粉状物料连续定量给料设备及控制系统的研究
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摘要
粉状物料的计量和定量给料是水泥生产的一个重要环节，它是保证窑的热工制度正常稳定、保证质量、稳定高产和节约能源的关键因素之一，例如入窑生料粉和煤粉的计量和定量给料，出厂水泥的称重计量等。由于这些粉状物料具有细度高、容重小、自流性好，并且随着湿度和压力的不同这些特性有较大变化等特点。目前，国内还没有很好的解决粉状物料的计量和定量给料的问题。
虽然我国的科研机构在粉状物料的计量和定量给料方面做了许多工作，但所设计的计量设备的计量精度达不到水泥生产的要求。自从我国许多大中水泥厂引进了德国Pfister公司研发的转子秤，这一构思新颖的计量设备后，使水泥的生产效率得到了较大的提高。
在参考了大量国内外相关文献之后，综合各种实践经验和实际生产的需要，对转子秤的结构和控制系统进行设计。现把所做的工作归纳如下：(1)转子秤的结构设计。在了解转子秤工作原理的基础上，仿照德国Pfister转子秤的结构特点，设计出转子秤的结构。该结构要求能满足粉状物料的计量和定量给料的要求，受力合理，结构简单，维护方便，能动态、连续的对粉状物料自动称重。(2)保证转子秤较高的计量精度。包括计量方法的改进，选择适宜的称重传感器、合理结构的贮料仓和减少外界环境对计量精度的影响。(3)气力输送粉状物料系统和传动系统的设计。气力输送具有布置灵活、所占空间小，可避免已有设备和建筑物等优点，因此特别适合新型干法水泥厂的煤粉入窑或入分解炉。(4)转子秤的控制系统。采用积分分离的PID算法，用现场总线—CAN总线实现各节点和上位机之间的通讯。通讯模块和算法模块都集成在菲利浦公司的单片机芯片P8xc592上，使得系统硬件结构较为简单。
Measure and dosing material of pulverous material is an important tache during the cement production, which is one of the key factors that can guarantee the stabilization of heat balance in the kiln, quality stabilization, high output, and economizing energy, such as measure and dosing material of rough pulverous material of entering into the kiln and coal powder, measure and dosing material of cement of leaving factory etc. Because pulverous material is characterized by fine granularity, small density, good self-stream and so on, what's more, these characters have great change with humidity and pressure. Up to the present, a satisfactory solution has not been found out about measure and dosing material of pulverous material domestically.
Although a number of concrete institutes have been engaged in searching about it for many years in China, measure accuracy of domestic equipments still can't reach for requirement of cement production. Since some big and middle cement factories imported the rotor scale from Pfister corporation in German, this type of original device greatly improve produce efficiency of cement.
After referring to a lot of internal and overseas correlative literature, design the structure and control system of rotor scale. My primary works is the following. (1)The structure design of rotor scale. Based on learning of the work principle of rotor scale, imitate structure of Pfister rotor scale, and devise our own structure of rotor scale.(2)Ensure the higher measure accuracy of rotor scale. Include the improvement of the measure method, the choice of the proper weighing sensor, the rational structure of the storehouse, and reducing the bad influence of outside environment. (3)The design of the pneumatic conveying system and the transmission system. The pneumatic conveying system can make flexible disposal, and occupy the little space, which can avoid cross-bracing with the old equipment. So it is fit for the cement kiln of the new and dry method (4)The control system of rotor scale. Adopt the PID arithmetic means with the separating integral, and communication between all of the nodes and the PC computer depends on the fieldbus-CAN bus structure. Communication module and arithmetic module are integrated into a single chip P8xc592 which made in PHILPS corporation, which make the hardware simpler.
虽然我国的科研机构在粉状物料的计量和定量给料方面做了许多工作，但所设计的计量设备的计量精度达不到水泥生产的要求。自从我国许多大中水泥厂引进了德国Pfister公司研发的转子秤，这一构思新颖的计量设备后，使水泥的生产效率得到了较大的提高。
在参考了大量国内外相关文献之后，综合各种实践经验和实际生产的需要，对转子秤的结构和控制系统进行设计。现把所做的工作归纳如下：(1)转子秤的结构设计。在了解转子秤工作原理的基础上，仿照德国Pfister转子秤的结构特点，设计出转子秤的结构。该结构要求能满足粉状物料的计量和定量给料的要求，受力合理，结构简单，维护方便，能动态、连续的对粉状物料自动称重。(2)保证转子秤较高的计量精度。包括计量方法的改进，选择适宜的称重传感器、合理结构的贮料仓和减少外界环境对计量精度的影响。(3)气力输送粉状物料系统和传动系统的设计。气力输送具有布置灵活、所占空间小，可避免已有设备和建筑物等优点，因此特别适合新型干法水泥厂的煤粉入窑或入分解炉。(4)转子秤的控制系统。采用积分分离的PID算法，用现场总线—CAN总线实现各节点和上位机之间的通讯。通讯模块和算法模块都集成在菲利浦公司的单片机芯片P8xc592上，使得系统硬件结构较为简单。
Measure and dosing material of pulverous material is an important tache during the cement production, which is one of the key factors that can guarantee the stabilization of heat balance in the kiln, quality stabilization, high output, and economizing energy, such as measure and dosing material of rough pulverous material of entering into the kiln and coal powder, measure and dosing material of cement of leaving factory etc. Because pulverous material is characterized by fine granularity, small density, good self-stream and so on, what's more, these characters have great change with humidity and pressure. Up to the present, a satisfactory solution has not been found out about measure and dosing material of pulverous material domestically.
Although a number of concrete institutes have been engaged in searching about it for many years in China, measure accuracy of domestic equipments still can't reach for requirement of cement production. Since some big and middle cement factories imported the rotor scale from Pfister corporation in German, this type of original device greatly improve produce efficiency of cement.
After referring to a lot of internal and overseas correlative literature, design the structure and control system of rotor scale. My primary works is the following. (1)The structure design of rotor scale. Based on learning of the work principle of rotor scale, imitate structure of Pfister rotor scale, and devise our own structure of rotor scale.(2)Ensure the higher measure accuracy of rotor scale. Include the improvement of the measure method, the choice of the proper weighing sensor, the rational structure of the storehouse, and reducing the bad influence of outside environment. (3)The design of the pneumatic conveying system and the transmission system. The pneumatic conveying system can make flexible disposal, and occupy the little space, which can avoid cross-bracing with the old equipment. So it is fit for the cement kiln of the new and dry method (4)The control system of rotor scale. Adopt the PID arithmetic means with the separating integral, and communication between all of the nodes and the PC computer depends on the fieldbus-CAN bus structure. Communication module and arithmetic module are integrated into a single chip P8xc592 which made in PHILPS corporation, which make the hardware simpler.
引文
[1] 赵吕宁，浅谈水泥工厂的计量系统，水泥工程，1997，19(5)：-50-51
[2] 岳庆寅，孙秉礼，张丽娟等，水泥厂计量手册，中国建材工业出版社，1993：-1-87
[3] 孙卫星，朱珠，核子秤在工业计量中的应用，计量装置及应用，2003，20(3)：-47-48
[4] 金英，环状天平型煤粉计量供给系统，水泥正程，1993，16(2)：-45-46
[5] 孙卫星，陈克政，回转窑煤粉计量控制系统，水泥技术，2000，22(4)：-46-48
[6] H W Hafner, H Wagner, H Wolfschaffner, ProsConein Dosierverfahren fur den Zementafen, ZKG, 1998, 25 (4): -198
[7] Dexter Hardin，新型Flowrit60数字式流量计为水泥生产带来的效益，新世纪水泥导报，1999，18(3)：-21
[8] Schwarcz H P, Shane K C, Measurement of Shape by fourier analysis, Sedimentalogy, 1960, 13(2): -213
[9] Kaye B H, Clark G G, Leblance J E, Trottier R A, Image analysis Procedures for characterizing the fractal dimension, Particle characteristic, 1987, 51(12): -243.
[10] Clark N N, A new scheme for Particle shape characterization based on fractal harmonics and fractal dimension of fine particles, Powder Technol, 1987,-51 (20) : 243
[11] 陆厚根，粉体技术导论，同济大学出版社，1998：-1-15
[12] 张少明，刘亚云，粉体工程，中国建材工业出版社，1994：-1-20
[13] Young B D, Bryson A W, Van Vliet B M, An evalution of the technigue of polygonal harmonic for the characterization of particle shape, Powder technol, 1990, 63(26): -157
[14] John K B, Partical Characterization in Technology, CRC Series on Fine Particle Science and Technology, 1984:-35
[15] Harvey HG, The Mixing of Solids, SpecialProjects and Testing Servies Limited, 1979, -279
[16] 胡钢，三维机械设计软件SolidWorks在工程设计中的应用，电脑开发与应用，2002，15(3)，-31-32
[17] 吴彦春，常志华，黄尚宁，基于SolidWorks的机械CAD／CAM系统，2002，24(1)，-28-30
[18] Glenn Kenndy, SolidWorks Piping, Desktop Engineering, 2001, 5(6), -51-53
[19] Steven Weisberg, New version of Solid Works analysis software, Australian Electronics Engineering, 2002, 000(m4), -E32-E32
[20] Joe Greco, SolidWorks 2000, Desktop Engineering, 2000, 5(8), -44-47
[21] 赖高良，黄逸帆，谢忠佑等，精通SolidWorks，中国青年出版社，2001
[22] 孙映，国产转子秤在煤粉喂料计量中的应用，水泥，2001，14(8)：-41-42
[23] 程群，气力输送的设计要点，水泥工程，2000，25(4)：-4-9
[24] 沈仲良，转子秤使用中应注意的气源问题，水泥，2003，24(4)：-61
[25] V.K. Agarwal, M.D. Bharathi, Prasad Ponnapalli, The Influence of Material Grade on Pneumatic Conveying System Performance, Journal of Electronic Imaging, 2001, 10(3), -653-660
[26] Tomita, Yuji, Experimental study of swirling flow pneumatic conveying system in a vertical pipeline, Journal of Fluids Engineering Transactions of the ASME,-1998, 120(1), -200-203
[27] 樊智敏，同步齿形带传动应用研究的几个问题，青岛化工学院学报，2002，32(6)：-62
[28] 机械设计手册中册，化学工业出版社，第二版，1982：244
[29] Lu Hougen, Energy saving by modification of the vibration mill, Powder Technology, 1995(82): -191-196
[30] Mei Fang, Lu Hougen, Zhang Qinghong, etc, Study on the Influence of Turbo Air Classifier, Control of particulate processes Ⅳ, 1997, April: -5-9
[31] 李诚，张秀坤，粉体料仓的设计，齐鲁石油化工，2002，2(1)：-13
[32] 李志义，王淑兰，粉体物料和料斗材料对料仓流型的影响，化学工业与工程技术，2000，10(2)：12
[33] 康耀华，菲斯特转子秤零点调整和标定，水泥，1996，25(9)：-12-14
[34] 孙秉礼，穆桂云，调速定量给料秤的调整和标定，水泥，1994，27(6)：-10-14
[35] 段绍正，电子皮带秤循环链码动态标定装置，计量技术，1983，3l(6)：-32
[36] 施昌彦，朱鼎铭，陈贻管等译，国际计量联合会测力与称重技术论文选，中国计量出版社，1982：-34-40
[37] Kirad, Application of position/force control to scale calibration, Mechatronics, 1999, 9(2): -207-224
[38] 秦洪章，料斗电子秤的维护与标定方法分析及应用，计量与测试技术，2001，27(1)：-17-18
[39] 孙艺，王岩，杨志．用模拟方法标定使用中的电子秤，工业计量，2000．28(2)：-23-24
[40] 黄自荣，一种求直线度误差的计算方法，集美大学学报，1999，35(3)：-17-19
[41] 王清明，卢泽生，直线度误差计算方法探讨，宇航计测技术，1999，25(2)：-18-19
[42] 赵广志，李晓威，相对误差计算方法的理论探讨，计量技术，2001，29(7)：-34-36
[43] 张高潮，李新华，陈利明，稳定和提高Pfister转子秤喂煤能力的技术措施，水泥，2002，24(3)：-50-52
[44] 侯贵斌，杨小昆，王翠竹，螺旋泵在转子秤喂煤系统上的应用和改进，水泥，2003，30(6)：29-30
[45] 郁万林，如何保证转子秤应用的高准确度，水泥技术，2000，29(3)：-52-53
[46] Harvey H.G,The Mixing of Solids,Special Projects and Testing Services Limited, 1979:-56-178
[47] 顾瑞良，称重传感器的测试方法与误差计算，工业计量，2001，22(3)：-38-39
[48] J. Gao, K. Gustafsson, Demand for precision starts quest for options, Tooling&Production Magazine, 1999, 000(MS): -E20-E20
[49] Consdazio, Gary. R, Cement mortar subjected to radiant heating, ACI Material Journal, 1998, 95(5): -525-536
[50] Sihai Wen, D. D. L. Chung, Cement-basedmaterials for stress sensingby dielectric measure, Cement and Concrete search, 2002, 32(9): -345-348
[51] 梁东浩，赵建国，刘小勇，现场总线控制系统(FCS)的应用和展望，计控系统，2001，12(5)：-34-36
[52] 江正战，现场总线与工业控制网络，微型机与应用，1995，16(11)：-23-25
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[54] 鲍官军，计时鸣，张利等，CAN总线技术、系统实现及发展趋势，2003，9(2)：-60-64
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[56] 邬宽明，CAN总线原理和应用系统设计，北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1996：-23-253
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[60] 张国希，李伟卓，水泥厂喂煤系统的应用实例及改进，水泥，2002，26(10)：-54-55
[61] 张凯，MCS-51单片机综合系列及设计开发，科学出版社，1996：-14-56
[62] INTEL, Automative Products Databook, 1995:-345-360
[2] 岳庆寅，孙秉礼，张丽娟等，水泥厂计量手册，中国建材工业出版社，1993：-1-87
[3] 孙卫星，朱珠，核子秤在工业计量中的应用，计量装置及应用，2003，20(3)：-47-48
[4] 金英，环状天平型煤粉计量供给系统，水泥正程，1993，16(2)：-45-46
[5] 孙卫星，陈克政，回转窑煤粉计量控制系统，水泥技术，2000，22(4)：-46-48
[6] H W Hafner, H Wagner, H Wolfschaffner, ProsConein Dosierverfahren fur den Zementafen, ZKG, 1998, 25 (4): -198
[7] Dexter Hardin，新型Flowrit60数字式流量计为水泥生产带来的效益，新世纪水泥导报，1999，18(3)：-21
[8] Schwarcz H P, Shane K C, Measurement of Shape by fourier analysis, Sedimentalogy, 1960, 13(2): -213
[9] Kaye B H, Clark G G, Leblance J E, Trottier R A, Image analysis Procedures for characterizing the fractal dimension, Particle characteristic, 1987, 51(12): -243.
[10] Clark N N, A new scheme for Particle shape characterization based on fractal harmonics and fractal dimension of fine particles, Powder Technol, 1987,-51 (20) : 243
[11] 陆厚根，粉体技术导论，同济大学出版社，1998：-1-15
[12] 张少明，刘亚云，粉体工程，中国建材工业出版社，1994：-1-20
[13] Young B D, Bryson A W, Van Vliet B M, An evalution of the technigue of polygonal harmonic for the characterization of particle shape, Powder technol, 1990, 63(26): -157
[14] John K B, Partical Characterization in Technology, CRC Series on Fine Particle Science and Technology, 1984:-35
[15] Harvey HG, The Mixing of Solids, SpecialProjects and Testing Servies Limited, 1979, -279
[16] 胡钢，三维机械设计软件SolidWorks在工程设计中的应用，电脑开发与应用，2002，15(3)，-31-32
[17] 吴彦春，常志华，黄尚宁，基于SolidWorks的机械CAD／CAM系统，2002，24(1)，-28-30
[18] Glenn Kenndy, SolidWorks Piping, Desktop Engineering, 2001, 5(6), -51-53
[19] Steven Weisberg, New version of Solid Works analysis software, Australian Electronics Engineering, 2002, 000(m4), -E32-E32
[20] Joe Greco, SolidWorks 2000, Desktop Engineering, 2000, 5(8), -44-47
[21] 赖高良，黄逸帆，谢忠佑等，精通SolidWorks，中国青年出版社，2001
[22] 孙映，国产转子秤在煤粉喂料计量中的应用，水泥，2001，14(8)：-41-42
[23] 程群，气力输送的设计要点，水泥工程，2000，25(4)：-4-9
[24] 沈仲良，转子秤使用中应注意的气源问题，水泥，2003，24(4)：-61
[25] V.K. Agarwal, M.D. Bharathi, Prasad Ponnapalli, The Influence of Material Grade on Pneumatic Conveying System Performance, Journal of Electronic Imaging, 2001, 10(3), -653-660
[26] Tomita, Yuji, Experimental study of swirling flow pneumatic conveying system in a vertical pipeline, Journal of Fluids Engineering Transactions of the ASME,-1998, 120(1), -200-203
[27] 樊智敏，同步齿形带传动应用研究的几个问题，青岛化工学院学报，2002，32(6)：-62
[28] 机械设计手册中册，化学工业出版社，第二版，1982：244
[29] Lu Hougen, Energy saving by modification of the vibration mill, Powder Technology, 1995(82): -191-196
[30] Mei Fang, Lu Hougen, Zhang Qinghong, etc, Study on the Influence of Turbo Air Classifier, Control of particulate processes Ⅳ, 1997, April: -5-9
[31] 李诚，张秀坤，粉体料仓的设计，齐鲁石油化工，2002，2(1)：-13
[32] 李志义，王淑兰，粉体物料和料斗材料对料仓流型的影响，化学工业与工程技术，2000，10(2)：12
[33] 康耀华，菲斯特转子秤零点调整和标定，水泥，1996，25(9)：-12-14
[34] 孙秉礼，穆桂云，调速定量给料秤的调整和标定，水泥，1994，27(6)：-10-14
[35] 段绍正，电子皮带秤循环链码动态标定装置，计量技术，1983，3l(6)：-32
[36] 施昌彦，朱鼎铭，陈贻管等译，国际计量联合会测力与称重技术论文选，中国计量出版社，1982：-34-40
[37] Kirad, Application of position/force control to scale calibration, Mechatronics, 1999, 9(2): -207-224
[38] 秦洪章，料斗电子秤的维护与标定方法分析及应用，计量与测试技术，2001，27(1)：-17-18
[39] 孙艺，王岩，杨志．用模拟方法标定使用中的电子秤，工业计量，2000．28(2)：-23-24
[40] 黄自荣，一种求直线度误差的计算方法，集美大学学报，1999，35(3)：-17-19
[41] 王清明，卢泽生，直线度误差计算方法探讨，宇航计测技术，1999，25(2)：-18-19
[42] 赵广志，李晓威，相对误差计算方法的理论探讨，计量技术，2001，29(7)：-34-36
[43] 张高潮，李新华，陈利明，稳定和提高Pfister转子秤喂煤能力的技术措施，水泥，2002，24(3)：-50-52
[44] 侯贵斌，杨小昆，王翠竹，螺旋泵在转子秤喂煤系统上的应用和改进，水泥，2003，30(6)：29-30
[45] 郁万林，如何保证转子秤应用的高准确度，水泥技术，2000，29(3)：-52-53
[46] Harvey H.G,The Mixing of Solids,Special Projects and Testing Services Limited, 1979:-56-178
[47] 顾瑞良，称重传感器的测试方法与误差计算，工业计量，2001，22(3)：-38-39
[48] J. Gao, K. Gustafsson, Demand for precision starts quest for options, Tooling&Production Magazine, 1999, 000(MS): -E20-E20
[49] Consdazio, Gary. R, Cement mortar subjected to radiant heating, ACI Material Journal, 1998, 95(5): -525-536
[50] Sihai Wen, D. D. L. Chung, Cement-basedmaterials for stress sensingby dielectric measure, Cement and Concrete search, 2002, 32(9): -345-348
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