快速检测致病性微生物的免疫生物传感器研究
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摘要
食源性疾病不仅严重地损害人类的健康,也给经济造成重大影响,已成为国际上最突出的公共卫生问题之一。致病性微生物污染是影响食品安全的罪魁祸首。传统的微生物培养检测方法虽然灵敏可靠,但费时、操作繁琐、检测结果滞后。PCR、ELISA等快速检测方法昂贵、只能由专业人员操作,体积较大,携带不太方便,不适合于现场或野外使用,而生物传感器在微生物检测的实际应用中潜力巨大。
免疫生物传感器具有快速、便携、特异性强、制作简单、识别灵敏等特点,因此成为微生物检测领域的研究热点。本论文以代表性食源性致病菌大肠杆菌O157：H7和典型性禽流感病毒H5N1为检测对象,结合纳米技术与电化学阻抗谱技术,分别研究了压电和电化学免疫生物传感器用于致病性微生物的检测方法。
本文的主要内容和研究结果如下：
(1)研究了基于MPA自组装膜技术制作的流动式压电免疫传感器对大肠杆菌O157：H7进行检测。结果显示：菌液浓度在2.2×105-2.2×108CFU/mL范围时,直接法压电免疫传感器的频率变化与菌液浓度的对数值存在线性关系,回归方程：y=-6.7 LogN+22.8,决定系数R2为0.9171。最低检测限为2.2×105CFU/mL。为有效地固定抗体,用循环伏安研究了MPA不同的修饰时间。结果表明：12个小时足够使电极表面铺满MPA。石英晶体微天平(QCM)和循环伏安两种方法很好地表征了传感器的制作和检测过程。
(2)探索了检测大肠杆菌O157：147的基于纳米金线的压电免疫传感器的建立。纳米金线通过1,6-己二硫醇作为中间试剂共价结合到电极金表面；采用蛋白A吸附将抗体固定到纳米金线上。结果显示：在流动池中固定纳米金线的方法是不可行的；在气相中浸泡的方式可以将大量的纳米金线修饰到电极表面；纳米金线溶液中的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵使蛋白A和纳米金线的吸附受阻,直接影响到抗体的固定效果；且该表面活性剂无法清洗干净；SEM证明了该试剂对目标检测信号造成严重干扰。
(3)建立了基于纳米金颗粒(30 nm)制作的压电免疫传感器检测大肠杆菌O157：H7。采用双硫醇在金电极表面修饰纳米金颗粒,抗体通过自组装MHDA膜固定。结果表明：超级Piranha (?)式剂清洗QCM金电极对固定纳米金颗粒非常有效；该免疫传感器对目标菌的响应在低浓度时优势更明显；未经离心的大肠杆菌O157：H7溶液中的杂质能够引起该免疫传感器很明显的非特异性信号；与控制组对比,该免疫传感器的检测限降低了一个数量级,且已经达到理论计算上的最低检出浓度。SEM验证了纳米金颗粒在QCM金电极表面的固定和该免疫传感器对大肠杆菌O157：H7的捕捉以及检测。
(4)研究了一种基于纳米磁珠(30 nm)信号放大的QCM免疫传感器对禽流感病毒H5N1进行检测。多克隆抗-H5抗体通过MHDA自组装膜固定到QCM金电极表面。采用生物素-链霉亲和素体系在纳米磁珠表面修饰抗-H5抗体。研究显示：D-biotin和BSA联用对纳米磁珠表面进行封闭时,纳米磁珠的非特异性响应最小；纳米磁珠对信号的放大作用在低滴定度时更有效；且使检测限降低了两个数量级。在0.128～12.8 HA单位范围内,频率的变化和禽流感病毒H5N1滴定度的对数值呈良好的相关关系,回归方程：△f=-37.67LogN-44.295,决定系数R2=0.99；最低检测限为0.0128 HA单位。在用于咽拭子样品检测中,检测下限为0.128 HA单位；在0.128～12.8 HA单位范围内,频率响应和病毒滴定度的对数值之间存在线性关系,回归方程是△f=-15.835 Logy-23.969,决定系数R2=0.87。该免疫传感器对H5N1检测的特异性强、重复性好,能够从其他亚型(H3N2、H2N2、H4N8)中检测出H5N1。QCM传感器的实时响应图和ESEM可以很好的表征该免疫传感器的制作过程、目标捕获以及纳米磁珠对目标信号的放大。
(5)论证了石英晶体金电极作为工作电极、利用法拉第阻抗谱技术快速检测大肠杆菌O157：H7的无标记型电化学免疫传感器的可行性。提出了一个由电解液的欧姆电阻(Rs)、双层电容(Cdl)、电子转移电阻(Ret)和Warburg阻抗构成的等效电路模拟免疫传感器的性能。结果显示：当目标菌吸附到电极表面时,Ret变化最大。在1.6×103～1.6×106CFU/mL范围内,阻抗变化值和浓度的对数值成线性关系：y=244.31 LogN-739.96,决定系数R2为0.9808。该免疫传感器的检测限是103CFU/mL。电化学阻抗谱和循环伏安曲线可以很好地表征电极表面的修饰及免疫反应的进行。
(6)建立了基于石英晶体金电极的无标记型电容式免疫传感器用于对大肠杆菌O157：H7的检测。MPA自组装膜作为媒介将抗体固定到电极表面。试验结果显示：双层电容的变化和大肠杆菌O157：H7的浓度相关：在102～105 CFU/mL范围时,双层电容在1 Hz的变化值和浓度的对数值呈线性关系,回归方程：y=-41.65 LogN+56.75,决定系数R2为0.98；等效电路中,双层电容(Cdl)由Cins、Crec、CGC串联构成；该电容式免疫传感器在一个小时内可以完成对大肠杆菌0157：H7的检测,检测限为102CFU/mL。牛奶、牛肉糜和菠菜三种食品样品的检测限分别为103、103和104CFU/mL。循环伏安和电化学阻抗谱能够对该免疫传感器的逐步制作以及检测过程进行很好的表征。
Foodborne disease not only undermined the health of human being heavily, but also made the huge economic loss. It has been one of the most critical international public health problems. Contamination caused by pathogenic microorganism poses the most severe threat to foodsafety. The conventional culturing and plating method is typically time-consuming and labor-intensive though able to test microorganisms in complicated food sample with low detection limit. Other detection methods, such as PCR and ELISA, are less time-consuming, however, they involve costly equipment and complicated sample pretreatment. Biosensor technologies play an increasingly important role in the detection of pathogenic microorganism because of their great potential to satisfy the practical need for rapid, portable, low-cost, and on-line or in-field detection of foodborne microorganism.
Among biosensors, immunosensors are broadly investigated for microorganism detection due to their specific advantages, such as specific affinity reaction, simple fabrication, and sensitive recognition. This work focused on methods for detection of the typical foodborne pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 and avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 using piezoelectric immunosensor and electrochemical immunosensor in combination with nano technology and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
The main contents and results are summarized as follows.
(1) Piezoelectric immunosensor based on 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was developed for E. coli O157:H7 detection combining flow injection analysis. A linear relationship between the frequency shift and logarithm value of E. coli O157:H7 concentrations was found in the range of 2.2×105～2.2×108 CFU/mL. The regression equation was y=-6.7 LogN+22.8 with correlation coefficient of 0.9171. The low detection limit was 2.2×105 CFU/mL. Different MPA modification times were compared using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The experimental results indicated that 12 h was sufficient to coat the electrode surface with MPA completely. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and CV were also employed to characterize the stepwise assembly of the immunosensor and the detection procedure.
(2) A piezoelectric immunosensor based on gold nanowire was studied for E. coli O157:H7 detection. Gold nanowires were immobilized onto a monolayer of 1.6-hexanedithiol self-assembled on the electrode surface. Antibody immobilization was completed through protein A adsorption onto the gold nanowires. It was found that gold nanowires could be immobilized onto the electrode surface well through immersion method in gas phase other than injection method in flow cell. Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in gold nanowire solution inhibited the adsorption of protein A onto the gold nanowire layer, which resulted in the low amount of immobilized antibodies. The tests showed that the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide could not be washed away from the immunosensor. SEM image demonstrated that the signal of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was large enough to cover the target signal.
(3) A piezoelectric immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles was developed for E. coli O157:H7 detection. It was based on antibodies immobilization onto 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA) SAMs on the gold nanoparticles layer which was modified onto the electrode surface through a self-assembled monolayer of 1,6-hexanedithiol. The results indicated that cleaning the QCM electrode with super Piranha improved the gold nanoparticles immobilization. The immunosensor responded the target bacteria better in lower concentrations than high concentrations. E. coli O157:H7 solution without centrifugation could cause obvious non-specific signal due to the substance in the culture. Compared with the control tests, the immunosensor improved the detection limit for one log, and it has achieved the lowest detection limit in theoretical calculation. The immobilization of gold nanoparticles and the capture of E. coli O157:H7 onto the QCM electrode surface were demonstrated through SEM.
(4) Magnetic nanobeads amplification based QCM immunosensor was developed as a new application for detection of avian influenza (AI) H5N1 virus. Polyclonal antibodies against Al H5N1 virus surface antigen HA (Hemagglutinin) were oriented on the surface of the QCM gold electrode through self-assembled monolayer of MHDA. Magnetic nanobeads (30 nm) coated with anti-H5 antibodies through biotin-streptavidin binding were used for further amplification of the binding reaction between the antibody-antigen(virus). Experimental results indicated that the nonspecific signal was negligible using D-biotin and BSA together to block the nanobeads surface. The magnetic nanobeads amplified the target signal much better in lower titers than high titers of the virus. And the amplification signal improved two logs of the detection limit. The response of the antibody-antigen (virus) interaction was shown to be virus titer-dependent. A linear relationship between the logarithmic value of H5N1 virus titers and frequency shift was found ranging from 0.128 to 12.8 HA unit. The corresponding equation wasΔf=-37.67 log N-44.295 (R2=0.99). The detection limit of 0.0128 HA was obtained in 2 hours of detection time. The immunosensor was evaluated with tracheal swab samples. A linear relationship between the frequency shift and logarithmic value of AI H5N1 virus titers was found in a range of 0.128-12.8 HA unit. The regression equation wasΔf=-15.835 logN-23.969 with correlation coefficient of 0.87. The detection limit for the swab samples was 0.128 HA unit. No significant interference was observed from non-target subtypes such as AI subtypes H3N2, H2N2, and H4N8. Both bindings of target H5N1 viruses and magnetic nanobeads onto the QCM electrode surface were further confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM).
(5) The feasibility of a label-free electrochemical immunosensor employing a quartz crystal Au electrode as working electrode was demonstrated for E. coli O157:H7 detection using Faradaic impedance spectroscopy. A proper equivalent circuit, including ohmic resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), double-layer capacitance (Cdl), electron-transfer resistance (Ret), and Warburg impedance, was introduced for modeling the performance of immunosensor. Among these impedance components, the greatest change was found in electron-transfer resistance due to the binding of E. coli cells. A linear relationship betweenΔimpedance (Zcells—Zatubody) and the logarithmic value of E. coli O157:H7 concentrations was found, y=244.31 LogN—739.96, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The detection limit of the immunosensor was 103 CFU/mL. Both EIS and CV were employed to characterize modifications of the electrode and the immunoreaction.
(6) A label-free capacitive immunosensor based on quartz crystal Au electrode was developed for detection of E. coli O157:H7. Antibodies were immobilized onto SAMs of MPA on the sensor surface. The experimental results indicated that the capacitance change was correlated with the concentration of E. coli O157:H7. A linear relationship between the capacitance shift and logarithm value of E. coli O157:H7 concentrations was found in the range of102～105 CFU/mL:y=-41.65 LogN+56.75 (R2=0.98). The detection limit was 102 CFU/mL. An equivalent circuit was introduced to simulate the immunosensor, and the double layer capacitance (Cdl) consisted of Cins、Crec、CGC in series. Milk, ground beef, and spinach were selected as food samples to evaluate the capacitive immunosensor with detection limit of 103, 103. and 104 CFU/mL respectively. CV and EIS were employed to characterize the stepwise assembly of the immunosensor.
免疫生物传感器具有快速、便携、特异性强、制作简单、识别灵敏等特点,因此成为微生物检测领域的研究热点。本论文以代表性食源性致病菌大肠杆菌O157：H7和典型性禽流感病毒H5N1为检测对象,结合纳米技术与电化学阻抗谱技术,分别研究了压电和电化学免疫生物传感器用于致病性微生物的检测方法。
本文的主要内容和研究结果如下：
(1)研究了基于MPA自组装膜技术制作的流动式压电免疫传感器对大肠杆菌O157：H7进行检测。结果显示：菌液浓度在2.2×105-2.2×108CFU/mL范围时,直接法压电免疫传感器的频率变化与菌液浓度的对数值存在线性关系,回归方程：y=-6.7 LogN+22.8,决定系数R2为0.9171。最低检测限为2.2×105CFU/mL。为有效地固定抗体,用循环伏安研究了MPA不同的修饰时间。结果表明：12个小时足够使电极表面铺满MPA。石英晶体微天平(QCM)和循环伏安两种方法很好地表征了传感器的制作和检测过程。
(2)探索了检测大肠杆菌O157：147的基于纳米金线的压电免疫传感器的建立。纳米金线通过1,6-己二硫醇作为中间试剂共价结合到电极金表面；采用蛋白A吸附将抗体固定到纳米金线上。结果显示：在流动池中固定纳米金线的方法是不可行的；在气相中浸泡的方式可以将大量的纳米金线修饰到电极表面；纳米金线溶液中的十六烷基三甲基溴化铵使蛋白A和纳米金线的吸附受阻,直接影响到抗体的固定效果；且该表面活性剂无法清洗干净；SEM证明了该试剂对目标检测信号造成严重干扰。
(3)建立了基于纳米金颗粒(30 nm)制作的压电免疫传感器检测大肠杆菌O157：H7。采用双硫醇在金电极表面修饰纳米金颗粒,抗体通过自组装MHDA膜固定。结果表明：超级Piranha (?)式剂清洗QCM金电极对固定纳米金颗粒非常有效；该免疫传感器对目标菌的响应在低浓度时优势更明显；未经离心的大肠杆菌O157：H7溶液中的杂质能够引起该免疫传感器很明显的非特异性信号；与控制组对比,该免疫传感器的检测限降低了一个数量级,且已经达到理论计算上的最低检出浓度。SEM验证了纳米金颗粒在QCM金电极表面的固定和该免疫传感器对大肠杆菌O157：H7的捕捉以及检测。
(4)研究了一种基于纳米磁珠(30 nm)信号放大的QCM免疫传感器对禽流感病毒H5N1进行检测。多克隆抗-H5抗体通过MHDA自组装膜固定到QCM金电极表面。采用生物素-链霉亲和素体系在纳米磁珠表面修饰抗-H5抗体。研究显示：D-biotin和BSA联用对纳米磁珠表面进行封闭时,纳米磁珠的非特异性响应最小；纳米磁珠对信号的放大作用在低滴定度时更有效；且使检测限降低了两个数量级。在0.128～12.8 HA单位范围内,频率的变化和禽流感病毒H5N1滴定度的对数值呈良好的相关关系,回归方程：△f=-37.67LogN-44.295,决定系数R2=0.99；最低检测限为0.0128 HA单位。在用于咽拭子样品检测中,检测下限为0.128 HA单位；在0.128～12.8 HA单位范围内,频率响应和病毒滴定度的对数值之间存在线性关系,回归方程是△f=-15.835 Logy-23.969,决定系数R2=0.87。该免疫传感器对H5N1检测的特异性强、重复性好,能够从其他亚型(H3N2、H2N2、H4N8)中检测出H5N1。QCM传感器的实时响应图和ESEM可以很好的表征该免疫传感器的制作过程、目标捕获以及纳米磁珠对目标信号的放大。
(5)论证了石英晶体金电极作为工作电极、利用法拉第阻抗谱技术快速检测大肠杆菌O157：H7的无标记型电化学免疫传感器的可行性。提出了一个由电解液的欧姆电阻(Rs)、双层电容(Cdl)、电子转移电阻(Ret)和Warburg阻抗构成的等效电路模拟免疫传感器的性能。结果显示：当目标菌吸附到电极表面时,Ret变化最大。在1.6×103～1.6×106CFU/mL范围内,阻抗变化值和浓度的对数值成线性关系：y=244.31 LogN-739.96,决定系数R2为0.9808。该免疫传感器的检测限是103CFU/mL。电化学阻抗谱和循环伏安曲线可以很好地表征电极表面的修饰及免疫反应的进行。
(6)建立了基于石英晶体金电极的无标记型电容式免疫传感器用于对大肠杆菌O157：H7的检测。MPA自组装膜作为媒介将抗体固定到电极表面。试验结果显示：双层电容的变化和大肠杆菌O157：H7的浓度相关：在102～105 CFU/mL范围时,双层电容在1 Hz的变化值和浓度的对数值呈线性关系,回归方程：y=-41.65 LogN+56.75,决定系数R2为0.98；等效电路中,双层电容(Cdl)由Cins、Crec、CGC串联构成；该电容式免疫传感器在一个小时内可以完成对大肠杆菌0157：H7的检测,检测限为102CFU/mL。牛奶、牛肉糜和菠菜三种食品样品的检测限分别为103、103和104CFU/mL。循环伏安和电化学阻抗谱能够对该免疫传感器的逐步制作以及检测过程进行很好的表征。
Foodborne disease not only undermined the health of human being heavily, but also made the huge economic loss. It has been one of the most critical international public health problems. Contamination caused by pathogenic microorganism poses the most severe threat to foodsafety. The conventional culturing and plating method is typically time-consuming and labor-intensive though able to test microorganisms in complicated food sample with low detection limit. Other detection methods, such as PCR and ELISA, are less time-consuming, however, they involve costly equipment and complicated sample pretreatment. Biosensor technologies play an increasingly important role in the detection of pathogenic microorganism because of their great potential to satisfy the practical need for rapid, portable, low-cost, and on-line or in-field detection of foodborne microorganism.
Among biosensors, immunosensors are broadly investigated for microorganism detection due to their specific advantages, such as specific affinity reaction, simple fabrication, and sensitive recognition. This work focused on methods for detection of the typical foodborne pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 and avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1 using piezoelectric immunosensor and electrochemical immunosensor in combination with nano technology and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
The main contents and results are summarized as follows.
(1) Piezoelectric immunosensor based on 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was developed for E. coli O157:H7 detection combining flow injection analysis. A linear relationship between the frequency shift and logarithm value of E. coli O157:H7 concentrations was found in the range of 2.2×105～2.2×108 CFU/mL. The regression equation was y=-6.7 LogN+22.8 with correlation coefficient of 0.9171. The low detection limit was 2.2×105 CFU/mL. Different MPA modification times were compared using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The experimental results indicated that 12 h was sufficient to coat the electrode surface with MPA completely. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and CV were also employed to characterize the stepwise assembly of the immunosensor and the detection procedure.
(2) A piezoelectric immunosensor based on gold nanowire was studied for E. coli O157:H7 detection. Gold nanowires were immobilized onto a monolayer of 1.6-hexanedithiol self-assembled on the electrode surface. Antibody immobilization was completed through protein A adsorption onto the gold nanowires. It was found that gold nanowires could be immobilized onto the electrode surface well through immersion method in gas phase other than injection method in flow cell. Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in gold nanowire solution inhibited the adsorption of protein A onto the gold nanowire layer, which resulted in the low amount of immobilized antibodies. The tests showed that the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide could not be washed away from the immunosensor. SEM image demonstrated that the signal of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was large enough to cover the target signal.
(3) A piezoelectric immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles was developed for E. coli O157:H7 detection. It was based on antibodies immobilization onto 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA) SAMs on the gold nanoparticles layer which was modified onto the electrode surface through a self-assembled monolayer of 1,6-hexanedithiol. The results indicated that cleaning the QCM electrode with super Piranha improved the gold nanoparticles immobilization. The immunosensor responded the target bacteria better in lower concentrations than high concentrations. E. coli O157:H7 solution without centrifugation could cause obvious non-specific signal due to the substance in the culture. Compared with the control tests, the immunosensor improved the detection limit for one log, and it has achieved the lowest detection limit in theoretical calculation. The immobilization of gold nanoparticles and the capture of E. coli O157:H7 onto the QCM electrode surface were demonstrated through SEM.
(4) Magnetic nanobeads amplification based QCM immunosensor was developed as a new application for detection of avian influenza (AI) H5N1 virus. Polyclonal antibodies against Al H5N1 virus surface antigen HA (Hemagglutinin) were oriented on the surface of the QCM gold electrode through self-assembled monolayer of MHDA. Magnetic nanobeads (30 nm) coated with anti-H5 antibodies through biotin-streptavidin binding were used for further amplification of the binding reaction between the antibody-antigen(virus). Experimental results indicated that the nonspecific signal was negligible using D-biotin and BSA together to block the nanobeads surface. The magnetic nanobeads amplified the target signal much better in lower titers than high titers of the virus. And the amplification signal improved two logs of the detection limit. The response of the antibody-antigen (virus) interaction was shown to be virus titer-dependent. A linear relationship between the logarithmic value of H5N1 virus titers and frequency shift was found ranging from 0.128 to 12.8 HA unit. The corresponding equation wasΔf=-37.67 log N-44.295 (R2=0.99). The detection limit of 0.0128 HA was obtained in 2 hours of detection time. The immunosensor was evaluated with tracheal swab samples. A linear relationship between the frequency shift and logarithmic value of AI H5N1 virus titers was found in a range of 0.128-12.8 HA unit. The regression equation wasΔf=-15.835 logN-23.969 with correlation coefficient of 0.87. The detection limit for the swab samples was 0.128 HA unit. No significant interference was observed from non-target subtypes such as AI subtypes H3N2, H2N2, and H4N8. Both bindings of target H5N1 viruses and magnetic nanobeads onto the QCM electrode surface were further confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM).
(5) The feasibility of a label-free electrochemical immunosensor employing a quartz crystal Au electrode as working electrode was demonstrated for E. coli O157:H7 detection using Faradaic impedance spectroscopy. A proper equivalent circuit, including ohmic resistance of the electrolyte (Rs), double-layer capacitance (Cdl), electron-transfer resistance (Ret), and Warburg impedance, was introduced for modeling the performance of immunosensor. Among these impedance components, the greatest change was found in electron-transfer resistance due to the binding of E. coli cells. A linear relationship betweenΔimpedance (Zcells—Zatubody) and the logarithmic value of E. coli O157:H7 concentrations was found, y=244.31 LogN—739.96, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The detection limit of the immunosensor was 103 CFU/mL. Both EIS and CV were employed to characterize modifications of the electrode and the immunoreaction.
(6) A label-free capacitive immunosensor based on quartz crystal Au electrode was developed for detection of E. coli O157:H7. Antibodies were immobilized onto SAMs of MPA on the sensor surface. The experimental results indicated that the capacitance change was correlated with the concentration of E. coli O157:H7. A linear relationship between the capacitance shift and logarithm value of E. coli O157:H7 concentrations was found in the range of102～105 CFU/mL:y=-41.65 LogN+56.75 (R2=0.98). The detection limit was 102 CFU/mL. An equivalent circuit was introduced to simulate the immunosensor, and the double layer capacitance (Cdl) consisted of Cins、Crec、CGC in series. Milk, ground beef, and spinach were selected as food samples to evaluate the capacitive immunosensor with detection limit of 103, 103. and 104 CFU/mL respectively. CV and EIS were employed to characterize the stepwise assembly of the immunosensor.
引文
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