tillage Research,2006,89:196-209.
[24]Darmora D. P.and Pandey K. P. Evaluation of performance of furrow openers of combined seed and fertiliser drills. Soil and Tillage Research,1995,34:127-139.
[25]胡东元,焦刚.赴巴西阿根廷保护性耕作考察报告.农机科技推广,2008,8(03)：40-45.
[26]朱士岑.国外主要拖拉机市场观察(12).农业机械,2007,14(13)：50-51.
[27]Mcgarry D. Soil compaction cotton growth on a vertisol. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 1990,28:869-878.
[28]王长生,王遵义,苏成贵,等.保护性耕作技术的发展现状.农业机械学报,2004,35(1)：167-169.
[29]刘恒新,王薇,李庆东,等.保护性耕作在澳大利亚的成功实践——农业部赴澳大利亚技术交流考察报告.农机科技推广,2009,(9)：48-51.
[30]Emden Francis H. D.,Llewellyn Rick S.and Burton Michael P. Factors influencing adoption of conservation tillage in Australian cropping regions. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,2008,52:169-182.
[31]Emden Francis H. D.,Llewellyn Rick S.and Burton Michael P. Adoption of conservation tillage in Australian cropping regions:An application of duration analysis. Technological Forecasting & Social Change,2006,73:630-647.
[32]李安宁,范学民,吴传云,等.保护性耕作现状及发展趋势.农业机械学报,2006,37(10)：177-180.
[33]Ganesh Thapa.亚洲和拉美地区经济转型过程中小规模农业面临的挑战和机遇.中国农村经济,2010,26(12)：77-86.
[34]Chan-Kangand Connie Shenggen Fan And. Road development, economic growth, and poverty reduction in China. Washington DC:International Food Policy Research Institute,2005,138.
[35]施森宝,胡鸿烈.秸秆覆盖免耕法.农业工程学报,1990,6(3)：31-36.
[36]熊巧安.免耕与秸秆还田对土壤生态环境和小麦生长的影响：[硕士学位论文].扬州：扬州大学,2011.
[37]胡鸿烈,丁加明.2BQM-6A型免耕播种机的研制.北京农业大学学报,1993,19(2)：41-47.
[38]施森宝,胡鸿烈 机械化吨粮田配套技术的研究.农业工程学报,1992,8(4)：34-40.
[39]施森宝,胡鸿烈.国产免耕覆盖播种机的研制与试验.北京农业大学学报,1989,15(3)：273-279.
[40]李洪文,陈君达.旱地玉米免耕覆盖播种技术及机具试验研究.干旱地区农业研究,1994,12(3)：95-100.
[41]杜兵,陈佩芳.早地小麦免耕施肥播种机的研制.北京农业工程大学学报,1995,15(4)：26-30.
[42]陈君达,李洪文.玉米免耕整秆覆盖播种机的防堵装置.北京农业工程大学学报,1994,14(3)：34-39.
[43]陈君达,李洪文.旱地玉米保护性机械化耕作技术和机具体系.中国农业大学学报,1998,3(4)：33-38.
[44]陶鑫.小麦免耕覆盖播种技术及机具研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,1999.
[45]廖庆喜,高焕文,舒彩霞.免耕播种机防堵技术研究现状与发展趋势.农业工程学报,2004,20(1)：108-112.
[46]张喜瑞,何进,李洪文,等.免耕播种机驱动圆盘防堵单元体的设计与试验.农业工程学报,2009,25(9)：117-121.
[47]赵武云,张锋伟,吴劲锋,等.免耕播种机弹齿式防堵装置.农业机械学报,2007,38(3)：188-190.
[48]张晋国.带状粉碎免耕播种机的试验研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2001.
[49]A Solhjouand Desbiolles Fielke J. M. Soil translocation by narrow openers with various rake angles. Biosystems Engineering,2012,112:65-73.
[50]U Tourn M. M. A.and G Soza E. Botta. Direct corn seeding.Effects of residue clearance on implant efficiency. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research,2003,1:99-103.
[51]朱惠斌.稻茬地种床破茬粉碎式防堵装置研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2013.
[52]苏元升.免耕播种开沟器及其测试系统的研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,1999.
[53]张喜瑞.我国北方一年两熟区小麦免耕播种机防堵装置研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2010.
[54]C Siemens J.and Thomburn Weber J. A. Mechanics of soil as influenced by tillage tools. Transactions of ASAE,1965,8:1-7.
[55]林静,陈英心,李立新,等.免耕播种机械化技术的分析.农机化研究,2010,04)：232-235.
[56]D Araujo A. G.and Ralisch Casao Junior R. Performance of the-seed-drill-fertilizer distributor PST2 on clay soils. Circular-Instituto Agronomico do Parana,44.
[57]A Principi M.and Cardinali Mattana R. R. Design and performance of a no tillage drilling prototype for pasture renovation. Argentina, RIA/ Research in Press,2012,12:7.
[58]HM Rehmanand NA Gill MA Awan,2011. Evaluation and promotion of integrated crop and resource management technologies in rice-wheat systems in Pakistan.
[59]S Sidhu H.and Et Manpreet-Singh Humphreys E. The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2007,47:844-854.
[60]I Nyagumboand T Mutsamba E. Barrett,2011. Prospects for up-scaling Conservation Agriculture in Zimbabwe using animal traction mechanization technologies.
[61]李洪文,姚宗路,高焕文.轻型高防堵性能免耕播种机研究.中国工程科学,2007,15(9)：15-20.
[62]张晋国,高焕文.免耕播种机新型防堵装置的研究.农业机械学报,2000,31(4)：33-35.
[63]西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院.秸秆粉碎覆盖免耕播种施肥机.中国,发明专利,02114625.X,2002.12.11.
[64]蒋金琳.玉米免耕播种机切茬挖茬装置研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2004.
[65]杜兵,王耀发,陈佩芳,等.旱地小麦免耕施肥播种机的研制.北京农业工程大学学报,1995,(4)：26-30.
[66]马洪亮,高焕文,魏淑艳.斜置驱动缺口圆盘刀功耗模型的试验研究.农业工程学报,2007,23(6)：150-153.
[67]张喜瑞,李洪文,何进,等.小麦免耕播种机防堵装置性能对比试验.农业机械学报,2010,41(2)：73-77.
[68]张喜瑞,何进,李洪文,等.水平拨草轮式玉米免耕播种机设计和试验.农业机械学报,2010,41(12)：39-43.
[69]李辉,吴建民,孙伟.垂直分层种施开沟器的设计与试验研究.甘肃农业大学学报,2010,45(02)：143-146.
[70]李宝筏.农业机械学.北京：中国农业出版社,2003,66-75.
[71]于建群,钱立彬,于文静,等.开沟器工作阻力的离散元法仿真分析.农业机械学报,2009,40(06)：53-57.
[72]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(上册).北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2007,373-390.
[73]李阳.自走式多功能麦田花生套播机研制：[硕士学位论文].泰安：山东农业大学,2012.
[74]北京农业机械化学院.农业机械学.北京：农业出版社,1988,6.
[75]王庆惠,王学农,陈发,等.滚刀式秸秆粉碎装置的设计及试验研究.新疆农业科学,2012,49(2)：279-284.
[76]赵洪光,张道林.秸秆切割装置夹持与切割关系的分析.山东理工大学学报：自然科学版,2005,19(4)：81-84.
[77]滕绍民,王泽群,李洋,等.切割方式与切割阻力的理论研究.农机化研究,2009,25(05)：89-90.
[78]寻怀义.滑切理论探讨.农业机械学报,1979,10(04)：107-111.
[79]高建民,桑正中.斜置旋耕刀侧切刃曲线的理论研究.农业机械学报,2001,32(02)：24-26.
[80]NY/T 1701-2009农作物秸秆资源调查与评价技术规范.
[81]吴红丹,李民,胡东元,等.从约翰迪尔产品看美国保护性耕作技术现状.农机化研究,2007,35(01)：12-15.
[82]廖庆喜.免耕播种机防堵与排种装置试验研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2003.
[83]李卫.驱动圆盘破茬式玉米免耕播种机试验研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2006.
[84]姚宗路.小麦对行免耕播种机的改进研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2005.
[85]桑正中.农业机械学(上册).北京：机械工业出版社,1987,115-136.
[86]朱金华,励振刚,邹举.旋耕刀刀片设计的CAD系统.农业机械学报,1985,3(16)：51-61.
[87]苏静波,殷佩生,邵国建.工程中有限元网格生成技术的研究和应用.工程图学学报,2008,29(06)：13-19.
[88]郭历伦,陈忠富,罗景润,等.扩展有限元方法及应用综述.力学季刊,2011,32(04)：612-625.
[89]吴晓菊.结构有限元模型修正综述.特种结构,2009,26(1)：39-45.
[90]杨鹏鹏.对带塔楼钢筋混凝土框架结构产生鞭梢效应的研究：[硕士学位论文].太原：太原理工大学,2010.
[91]周湘鄂.巨-子型有控结构在地震激励下控制性能分析：[硕士学位论文].西安：西北工业大学,2007.
[92]屈巧克.考虑安装误差网壳结构承载力概率分析：[硕士学位论文].武汉：武汉理工大学,2009.
[93]宋庆彦.顶底角钢、腹板双角钢连接的冷弯薄壁C型钢梁柱节点性能研究：[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2007.
[94]马爱丽,廖庆喜,田波平,等.基于ANSYS/LS_DYNA的螺旋刀具土壤切削的数值模拟.华中农业大学学报,2009,28(2)：248-252.
[95]钟江,蒋建东,姜涛,等.基于光滑粒子流体动力学仿真的板结土壤深旋耕技术.机械工程学报,2010,46(19)：63-69.
[96]刘伟,高维成,于广滨,等.Ansys12.0宝典.北京：电子工业出版社,2010,292-336.
[97]张利民.叶片模态分析的单元类型选择.沈阳航空航天大学学报,2011,28(2)：21-24.
[98]孙训方,方孝淑,关来泰,等.材料力学(Ⅰ).北京：高等教育出版社,2008,18-21.
[99]钟源.超粗线高速绕线机器人的研究：[硕士学位论文].西安：西安理工大学,2005.
[100]杨帆,李问盈,李洪文,等.免耕播种机缺口圆盘刀有限元静强度分析.农业机械学报,2010,41(6)：53-55,80.
[101]杨帆.驱动侧置式免耕播种机防堵装置的研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2009.
[102]庞声海.关于滑切理论与滑切角的选用.华中农学院学报,1982,1(02)：64-69.
[103]陈诚,俞国胜.往复式灌木切割器滑切角对灌木切割的影响.北京林业大学学报,2011,33(2)：115-119.
[104]中国农业机械化科学研究院.农业机械设计手册(下册).北京：中国农业科学技术出版社,2007,829-938.
[105]崔秀臣.关于圆盘式开沟器工作性能的探讨.农机化研究,1988,4(02)：66-68.
[106]R AllenR. Performence of three seeders in conversation tillage residue. Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1988,4:191-196.
[107]L. Kushwaha R.and K Foster R. Field evaluation of grain drill furrow openers under conservation and conventional tillage system. Canadian Agri Engi,1993,35:253-260.
[108]Ahmad Munirand Khan Muslim A. Zaidi. Development and adaption of no-till technology for sow weat. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America,1994,25:24-28.
[109]于丽娟.旱地保护性耕作施肥技术与机具研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,1994.
[110]C. Kaspar T.and C Erbach D. Improving stand establishment in no-till with residue-clearing planter attachments. Transaction of the AS AS,1998,41:301-306.
[111u B.and J Bekele A. Morrison. Drill furrow opener effects on wheat and sorghum establishment in no-till fields. Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2004,20:179-185.
[112]镇江农业机械学院.农业机械学.北京：中国农业机械出版社,1980,7.
[113]张东远.双凸轮连杆型排种施肥无极变速器研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2012.
[114]王庆杰,李洪文,何进,等.大垄宽窄行免耕种植对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响.农业工程学报,2010,26(8)：39-43.
[115]王庆杰,何进,李洪文,等.免耕播种机开沟防堵单元体设计与试验.农业工程学报,2012,28(1)：27-31.
[116]李卫,李问盈,马洪亮,等.驱动圆盘根茬处理装置的土槽试验研究.农机化研究,2006,29(12)：139-141.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |