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我国商业银行信用风险管理研究
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摘要
金融是现代经济的核心,而商业银行体系又是金融体系的核心。商业银行作为经营货币的特殊企业,其信用风险属性是与生俱来的;因此,各国商业银行自诞生的一天起,就在孜孜寻求规避信用风险的方法和手段,以最大限度地控制信用风险。
     我国商业银行面临的最主要风险——信用风险,主要体现在:不良资产存量大,尤其是缺乏制约新增贷款成为不良贷款的机制,不良贷款尚未得到有效的控制。这是制约商业银行健康运营和进一步向商业化转化的重要障碍。我国商业银行不良贷款形成的原因十分复杂,既有旧的经济体制下国有企业对国有银行的过度依赖和各级政府对银行的过多干预等外部原因,也有银行自身经营管理方面的内部原因。特别是近年来,借款企业破产或假借破产、兼并逃债、废债盛行,使商业银行不良资产急剧增加。商业银行提留的呆帐准备金远不足以弥补呆帐损失,因而面临着巨大的信用风险。
     近几年来,我国商业银行通过强化信用风险管理和不良资产剥离等举措,提高了信贷资产质量和经营效益,化解了部分信用风险。但是,资产剥离后,我国商业银行的不良贷款率仍然较高,信用风险仍然很大。由于不良贷款的形成经年累月,是一块很难啃的“硬骨头”,因此,对防范、化解不良贷款的风险我们不能企望一蹴而就,一锤定音,既要有长期作战,永不松懈的思想准备,也要有多方配合,多管齐下的组织制度、方法和人、财、物力等方面的保障,我们一定要锲而不舍,不断探索防范信用风险管理之路。
     信用风险管理是一个永无止境的征途,无限风光在险峰。本人通过十多年的银行工作实践,对信用风险管理进行了不断的研究和探索,对这一课题进行了汇总,希望给同仁以更多的思考和借鉴。
     本文概括了我国商业银行不良贷款形成的原因和目前信用风险管理状况,分析了西欧、美国、日韩等国际银行同业的信用风险管理组织结构、授信业务运作机制、信用风险评价和控制方法等,推出了防范和化解我国商业银行信用风险的对策:按照新巴塞尔协议的要求规范我国商业银行的信用风险管理;加快国有商业银行改革步伐;按信用风险管理的要求建立良好的社会信用体系;完善信用风险管理法律制度;建立有效的信用风险管理监督体系;加快金融业的发展;防范新出现的银行信用风险;在银行业“混业时代”到来时,切实防范信用风险等等。这些对策研究对正处于转制时期的国有商业银行提供了一些较深层次的理论思考和解决问题的具体思想和方法;对我国商业银行在加入WTO后,如何面对国外同业的竞争,切实防范信用风险进行了较深入的探索。
Finance is the core of mordern economy, and the commercial banking system is thus the core of financial system. Dealing with currencies, the commercial banks are endowed with great credit risk. From the very beginning ,the commercial banks in different countries all seek for rish-avoiding -means to control the credit risk to the maxium.
    The major risk Chinese commercial banks are facing is the credit risk which can be seen from the large volume of bad assets, the lackage of mechanism to guard against bad loans. This is the obstacle to good banking and to commercialization of banks.The reason for Chinese commercial banks' bad loans is complicated, some stems from the too much dependence on state-owned banks, some stems from the too much intervene of the government, some stems from the poor internal management of banks themselves-Especially, the borrowing company go bankrupt, merge or ect to escape from the debt, which lead to rapid growth of bad loans in commercial banks. The bad-debt reserve is far from enough to make up for the bad-debt losses.The commercial banks face great credit risk.
    In recent years, Chinese commercial banks employ some means, such as enforcing credit risk managemtn and cutting off the bad assets, which result in better quality of credit assets and lead to more profits. But the ratio of bad loans is still very high and the credit risk is still great. As the bad loans have come into being for a long period, it will take us much time to dismiss them. We must be well prepared and stick to exploring the way of guarding against credit risk.
    The author has been working in a bank for more than ten years, thus has studied the topic of credit risk with some findings. We hope this paper will be helpful to the banking colleagues.
    This paper summerizes the reason for the forming of bad loans in Chinese commercial banks and the current credit risk status, it also analyses the credit risk management, the mechanism of credit business,.credit risk valuing and controlling in west Ecuope, United States, Japan and Korea. Finally, it concludes the policy of avoiding and dissolving credit risk in Chinese commercial banks: regularize the credit risk management in Chinese commercial banks according to the Basel Agreement; speed up the reform of state-owned commercial banks; set up the orderly social credit system;make perfect the law on credit risk management and the actual guarding against credit risk in time of "banking Mixture". These policies provide much deeper theoretical thinking and concrete means to resolve the problem. It is a deep exploration to guarding against credit risk when the Chinese commercial banks face with great competition from abroad after China attended the WTO.
引文
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