软件外包企业技术能力成长机制研究
|
摘要
随着经济全球化和信息技术的飞速发展,软件产业逐步渗透到国民经济和社会生产的各个方面,成为我国国民经济体系中的基础性、战略性、先导性产业。软件外包作为软件产业重要分支,越来越受到各国政府的重视,成为促进经济发展的重要增长点。近几年来,我国软件外包企业在承接国际软件外包上取得了一定成绩,在软件外包服务市场迅速发展。然而由于我国软件外包企业规模较小、技术能力不足,在竞争激烈的国内外产业环境中,面临着能否在竞争中求得生存和发展的严峻挑战。因此,如何快速、有效的提升企业技术能力成为我国软件外包企业发展的关键所在。
国内外许多学者对技术能力的内涵、影响因素、提升机制、演化过程方面进行了有益的探讨,但对于技术能力的成长机理等研究还有待于进一步深入与量化。尤其对具有明显行业、产品特征的软件外包企业来说,其技术能力的成长模式、成长机制等方面急需深入研究。有鉴于此,本文从软件外包企业特性出发,采用系统动力学、演化博弈等方法,探讨了软件外包企业技术能力成长模式、成长机理和成长促进机制。论文的主要研究内容如下：
内部研发和技术合作是企业技术能力的成长两种主要模式。因此,软件外包企业需要根据自身情况在内部研发和技术合作之间进行博弈,选择企业技术能力成长模式。同时企业与企业之间的经济博弈是反复持续的,不可能通过一次博弈达到均衡状态；并且企业之间面对还是一种信息不完全的环境,因此他们的决策不可能是完全理性的,而是有限理性的。有鉴于此,考虑企业技术水平差异、信息不对称以及政府研发补贴,在有限理性条件下,运用演化博弈方法对软件外包企业技术发展过程中,内部研发和技术合作两种成长模式的选择机制进行了分析,建立了技术能力成长模式选择的复制者动态模型,寻找其演化稳定策略,并对其结果进行分析。
运用系统动力学建模方法和仿真技术从动态角度研究软件外包企业技术能力成长过程。依据企业技术能力积累方式的差异,从企业内部研发以及技术合作研发两个方面构建软件外包企业技术能力成长的系统动力学模型,阐明技术能力发展过程中的各变量之间的动态关系。并分别构建了技术合作模式下的企业技术能力成长子模型和内部研发模式下企业技术能力成长子模型,探讨了企业间技术合作、企业与技术转移中心合作以及与高校、科研机构合作对企业技术能力的影响机理,以及人力资本与物力资本关系以及研发激励制度对企业技术能力成长的影响,阐明企业技术能力成长机理。
从技术能力成长动力测度和技术能力激励制度两方面研究了软件外包企业技术能力成长促进机制。分析软件外包企业技术能力成长动态过程,从技术成长的外部动力、内部研发动力以及技术合作动力三个方面提出了软件外包企业技术能力成长动力评价指标体系。同时考虑到其测度体系指标之间不具有独立性,所以不适合采用传统的线性评价方法,如模糊综合评价法等。因此采用模糊测度和模糊积分理论,构建软件外包企业技术能力成长动力测度模型,并对大连三家软件外包企业调查数据样本进行了实证分析,以验证模型的科学性与可操作性。同时分析了软件外包企业技术能力成长激励的内涵,激励对象的特点和需求,研究了软件外包企业技术能力的主要激励因素并从薪酬、工作、环境和成长方面给出了激励措施模型。
本研究为提升软件外包企业技术能力提供了理论与方法的支撑,有助于增强软件外包企业持续竞争优势。
With the rapid development of economic globalization and information technology, the software industry which gradually penetrates into various aspects of the national economy and social production, has become foundational and strategic industry of China's national economic system. As an important branch of the software industry, software outsourcing has been paid more attention by governments, and has become new economic growth point. In recent years, software outsourcing enterprises in China have harvested many fruits in both domestic and overseas markets. However, for Chinese software outsourcing enterprises, the scale is smaller and the technical capability is insufficient, so software outsourcing enterprises in China are facing critical challenges under the increasingly intensive competition environment. Therefore, promoting the enterprise technical capability quickly and effectively has become the key factor to advance the development of the software outsourcing enterprises.
Many scholars at home and abroad have studied the connotation, influence factors, promotion mechanism and the evolution process of technical capability, but the research on the growth mechanism of technical capability is not sufficient. Especially the technical capability growth mode and growth mechanism of software outsourcing enterprises which have evident characteristics of industry and product, are in urgent need of research. In view of this, based on the software outsourcing enterprise characteristics, this paper discusses the growth mode, growth mechanism and growth promotion mechanism of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises by using the system dynamics and evolutionary game theory. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
Internal research and technical cooperation are two main enterprise technology capability growth modes. Therefore, software outsourcing enterprises need to play game between internal research and technical cooperation according to their own conditions, and determine the growth mode of enterprise technology capability. At the same time, the economic game between enterprises, which is repeated and continuous, could not achieve balanced status through one-time-game. Furthermore, under incomplete information environment, enterprises'decisions are bounded-rational rather than completely rational. So considering the enterprise technical level differences, information asymmetry and the government R&D subsidy, this paper uses evolutionary game theory to analyze the selective mechanism between internal research and technical cooperation in the course of technical development of software outsourcing enterprise, and based on this, establishes the copy dynamic model of technical capability growth mode choice in order to seek its evolutionary stable strategy, and analyzes the results.
From the dynamic perspective, this paper studies the growth process of software outsourcing enterprise technology capability by using system dynamics modeling and simulation technology. According to the different accumulative means of enterprise technology capability, this paper builds the system dynamics model of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises on both internal research and technical cooperation, and illustrates the dynamic relations among the variables. Besides, Sub model of enterprise technology capability based on technical cooperation and the one based on internal research are respectively structured. Then the influence mechanism of technical cooperation between enterprises, technical cooperation between enterprises and technology transfer center, and technical cooperation between enterprises and universities and research institutions to the technical capability is analyzed, so is the impact of human capital relations, physical capital relations and R&D incentive systems to technical capability, and based on these analysis, the enterprise technology capability growth mechanism is clarified.
This paper also studies technical capability growth promotion mechanism of software outsourcing enterprises from two aspects, one is technical capability dynamic measure and the other is technical capability incentive systems. After the analysis of the dynamic process of technical capability growth, an evaluation index system of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises is presented. The indexes are not independent, so the traditional linear evaluation methods, such as fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, are not applicable. This paper adopts the method of fuzzy measurement and fuzzy integral to build dynamic measure model of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises. Then, the empirical analysis on investigation data from three software outsourcing enterprises is conducted to test the scientificalness and operability of the models. In addition, this paper analyzes the connotation of technical capability incentive and the features and requirements of the incentive objects, and studies the main incentive factors of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises. Based on the above analysis, concrete incentive steps are given in four aspects: payment, work, environment and growth.
The research provides theory and method for the growth of software outsourcing enterprise technology capability, and helps to strengthen sustainable competitive advantage of software outsourcing enterprises.
国内外许多学者对技术能力的内涵、影响因素、提升机制、演化过程方面进行了有益的探讨,但对于技术能力的成长机理等研究还有待于进一步深入与量化。尤其对具有明显行业、产品特征的软件外包企业来说,其技术能力的成长模式、成长机制等方面急需深入研究。有鉴于此,本文从软件外包企业特性出发,采用系统动力学、演化博弈等方法,探讨了软件外包企业技术能力成长模式、成长机理和成长促进机制。论文的主要研究内容如下：
内部研发和技术合作是企业技术能力的成长两种主要模式。因此,软件外包企业需要根据自身情况在内部研发和技术合作之间进行博弈,选择企业技术能力成长模式。同时企业与企业之间的经济博弈是反复持续的,不可能通过一次博弈达到均衡状态；并且企业之间面对还是一种信息不完全的环境,因此他们的决策不可能是完全理性的,而是有限理性的。有鉴于此,考虑企业技术水平差异、信息不对称以及政府研发补贴,在有限理性条件下,运用演化博弈方法对软件外包企业技术发展过程中,内部研发和技术合作两种成长模式的选择机制进行了分析,建立了技术能力成长模式选择的复制者动态模型,寻找其演化稳定策略,并对其结果进行分析。
运用系统动力学建模方法和仿真技术从动态角度研究软件外包企业技术能力成长过程。依据企业技术能力积累方式的差异,从企业内部研发以及技术合作研发两个方面构建软件外包企业技术能力成长的系统动力学模型,阐明技术能力发展过程中的各变量之间的动态关系。并分别构建了技术合作模式下的企业技术能力成长子模型和内部研发模式下企业技术能力成长子模型,探讨了企业间技术合作、企业与技术转移中心合作以及与高校、科研机构合作对企业技术能力的影响机理,以及人力资本与物力资本关系以及研发激励制度对企业技术能力成长的影响,阐明企业技术能力成长机理。
从技术能力成长动力测度和技术能力激励制度两方面研究了软件外包企业技术能力成长促进机制。分析软件外包企业技术能力成长动态过程,从技术成长的外部动力、内部研发动力以及技术合作动力三个方面提出了软件外包企业技术能力成长动力评价指标体系。同时考虑到其测度体系指标之间不具有独立性,所以不适合采用传统的线性评价方法,如模糊综合评价法等。因此采用模糊测度和模糊积分理论,构建软件外包企业技术能力成长动力测度模型,并对大连三家软件外包企业调查数据样本进行了实证分析,以验证模型的科学性与可操作性。同时分析了软件外包企业技术能力成长激励的内涵,激励对象的特点和需求,研究了软件外包企业技术能力的主要激励因素并从薪酬、工作、环境和成长方面给出了激励措施模型。
本研究为提升软件外包企业技术能力提供了理论与方法的支撑,有助于增强软件外包企业持续竞争优势。
With the rapid development of economic globalization and information technology, the software industry which gradually penetrates into various aspects of the national economy and social production, has become foundational and strategic industry of China's national economic system. As an important branch of the software industry, software outsourcing has been paid more attention by governments, and has become new economic growth point. In recent years, software outsourcing enterprises in China have harvested many fruits in both domestic and overseas markets. However, for Chinese software outsourcing enterprises, the scale is smaller and the technical capability is insufficient, so software outsourcing enterprises in China are facing critical challenges under the increasingly intensive competition environment. Therefore, promoting the enterprise technical capability quickly and effectively has become the key factor to advance the development of the software outsourcing enterprises.
Many scholars at home and abroad have studied the connotation, influence factors, promotion mechanism and the evolution process of technical capability, but the research on the growth mechanism of technical capability is not sufficient. Especially the technical capability growth mode and growth mechanism of software outsourcing enterprises which have evident characteristics of industry and product, are in urgent need of research. In view of this, based on the software outsourcing enterprise characteristics, this paper discusses the growth mode, growth mechanism and growth promotion mechanism of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises by using the system dynamics and evolutionary game theory. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
Internal research and technical cooperation are two main enterprise technology capability growth modes. Therefore, software outsourcing enterprises need to play game between internal research and technical cooperation according to their own conditions, and determine the growth mode of enterprise technology capability. At the same time, the economic game between enterprises, which is repeated and continuous, could not achieve balanced status through one-time-game. Furthermore, under incomplete information environment, enterprises'decisions are bounded-rational rather than completely rational. So considering the enterprise technical level differences, information asymmetry and the government R&D subsidy, this paper uses evolutionary game theory to analyze the selective mechanism between internal research and technical cooperation in the course of technical development of software outsourcing enterprise, and based on this, establishes the copy dynamic model of technical capability growth mode choice in order to seek its evolutionary stable strategy, and analyzes the results.
From the dynamic perspective, this paper studies the growth process of software outsourcing enterprise technology capability by using system dynamics modeling and simulation technology. According to the different accumulative means of enterprise technology capability, this paper builds the system dynamics model of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises on both internal research and technical cooperation, and illustrates the dynamic relations among the variables. Besides, Sub model of enterprise technology capability based on technical cooperation and the one based on internal research are respectively structured. Then the influence mechanism of technical cooperation between enterprises, technical cooperation between enterprises and technology transfer center, and technical cooperation between enterprises and universities and research institutions to the technical capability is analyzed, so is the impact of human capital relations, physical capital relations and R&D incentive systems to technical capability, and based on these analysis, the enterprise technology capability growth mechanism is clarified.
This paper also studies technical capability growth promotion mechanism of software outsourcing enterprises from two aspects, one is technical capability dynamic measure and the other is technical capability incentive systems. After the analysis of the dynamic process of technical capability growth, an evaluation index system of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises is presented. The indexes are not independent, so the traditional linear evaluation methods, such as fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, are not applicable. This paper adopts the method of fuzzy measurement and fuzzy integral to build dynamic measure model of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises. Then, the empirical analysis on investigation data from three software outsourcing enterprises is conducted to test the scientificalness and operability of the models. In addition, this paper analyzes the connotation of technical capability incentive and the features and requirements of the incentive objects, and studies the main incentive factors of technical capability of software outsourcing enterprises. Based on the above analysis, concrete incentive steps are given in four aspects: payment, work, environment and growth.
The research provides theory and method for the growth of software outsourcing enterprise technology capability, and helps to strengthen sustainable competitive advantage of software outsourcing enterprises.
引文
[1]Julian P. Thurston. Facilities management:Outsourcing your information technology needs[J]. Computer Law & Security Report,1991,7(3),:141-142.
[2]张燕.中印承接信息技术外包(ITO)竞争力的比较研究[J].江西财经大学学报,2008,57(3)：11-15.
[3]景瑞琴.印度承接软件外包的经验研究[J].生产力研究,2008(9)：100-101.
[4]姜凌,文俊伟,夏奇峰.软件外包与软件产业的发展——基于中印的比较.科技管理研究,2006(6)：64-65.
[5]赵俊,赵银德.中印IT外包服务业比较探讨[J].江苏商论,2007(11)：73-74.
[6]樊永岗.中印IT外包服务业发展比较研究[J].对外经贸实务,2007(4)：54-57.
[7]刘绍坚.北京承接国际软件外包的现状分析和政策建议[J].北京社会科学,2008(4)：17-24.
[8]邹文健,张郁萍,肖斌.南吕发展软件外包服务的思考[J].企业经济,2009(9)：103-105.
[9]汪传雷,杜纲,张新九.安徽企业发展软件外包业务的问题与对策[J].情报杂志,2006(8)：111-113.
[10]Sineenad Paisittanand, David L. Olson. A simulation study of IT outsourcing in the credit card business[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2006, 175:1248-1261.
[11]JERO ME BARTHELEMY, DOMINIQUE GEYER. IT Outsourcing:Evidence from France and Germany[J]. European Management Journal,2001,19(2):195-202.
[12]Reyes Gonzalez, Jose Gasco, Juan Llopis. Information systems outsourcing reasons in the largest Spanish firms [J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2005,25:117-136.
[13]Godwin G. Udo. Using analytic hierarchy process to analyze the information technology outsourcing decision[J]. Industrial Management & Data Systems,2000, 100(9):421-429.
[14]Cengiz Kahramana, Orhan Engin, Ozgur Kabak, et al. Information systems outsourcing decisions using a group decision-making approach[J]. Engineering ApplicationsofArtificiallntelligence,2009,22:832-841.
[15]Ojelanki K. Ngwenyama, Noel Bryson. Making the information systems outsourcing decision:A transaction cost approach to analyzing outsourcing decision problems[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,1999,115:351±367.
[16]陈帅.企业信息系统外包职能选择的模糊多属性群决策分析[J].科技管理研究,2005,(9)：172-174.
[17]常丹,王金银.ASP模式下的信息系统外包决策框架[J].科技管理研究,2005(2)：104-111.
[18]汪云峰,司春林.信息系统外包多阶段决策模型[J].经济管理,2002,24：37-42.
[19]Abdulwahed Mo. Khalfan. Information securi ty considerations in IS/IT outsourcing projects:a descriptive case study of two sectors[J]. International Journal of Information Management,2004,24:29-42.
[20]A. Hoecht, P. Trott. Outsourcing, information leakage and the risk of losing technology-based competencies [J]. European Business Review,2006,18(5):395-412.
[21]Bill Pepper. Information security standards for outsourcing[J]. Information Security Technical Report,1996,1(3):59-61.
[22]娄策群,林菡密.基于非对称信息理论的信息技术外包风险管理[J].情报科学,2006,(3)：347-351.
[23]林则夫,陈德泉,温珂.试论信息技术外包中的风险管理策略[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004(2)：133-135.
[24]聂规划,周晓光,张亮.企业信息技术外包的风险与防范[J].科技进步与对策,2002,(4)：69-70.
[25]LESLIE WILLCOCKS, CHONG JU CHOI. Cooperative Partnership and'Total'IT Outsourcing:From Contractual obligation Strategic Alliance?[J]. European Management Journal,1995,13(1):67-78.
[26]JEROME BARTHELEMY. The Hard and Soft Sides of IT Outsourcing Management[J]. European Management Journal,2003,21(5):539-548.
[27]Aleksandra Mojsilovi, Bonnie Ray, Richard Lawrence, et al. A logistic regression framework for information technology outsourcing lifecycle management[J]. Computers & Operations Research,2007,34:3609-3627.
[28]Jahyun Goo, Rajiv Kishore, H. R. Rao, et al. THE ROLE OF SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS IN RELATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OUTSOURCING:AN EMPIRICAL STUDY[J]. MIS Quarterly,2009,33(1):119-145.
[29]谯谊,甘仞初.信息系统外包关系框架及其影响因素分析[J].科学学科.学技术管理,2007,(1)：33-37.
[30]万艳,廖貅武.基于监督和控制的IT外包关系管理的激励模型[J].运筹与管理,2008,17(3)：116-152.
[31]秦仪.IT外包关系质量研究[J].管理学报,2006,3(6)：669-672.
[32]Juan Florin, Marianne Bradford, Don Pagach. Information technology outsourcing and organizational restructuring:An explanation of their effects on firm value[J]. Journal of High Technology Management Research,2005,16:241-253.
[33]0. Felix Offodile, Layek L. Abdel-Malek. The virtual manufacturing paradigm: The impact of IT/IS outsourcing on manufacturing strategy [J]. Int. J. Production Economics,2002,75:147-159.
[34]Audley Harris, Larry C. Giunipero, G. Tomas M. Hult. Organizational and Contract Flexibility on Outsourcing Contracts[J]. Industrial Marketing Management,1998, 27:373-384.
[35]吴锋,李怀祖.知识管理对信息技术和信息系统外包成功性的影响[J].科研管理,2004,25(2)：82-87.
[36]徐姝,胡明铭.企业IT外包绩效评价体系设计[J].统计与决策,2008,(16)：181-182.
[37]刘绍坚.影响我国承接国际软件外包的因素研究[J].国际贸易问题,2008,(2)：86-93.
[39]左美云,杨波,陈禹.企业信息技术外包的过程研究[J].中国软科学,2003,(5)：84-87.
[39]孙军,孔祥琦.我国软件外包发展现状及其相关问题研究[J].科技管理研究,2009,(4)：139-141.
[40]于立,刘慧兰.IT外包形成机理的供给分析[J].情报科学,2007,25(8)：1267-1271
[41]Alavi M, Carlson P, A review of MIS research and disciplinary development [J], Journal of Management Information System,1992,8(4):45-62.
[42]R. L. Van Horn, Empirical studies of management information systems, Data Base 5(4/5),1973,172-180.
[43]席代昭,范体军.基于ADGF集成法的IT外包决策[J].情报杂志,2007,(4)：17-21.
[44]匡绍军,诸克军,李宏余.基于二层模糊多目标模型的IT服务外包互动研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2008(12)：76-81.
[45]柳玉鹏,李一军.基于粒子群改进算法的信息系统外包组合决策模型[J].系统管理学报,2008,17(4)：428-432.
[46]洪勇,苏敬勤.发展中国家企业技术能力提升因素的实证研究[J].管理科学,2009,22(4)：12-22.
[47]吕燕.加强技术管理,提高我国企业技术能力[J].软科学,1995,(4)：42-48.
[48]Uma Kumar, Vinod Kumar, Danuta de Grosbois. Development of technological capability by Cuban hospitality organizations[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2008,27:12-22.
[49]NATTAKA YOKAKUL, GIRMA ZAWDIE. Innovation network and technological capability development in the Thai SME sector:The case of the Thai dessert industry[J]. International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development,2010,9 (1):19-36.
[50]柳缷林,李艳华.知识获取与后发企业技术能力提升——以汽乍零部件产业为例[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2009,(7)：94-100.
[51]陈艳艳.知识吸收能力对企业技术能力的影响研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2009.
[52]T. R. Madanmohan, Uma Kumar, VinodKumar. Import-led technological capability: a comparative analysis of Indian and Indonesian manufacturing firms[J]. Technovation,2004,24:979-993.
[53]GANESHAN WIGNARAJA. Firm Size, Technological Capabililies and Market-oriented Policies in Mauritius[J]. Oxford Development Studies,2002,30(1):87-104.
[54]Afuah A. How much do your coopetitors'capabilities matter in the face of technological change?[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(3):387-404.
[55]Nelson K. H. Tang, Andrew Agnew, Oswald Jones. TECHNOLOGICAL ALLIANCES BETWEEN MEIS AND SMFS:EXAMINING THE CURRENT EVIDENCE [J]. Small Business and Enterprise Development,1996, (3):48-56.
[56]刘立群,柯昌清. 技术战略联盟中企业技术能力提高过程研究[J].技术经济,20100,29(9)：26-29.
[57]Paulo N, Figueiredo. Industrial policy changes and firm-level technological capability development:evidence from northern brazil[J]. World Development, 2008,36(1):55-88.
[58]Rakesh Basant, Pankaj Chandra. Building technological capabilities in a liberalising developing economy:firm strategies and public policy[J]. Economics of innovation 2002,11(4-5):399-421.
[59]智强,高一芳.促进中国风电设备制造企业技术能力成长的政策工具研究：基于系统动力学方法[J].公共管理学报,2010,10(2)：57-76.
[60]Astrid Bachmann. Profiles of corporate technological capabilities—a comparison of large British and German pharmaceutical companies[J]. Technovation,1998, 18(10):593-604.
[61]Voxi Heinrich S. Amavilah. Non-parametric Diversity Indices of Technical Capability of African Countries[J]. African Development Review,2006,18(2): 205-220.
[62]Marti jn Jonker, llenny Romi jn, Adam Szirmai. Technological effort, technological capabilities and economic performance A case study of the paper manufacturing sector in West Java[J]. Technovation,2006 (26):121-134.
[63]Maria Jose Ruiz Ortega C. ompeti live strategies and firm performance:Technological capabilities'moderating roles[J]. Journal of Business Research,2010,63:1273-1281.
[64]Nuria Gonza'lez-Alvarez, Mariano Nieto-Antol(?)'n. Protection and internal transfer of technological competencies:The role of causal ambiguity [J]. Industrial Management & Data Systems,2005,105(7):841-856.
[65]Marisa Flor, Mara J. 01tra. The influence of firms'technological capabi1ities on export performance in supplierdominated industries:the case of ceramic tiles firms[J]. R&D Management,2005,35(3):333-347.
[66]Fernando E. Garcl'a-Muin-a, Jose'E. Navas-Lo'pez. Explaining and measuring success in new business:The effect of technological capabilities on firm results[J]. Technovation,2007, (27):30-46.
[67]Kuen-Hung Tsai. The impact of technological capability on firm performance in Taiwan's electronics industry[J]. Journal of High Technology Management Research,2004,15:183-195.
[68]ADMASU SHIFERAW. Competitive Selection and Technological Capabilities in Ethiopian Manufacturing[J]. The European Journal of Development Research,2007, 19(1):118-135.
[69]PRIL M. FRANCO, MB SARKAR, RAJSHREE AGARWAL, RAJ ECHAMBADI. THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES ON THE MARKET PIONEERING-FIRM SURVIVAL RELATIONSHIP[C]. Academy of Management Best Conference,2006:11-16.
[70]Hojatolah Hajihoseini, Amir Naser Akhavan, Farhad Abbasi. Indigenous technological capability and its impact on technological development process:the case of Iranian industrial firms[J]. International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development,2009,8(2):145-168.
[71]杨莹,于渤,吴伟伟.企业技术能力对技术学习的影响机理—知识流动视角下[J].技术经济与管理研究,2010,(6)：35-39.
[72]RAJAH RASIAH. Exports and Technological Capabilities:A Study of Foreign and Local Firms in the Electronics Industry in Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand[J]. The European Journal of Development Research,2004,16(3):587-623.
[73]SARADINDU BHADURI, AMIT S. RAY. Exporting Through Technological Capability: Econometric Evidence from India's Pharmaceutical and Electrical/Electronics Firms[J]. Oxford Development Studies,2004,32(1):87-100.
[74]高山行,黄烨琳,卢丹.企业技术能力对技术联盟状态影响的实证研究[J].管理工程学报,2008,22(2)：1-5,35.
[75]Shiu-Wan Hung, Ruei-Hung Tang. Factors affecting the choice of technology acquisition mode:An empirical analysis of the electronic firms of Japan, Korea and Taiwan [J]. Technovation,2008,28:551-563.
[76]毛义华,陈劲.基于合作创新的企业技术能力培育[J].科研管理,2000,21(4)：44-50.
[77]Tyler BB. The complementarity of cooperative and technological competencies:a resource-based perspective[J]. Journal of England Technology Management,2001, 18(1):1-27.
[78]冯艳飞,江小明.基于项目合作的企业技术能力提高模式[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004,25(10)：125-127.
[79]Reddy, Prasada. Inter-firm technology cooperation and implication for capability building[J]. GLOBALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY,117-140.
[80]张米尔,田丹,杨阿猛. 技术合作中的装备制造企业技术能力成长[J]. 研究与发展管理,2006,18(1)：13-18,25.
[81]王德鲁,张米尔.转型企业技术能力再造的路径分析与战略选择[J]. 研究与发展管理,2006,18(4)：22-26.
[82]王德鲁,张米尔.强相关型产业转型企业技术能力发展的路径选择[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(11)：84-87.
[83]安同良.中国企业技术能力的高度化发展：技术创造[J].科技进步与对策,2006,(2)：17-20.
[84]张米尔,杨阿猛.基于技术集成的企业技术能力成长[J]. 研究与发展管理,2004,16(6)：79-84.
[85]K. Techakanont, T. Terdudomtham. Evolution of Inter-firm Technology Transfer and Technological Capability Formation of Local Parts Firms in the Thai Automobile Industry[J]. Journal of Technology Innovation,2004,12(2):151-183.
[86]汤长安,张亮.基于网络的高技术集群企业技术能力形成机制研究[J].科技管理研究,2010,(8)：114-117.
[87]饶扬德,宋红霞.基于资源整合的企业技术能力提升机理研究[J].科学管理研究,2006,24(6)：9-12.
[88]饶扬德.企业技术能力成长过程与机理研究：资源整合视角[J].科学管理研究,2007,25(5)：59-62.
[89]吕一博,苏敬勤.后发国家汽车制造企业技术能力成长路径研究[J].科学学研究,2007,25(5)：880-886.
[90]MICHAEL J. LYNSKEY. The Transfer of Resources and Competencies for Developing Technological Capabilities—The Case of Fujitsu-ICL[J]. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,1999,.11 (3):317-336.
[91]ANDREA MORRISON, CARLO PIETROBELLI, ROBERTA RABELLOTTI. Global Value Chains and Technological Capabilities:A Framework to Study Learning and Innovation in Developing Countries[J]. Oxford Development Studies,2008,36(1):39-58.
[92]唐丽娜,萧延高.我国新兴技术企业技术能力发展的实证研究[-J].科技与管理,2009,11(5)：113-117.
[93]魏江.企业技术能力论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[94]Linsu Kim. Imitation to innovation:the dynamics of Korea's technological learning [M]. Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1997
[95]Kichan Park, Murad Al i, Francoi se Chevalier. Strengthening Indigenous Technological Innovation Capabilities in Developing Countries[J]. Journal of US-China Public Administration,2011,8(3):340-354.
[96][日]林武.技术与社会[M].北京：东方出版社,1989.100-13
[97]朱止威,黎亮,邵国强.发展中国家企业技术能力的演化轨迹[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2007,27(3)：30-34.
[98]何巨峰,邓晓锋.基于DNA模型的企业技术能力研究[J].科技管理研究,2008,(4)：103-105.
[99]肖媛. 基于隐性知识吸收的企业技术能力演化模型研究[J].科研管理,2006,27(4)：142-148.
[100]杨亚平.基于隐性知识转化的企业技术能力演进分析[J].工业技术经济,2006,25(8)：22-25.
[101]Mette praest. Changeing technological capabilities in high-tech firms:a study of the telecommunications industry[J]. The journal of high technology management research,1998,9(2):175=193.
[102]杨俊祥,和金生.基于知识生命周期的企业技术能力演化研究[J].软科学,2011,25(3)：51-56.
[103]何巨峰.集群企业技术能力演化研究[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),2008,(3)：24-29.
[104]王德鲁,周敏.转型企业技术能力演进机理与再造路径研究[J]. 中国管理科学,2005,13(6)：143-148.
[105]Paulo N. Figueiredo. Does technological learning pay off? Inter-firm differences in technological capability-accumulation paths and operational performance improvement[J]. Research Policy,2002,31:73-94.
[106]孟繁,陈劲,宋辉.IT业技术能力评估应用的实证研究[J].科技管理研究,2000,(5)：74-77.
[107]王秀江,彭纪生.企业技术能力：一个新的概念界定与测量模型[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2008,(12)：146-150
[108]茅宁莹.企业技术能力测评的新思路：技术能力矩阵[J].生产力研究,2009,(21)：199-201
[109]魏江,王铜安,刘锦.企业技术能力的要素与评价的实证研究[J].研究与发展管理,2008,20(3)：39-45
[110]秦德智,雷森,鲜于德清.企业技术能力密切值静态的综合评价[J].统计与决策,2008,271(19)：78-80
[111]和金生,郑春东,郭智玲.大力推广技术能力评价[J].科学管理研究,19999,17(1)：57-59
[112]JingCai, Andrew Tylecote. Corporate governance and technological dynamism of Chinese firms in mobile telecommunications:A quantitative study[J]. Research Policy,2008,37:1790-1811.
[113]Dhammika Abeysinghe, H. Paul. Privatization and technological capability development in the telecommunications sector:a case study of Sri Lanka Telecom[J]. Technology in Society,2005, (27):487-516.
[114]Howard Rush, John Bessant, Mike Hobday. Assessing the technological capabilities of firms:developing a policy tool[J]. R&D Management,2007,37 (3):221-236.
[115]刘凤朝,胡剑峰.大连市大中型企业技术能力的测度与分析[J].中国人力资源开发,1993,(1)：40-43.
[116]陈凡,刘玉劲. 我国大中型企业技术能力的测度与分析[J]. 自然辩证法通讯,1990,69(5)：30-39.
[117]和金生,郑春东,郭智铃.技术环境论的引进技术能力评价方法[J].中国软科学,1998,(9)：74-77.
[118]魏江,许庆瑞. 企业技术能力的概念、结构和评价[J].科学学与科学技术管理,1995,16(9)：29-33.
[119]曹床奎.企业技术能力综合评价[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究,2000,(2)：18-20.
[120]魏江,许庆瑞.中小企业技术能力实证研究[J].科学管理研究,1994,12(4)：70-74.
[121]邓强,吴伟伟,于渤. 中国制造业企业技术能力效率研究[J]. 统计与决策,2010,302(2)：67-69.
[122]Due Richard. The Real Costs of Outsourcing[J]. Information SystemsManagement, 1992(Winter):78-81
[123]Grover, V., M. Cheon & J. Teng, "A Descriptive Study on the Outsourcing of Information Systems Functions, " Information and Management, Vol.27,1994, pp.33-44.
[124]Alpar, P. & A. Saharia, "Outsourcing Information System Functions:An Organization Economics Perspective, " Journal of Organizational Computing, Vol.5, No.3,1995, pp.197-217.
[125]Hu Q, Saunders C, Gebelt M. Research Report:Diffusion of Information Systems Outsourcing:A Reevaluation of Influence Sources [J]. Information Systems Research,1997,8(3):288-301
[126]T Kern, LWillcocks. Exploring Information Technology OutsourcingRelationships: Theory and Practice[J]. Journal of Strategic Information Systems,2000, 9(4):321-350
[127]Lee J N, Shaila M. Miranda, Yong-Mi Kim. IT OutsourcingStrategies: Universalistic, Contingency and Configurational Explanations of Success[J]. Information Systems Research,2004,15(2):110-131
[128]汪应洛主编. 《服务外包概述》[M].西安：西安交通人学出版社,2007.
[129]刘光宗,肖洪钧.中国软件外包企业发展的升级路径研究[J].科技与管理,2011,13(1)：96-99.
[130]姜春荣.国际服务外包浪潮与中国服务外包产业发展战略研究[D].北京：中国社会科学院博士学位论文,2006.
[131]StewartF. Internation tansfer of technology:issues and policy options. In:Streeten P, Jolly (Eds). Reeent Issues in world Development[C]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1981:67-110.
[132]Dore R. Technical self reliance, in M. Fransman and K. King eds:Technological Capability in the Third World[M]. Macmillan, London,1984:45-76
[133]焦少飞.产业技术能力及提升研究[D].西安：西北大学,2010.
[134]魏江.知识学习与企业技术能力增长[M].北京：科学出版社,2006：78-92.
[135]赵晓庆,许庆瑞.企业技术能力演化的轨迹[J].科研管理,2002,23(1)：70-76.
[136]Casanueva C. The acquisition of firm technological capabilities in Mexico's open economy, the case of Vitro[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2001,66(1):75-85.
[137]Figueiredo P N. Industrial Policy Changes and Firm-Level Technolmological Capability Development:Evidence from Northern Brazil[J]. World Development,2008, 36(1):55-88.
[138]洪勇.追赶战略下后发国家制造业技术能力提升研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2008.
[139]笪尚明,刘西林. 企业技术能力结构化研究[J]. 华东经济管理,2007,21(7)：91-93.
[140]牛雁翎.人本视角企业核心技术能力研究[D].吉林：吉林大学,2005.
[141]万茜. 试议技术的本质[J]. 沈阳工程学院学报(自然科学版),2011,7(1)：87-92.
[142]魏江.基于知识观的企业技术能力研究[J].自然辩证法研究,1998,14,(11)：54-57,60.
[143]唐春晖.企业技术能力演化与技术创新模式研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007,54-55.
[144]Nonaka, I., Takeuchi, H.. The knowledge-creating company:How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation[M]. Oxford u. a.:Oxford University Press, 1995:47-78.
[145]D Aspremont C, Jacquemin A. Cooperative and noncooperative R&D in duopolywith spillovers [J]. American Economic Review,1988,78(5):1133-1140.
[146]张子健,刘伟.不同竞合模式下企业研发投资决策及绩效[J]. 管理工程学报,2010,24(2)：104-110.
[147]生延超.企业技术能力与技术创新方式选择[J].管理科学,2007,20(4)：23-29.
[148]张旭华. 企业间技术合作的动因及利润影响：动态博弈观点[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理,2005,11：142-145.
[149]朱春峰,涂国平. 两个企业自主研发与学习模仿的尊弈分析[J]. 现代管理科学,2008(1)：77-79.
[150]张红波,王国顺. 资源松弛视角F企业技术创新策略选择的实物期权模型[J]. 中国管理科学,2009,17(6)：170-176.
[151]高艳红.基于独立研发模式的机床企业技术能力研究[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),2010,38(10)：74-79.
[152]王先甲,全吉,刘伟兵.有限理性下的演化博弈与合作机制研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2011,31(1)：82-93.
[153]张新华,赖明勇.基于演化博弈的电力竞价市场均衡分析[J]. 管理工程学报,2008,22(2)：144-147.
[154]Friedman, D. Evolutionary Game in Economics[J]. Econometrica,1991,59(3):637-666.
[155]付小勇,朱庆华,窦一杰.中国版WEEE法规实施中政府和电子企业演化博弈分析[J].竹理评论,2011,23(10)：171-176.
[156]王国红,陈大鹏,刘颖. 有核集群产业集成化过程的演化博弈分析[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理,2010(9)：92-96.
[157]Wei J. Study on the mechanism and the process of activation on organisational technologies storage[J]. Journal of Management Engineering,2002,16 (3):74-77.
[158]Ahuja G, R Katila. Where do resources come from? the role of idiosyncratic situations[J]. Strategic Management of Journal,2004,25(8-9):887-907.
[159]吕一博,苏敬勤.中国系统集成企业的技术能力成长研究[J].管理科学,2007,20(3)：23-30.
[160]Peter Gammeltoft. Development of firm-level technological capabilities[J]. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,2004,9(1):49-69.
[161]Zhou Yonghong, Zhang Zigang, Liu Kaijin. Impact of technological innovation on growth trajectory of enterprise's technological capability:a theoretical analysis[J]. Singapore Management Review,2005,27(2):81-101.
[162]于成学.我国企业研发投入与产出增长关系的实证研究[J].科技管理研究,2009,29(10)：315-317.
[163]梁莱歆,张永榜. 我国高新技术企业R＆D投入与绩效现状调查分析[J].研究与发展管理,2006,18(1)：47-5,58.
[164]张海燕,袁新敏. 企业规模与研发投入强度的关系分析——以上海闵行区为例[J]. 工业技术经济,2011,209(3)：10-144.
[165]谷丽,陈树文.基于系统动力原理的人力资源管理研究[J]. 大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),201(),31(2)：11-15.
[166]佟贺丰,崔源声,屈慰双,刘娅.基于系统动力学的我国水泥行业C02排放情景分析[J].巾国软科学,2010,(3)：40-50.
[167]薛薇. 政府对企业研发间接投入的国际现状与趋势——越来越重要的科技税收政策[J].科技与法律,2010,87(5)：9-12.
[168]Onisawa T, Sugeno M, Nishiwaki Y, et al. Fuzzy measure analysis of public attitude towards the use of nuclear energy [J]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1986,20(3):259-289.
[169]章玲,周德群. 基于k-可加模糊测度的多属性决策分析[J]. 管理科学学报,2008,11(6)：18-24.
[170]许永平,朱延广,杨峰,王维平.基于ANP和模糊积分的多准则决策方法及其应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,2010,30(6)：1099-1105.
[171]王树林,戴兵.基于模糊积分评价法的企业自主创新能力评价研究[J].科技管理研究,2008,(6)：79-81.
[2]张燕.中印承接信息技术外包(ITO)竞争力的比较研究[J].江西财经大学学报,2008,57(3)：11-15.
[3]景瑞琴.印度承接软件外包的经验研究[J].生产力研究,2008(9)：100-101.
[4]姜凌,文俊伟,夏奇峰.软件外包与软件产业的发展——基于中印的比较.科技管理研究,2006(6)：64-65.
[5]赵俊,赵银德.中印IT外包服务业比较探讨[J].江苏商论,2007(11)：73-74.
[6]樊永岗.中印IT外包服务业发展比较研究[J].对外经贸实务,2007(4)：54-57.
[7]刘绍坚.北京承接国际软件外包的现状分析和政策建议[J].北京社会科学,2008(4)：17-24.
[8]邹文健,张郁萍,肖斌.南吕发展软件外包服务的思考[J].企业经济,2009(9)：103-105.
[9]汪传雷,杜纲,张新九.安徽企业发展软件外包业务的问题与对策[J].情报杂志,2006(8)：111-113.
[10]Sineenad Paisittanand, David L. Olson. A simulation study of IT outsourcing in the credit card business[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2006, 175:1248-1261.
[11]JERO ME BARTHELEMY, DOMINIQUE GEYER. IT Outsourcing:Evidence from France and Germany[J]. European Management Journal,2001,19(2):195-202.
[12]Reyes Gonzalez, Jose Gasco, Juan Llopis. Information systems outsourcing reasons in the largest Spanish firms [J]. International Journal of Information Management, 2005,25:117-136.
[13]Godwin G. Udo. Using analytic hierarchy process to analyze the information technology outsourcing decision[J]. Industrial Management & Data Systems,2000, 100(9):421-429.
[14]Cengiz Kahramana, Orhan Engin, Ozgur Kabak, et al. Information systems outsourcing decisions using a group decision-making approach[J]. Engineering ApplicationsofArtificiallntelligence,2009,22:832-841.
[15]Ojelanki K. Ngwenyama, Noel Bryson. Making the information systems outsourcing decision:A transaction cost approach to analyzing outsourcing decision problems[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,1999,115:351±367.
[16]陈帅.企业信息系统外包职能选择的模糊多属性群决策分析[J].科技管理研究,2005,(9)：172-174.
[17]常丹,王金银.ASP模式下的信息系统外包决策框架[J].科技管理研究,2005(2)：104-111.
[18]汪云峰,司春林.信息系统外包多阶段决策模型[J].经济管理,2002,24：37-42.
[19]Abdulwahed Mo. Khalfan. Information securi ty considerations in IS/IT outsourcing projects:a descriptive case study of two sectors[J]. International Journal of Information Management,2004,24:29-42.
[20]A. Hoecht, P. Trott. Outsourcing, information leakage and the risk of losing technology-based competencies [J]. European Business Review,2006,18(5):395-412.
[21]Bill Pepper. Information security standards for outsourcing[J]. Information Security Technical Report,1996,1(3):59-61.
[22]娄策群,林菡密.基于非对称信息理论的信息技术外包风险管理[J].情报科学,2006,(3)：347-351.
[23]林则夫,陈德泉,温珂.试论信息技术外包中的风险管理策略[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004(2)：133-135.
[24]聂规划,周晓光,张亮.企业信息技术外包的风险与防范[J].科技进步与对策,2002,(4)：69-70.
[25]LESLIE WILLCOCKS, CHONG JU CHOI. Cooperative Partnership and'Total'IT Outsourcing:From Contractual obligation Strategic Alliance?[J]. European Management Journal,1995,13(1):67-78.
[26]JEROME BARTHELEMY. The Hard and Soft Sides of IT Outsourcing Management[J]. European Management Journal,2003,21(5):539-548.
[27]Aleksandra Mojsilovi, Bonnie Ray, Richard Lawrence, et al. A logistic regression framework for information technology outsourcing lifecycle management[J]. Computers & Operations Research,2007,34:3609-3627.
[28]Jahyun Goo, Rajiv Kishore, H. R. Rao, et al. THE ROLE OF SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENTS IN RELATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OUTSOURCING:AN EMPIRICAL STUDY[J]. MIS Quarterly,2009,33(1):119-145.
[29]谯谊,甘仞初.信息系统外包关系框架及其影响因素分析[J].科学学科.学技术管理,2007,(1)：33-37.
[30]万艳,廖貅武.基于监督和控制的IT外包关系管理的激励模型[J].运筹与管理,2008,17(3)：116-152.
[31]秦仪.IT外包关系质量研究[J].管理学报,2006,3(6)：669-672.
[32]Juan Florin, Marianne Bradford, Don Pagach. Information technology outsourcing and organizational restructuring:An explanation of their effects on firm value[J]. Journal of High Technology Management Research,2005,16:241-253.
[33]0. Felix Offodile, Layek L. Abdel-Malek. The virtual manufacturing paradigm: The impact of IT/IS outsourcing on manufacturing strategy [J]. Int. J. Production Economics,2002,75:147-159.
[34]Audley Harris, Larry C. Giunipero, G. Tomas M. Hult. Organizational and Contract Flexibility on Outsourcing Contracts[J]. Industrial Marketing Management,1998, 27:373-384.
[35]吴锋,李怀祖.知识管理对信息技术和信息系统外包成功性的影响[J].科研管理,2004,25(2)：82-87.
[36]徐姝,胡明铭.企业IT外包绩效评价体系设计[J].统计与决策,2008,(16)：181-182.
[37]刘绍坚.影响我国承接国际软件外包的因素研究[J].国际贸易问题,2008,(2)：86-93.
[39]左美云,杨波,陈禹.企业信息技术外包的过程研究[J].中国软科学,2003,(5)：84-87.
[39]孙军,孔祥琦.我国软件外包发展现状及其相关问题研究[J].科技管理研究,2009,(4)：139-141.
[40]于立,刘慧兰.IT外包形成机理的供给分析[J].情报科学,2007,25(8)：1267-1271
[41]Alavi M, Carlson P, A review of MIS research and disciplinary development [J], Journal of Management Information System,1992,8(4):45-62.
[42]R. L. Van Horn, Empirical studies of management information systems, Data Base 5(4/5),1973,172-180.
[43]席代昭,范体军.基于ADGF集成法的IT外包决策[J].情报杂志,2007,(4)：17-21.
[44]匡绍军,诸克军,李宏余.基于二层模糊多目标模型的IT服务外包互动研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2008(12)：76-81.
[45]柳玉鹏,李一军.基于粒子群改进算法的信息系统外包组合决策模型[J].系统管理学报,2008,17(4)：428-432.
[46]洪勇,苏敬勤.发展中国家企业技术能力提升因素的实证研究[J].管理科学,2009,22(4)：12-22.
[47]吕燕.加强技术管理,提高我国企业技术能力[J].软科学,1995,(4)：42-48.
[48]Uma Kumar, Vinod Kumar, Danuta de Grosbois. Development of technological capability by Cuban hospitality organizations[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2008,27:12-22.
[49]NATTAKA YOKAKUL, GIRMA ZAWDIE. Innovation network and technological capability development in the Thai SME sector:The case of the Thai dessert industry[J]. International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development,2010,9 (1):19-36.
[50]柳缷林,李艳华.知识获取与后发企业技术能力提升——以汽乍零部件产业为例[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2009,(7)：94-100.
[51]陈艳艳.知识吸收能力对企业技术能力的影响研究[D].长沙：中南大学,2009.
[52]T. R. Madanmohan, Uma Kumar, VinodKumar. Import-led technological capability: a comparative analysis of Indian and Indonesian manufacturing firms[J]. Technovation,2004,24:979-993.
[53]GANESHAN WIGNARAJA. Firm Size, Technological Capabililies and Market-oriented Policies in Mauritius[J]. Oxford Development Studies,2002,30(1):87-104.
[54]Afuah A. How much do your coopetitors'capabilities matter in the face of technological change?[J]. Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(3):387-404.
[55]Nelson K. H. Tang, Andrew Agnew, Oswald Jones. TECHNOLOGICAL ALLIANCES BETWEEN MEIS AND SMFS:EXAMINING THE CURRENT EVIDENCE [J]. Small Business and Enterprise Development,1996, (3):48-56.
[56]刘立群,柯昌清. 技术战略联盟中企业技术能力提高过程研究[J].技术经济,20100,29(9)：26-29.
[57]Paulo N, Figueiredo. Industrial policy changes and firm-level technological capability development:evidence from northern brazil[J]. World Development, 2008,36(1):55-88.
[58]Rakesh Basant, Pankaj Chandra. Building technological capabilities in a liberalising developing economy:firm strategies and public policy[J]. Economics of innovation 2002,11(4-5):399-421.
[59]智强,高一芳.促进中国风电设备制造企业技术能力成长的政策工具研究：基于系统动力学方法[J].公共管理学报,2010,10(2)：57-76.
[60]Astrid Bachmann. Profiles of corporate technological capabilities—a comparison of large British and German pharmaceutical companies[J]. Technovation,1998, 18(10):593-604.
[61]Voxi Heinrich S. Amavilah. Non-parametric Diversity Indices of Technical Capability of African Countries[J]. African Development Review,2006,18(2): 205-220.
[62]Marti jn Jonker, llenny Romi jn, Adam Szirmai. Technological effort, technological capabilities and economic performance A case study of the paper manufacturing sector in West Java[J]. Technovation,2006 (26):121-134.
[63]Maria Jose Ruiz Ortega C. ompeti live strategies and firm performance:Technological capabilities'moderating roles[J]. Journal of Business Research,2010,63:1273-1281.
[64]Nuria Gonza'lez-Alvarez, Mariano Nieto-Antol(?)'n. Protection and internal transfer of technological competencies:The role of causal ambiguity [J]. Industrial Management & Data Systems,2005,105(7):841-856.
[65]Marisa Flor, Mara J. 01tra. The influence of firms'technological capabi1ities on export performance in supplierdominated industries:the case of ceramic tiles firms[J]. R&D Management,2005,35(3):333-347.
[66]Fernando E. Garcl'a-Muin-a, Jose'E. Navas-Lo'pez. Explaining and measuring success in new business:The effect of technological capabilities on firm results[J]. Technovation,2007, (27):30-46.
[67]Kuen-Hung Tsai. The impact of technological capability on firm performance in Taiwan's electronics industry[J]. Journal of High Technology Management Research,2004,15:183-195.
[68]ADMASU SHIFERAW. Competitive Selection and Technological Capabilities in Ethiopian Manufacturing[J]. The European Journal of Development Research,2007, 19(1):118-135.
[69]PRIL M. FRANCO, MB SARKAR, RAJSHREE AGARWAL, RAJ ECHAMBADI. THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CAPABILITIES ON THE MARKET PIONEERING-FIRM SURVIVAL RELATIONSHIP[C]. Academy of Management Best Conference,2006:11-16.
[70]Hojatolah Hajihoseini, Amir Naser Akhavan, Farhad Abbasi. Indigenous technological capability and its impact on technological development process:the case of Iranian industrial firms[J]. International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development,2009,8(2):145-168.
[71]杨莹,于渤,吴伟伟.企业技术能力对技术学习的影响机理—知识流动视角下[J].技术经济与管理研究,2010,(6)：35-39.
[72]RAJAH RASIAH. Exports and Technological Capabilities:A Study of Foreign and Local Firms in the Electronics Industry in Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand[J]. The European Journal of Development Research,2004,16(3):587-623.
[73]SARADINDU BHADURI, AMIT S. RAY. Exporting Through Technological Capability: Econometric Evidence from India's Pharmaceutical and Electrical/Electronics Firms[J]. Oxford Development Studies,2004,32(1):87-100.
[74]高山行,黄烨琳,卢丹.企业技术能力对技术联盟状态影响的实证研究[J].管理工程学报,2008,22(2)：1-5,35.
[75]Shiu-Wan Hung, Ruei-Hung Tang. Factors affecting the choice of technology acquisition mode:An empirical analysis of the electronic firms of Japan, Korea and Taiwan [J]. Technovation,2008,28:551-563.
[76]毛义华,陈劲.基于合作创新的企业技术能力培育[J].科研管理,2000,21(4)：44-50.
[77]Tyler BB. The complementarity of cooperative and technological competencies:a resource-based perspective[J]. Journal of England Technology Management,2001, 18(1):1-27.
[78]冯艳飞,江小明.基于项目合作的企业技术能力提高模式[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004,25(10)：125-127.
[79]Reddy, Prasada. Inter-firm technology cooperation and implication for capability building[J]. GLOBALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY,117-140.
[80]张米尔,田丹,杨阿猛. 技术合作中的装备制造企业技术能力成长[J]. 研究与发展管理,2006,18(1)：13-18,25.
[81]王德鲁,张米尔.转型企业技术能力再造的路径分析与战略选择[J]. 研究与发展管理,2006,18(4)：22-26.
[82]王德鲁,张米尔.强相关型产业转型企业技术能力发展的路径选择[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(11)：84-87.
[83]安同良.中国企业技术能力的高度化发展：技术创造[J].科技进步与对策,2006,(2)：17-20.
[84]张米尔,杨阿猛.基于技术集成的企业技术能力成长[J]. 研究与发展管理,2004,16(6)：79-84.
[85]K. Techakanont, T. Terdudomtham. Evolution of Inter-firm Technology Transfer and Technological Capability Formation of Local Parts Firms in the Thai Automobile Industry[J]. Journal of Technology Innovation,2004,12(2):151-183.
[86]汤长安,张亮.基于网络的高技术集群企业技术能力形成机制研究[J].科技管理研究,2010,(8)：114-117.
[87]饶扬德,宋红霞.基于资源整合的企业技术能力提升机理研究[J].科学管理研究,2006,24(6)：9-12.
[88]饶扬德.企业技术能力成长过程与机理研究：资源整合视角[J].科学管理研究,2007,25(5)：59-62.
[89]吕一博,苏敬勤.后发国家汽车制造企业技术能力成长路径研究[J].科学学研究,2007,25(5)：880-886.
[90]MICHAEL J. LYNSKEY. The Transfer of Resources and Competencies for Developing Technological Capabilities—The Case of Fujitsu-ICL[J]. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,1999,.11 (3):317-336.
[91]ANDREA MORRISON, CARLO PIETROBELLI, ROBERTA RABELLOTTI. Global Value Chains and Technological Capabilities:A Framework to Study Learning and Innovation in Developing Countries[J]. Oxford Development Studies,2008,36(1):39-58.
[92]唐丽娜,萧延高.我国新兴技术企业技术能力发展的实证研究[-J].科技与管理,2009,11(5)：113-117.
[93]魏江.企业技术能力论[M].北京：科学出版社,2002.
[94]Linsu Kim. Imitation to innovation:the dynamics of Korea's technological learning [M]. Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1997
[95]Kichan Park, Murad Al i, Francoi se Chevalier. Strengthening Indigenous Technological Innovation Capabilities in Developing Countries[J]. Journal of US-China Public Administration,2011,8(3):340-354.
[96][日]林武.技术与社会[M].北京：东方出版社,1989.100-13
[97]朱止威,黎亮,邵国强.发展中国家企业技术能力的演化轨迹[J].西安交通大学学报(社会科学版),2007,27(3)：30-34.
[98]何巨峰,邓晓锋.基于DNA模型的企业技术能力研究[J].科技管理研究,2008,(4)：103-105.
[99]肖媛. 基于隐性知识吸收的企业技术能力演化模型研究[J].科研管理,2006,27(4)：142-148.
[100]杨亚平.基于隐性知识转化的企业技术能力演进分析[J].工业技术经济,2006,25(8)：22-25.
[101]Mette praest. Changeing technological capabilities in high-tech firms:a study of the telecommunications industry[J]. The journal of high technology management research,1998,9(2):175=193.
[102]杨俊祥,和金生.基于知识生命周期的企业技术能力演化研究[J].软科学,2011,25(3)：51-56.
[103]何巨峰.集群企业技术能力演化研究[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),2008,(3)：24-29.
[104]王德鲁,周敏.转型企业技术能力演进机理与再造路径研究[J]. 中国管理科学,2005,13(6)：143-148.
[105]Paulo N. Figueiredo. Does technological learning pay off? Inter-firm differences in technological capability-accumulation paths and operational performance improvement[J]. Research Policy,2002,31:73-94.
[106]孟繁,陈劲,宋辉.IT业技术能力评估应用的实证研究[J].科技管理研究,2000,(5)：74-77.
[107]王秀江,彭纪生.企业技术能力：一个新的概念界定与测量模型[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2008,(12)：146-150
[108]茅宁莹.企业技术能力测评的新思路：技术能力矩阵[J].生产力研究,2009,(21)：199-201
[109]魏江,王铜安,刘锦.企业技术能力的要素与评价的实证研究[J].研究与发展管理,2008,20(3)：39-45
[110]秦德智,雷森,鲜于德清.企业技术能力密切值静态的综合评价[J].统计与决策,2008,271(19)：78-80
[111]和金生,郑春东,郭智玲.大力推广技术能力评价[J].科学管理研究,19999,17(1)：57-59
[112]JingCai, Andrew Tylecote. Corporate governance and technological dynamism of Chinese firms in mobile telecommunications:A quantitative study[J]. Research Policy,2008,37:1790-1811.
[113]Dhammika Abeysinghe, H. Paul. Privatization and technological capability development in the telecommunications sector:a case study of Sri Lanka Telecom[J]. Technology in Society,2005, (27):487-516.
[114]Howard Rush, John Bessant, Mike Hobday. Assessing the technological capabilities of firms:developing a policy tool[J]. R&D Management,2007,37 (3):221-236.
[115]刘凤朝,胡剑峰.大连市大中型企业技术能力的测度与分析[J].中国人力资源开发,1993,(1)：40-43.
[116]陈凡,刘玉劲. 我国大中型企业技术能力的测度与分析[J]. 自然辩证法通讯,1990,69(5)：30-39.
[117]和金生,郑春东,郭智铃.技术环境论的引进技术能力评价方法[J].中国软科学,1998,(9)：74-77.
[118]魏江,许庆瑞. 企业技术能力的概念、结构和评价[J].科学学与科学技术管理,1995,16(9)：29-33.
[119]曹床奎.企业技术能力综合评价[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究,2000,(2)：18-20.
[120]魏江,许庆瑞.中小企业技术能力实证研究[J].科学管理研究,1994,12(4)：70-74.
[121]邓强,吴伟伟,于渤. 中国制造业企业技术能力效率研究[J]. 统计与决策,2010,302(2)：67-69.
[122]Due Richard. The Real Costs of Outsourcing[J]. Information SystemsManagement, 1992(Winter):78-81
[123]Grover, V., M. Cheon & J. Teng, "A Descriptive Study on the Outsourcing of Information Systems Functions, " Information and Management, Vol.27,1994, pp.33-44.
[124]Alpar, P. & A. Saharia, "Outsourcing Information System Functions:An Organization Economics Perspective, " Journal of Organizational Computing, Vol.5, No.3,1995, pp.197-217.
[125]Hu Q, Saunders C, Gebelt M. Research Report:Diffusion of Information Systems Outsourcing:A Reevaluation of Influence Sources [J]. Information Systems Research,1997,8(3):288-301
[126]T Kern, LWillcocks. Exploring Information Technology OutsourcingRelationships: Theory and Practice[J]. Journal of Strategic Information Systems,2000, 9(4):321-350
[127]Lee J N, Shaila M. Miranda, Yong-Mi Kim. IT OutsourcingStrategies: Universalistic, Contingency and Configurational Explanations of Success[J]. Information Systems Research,2004,15(2):110-131
[128]汪应洛主编. 《服务外包概述》[M].西安：西安交通人学出版社,2007.
[129]刘光宗,肖洪钧.中国软件外包企业发展的升级路径研究[J].科技与管理,2011,13(1)：96-99.
[130]姜春荣.国际服务外包浪潮与中国服务外包产业发展战略研究[D].北京：中国社会科学院博士学位论文,2006.
[131]StewartF. Internation tansfer of technology:issues and policy options. In:Streeten P, Jolly (Eds). Reeent Issues in world Development[C]. Oxford:Pergamon Press,1981:67-110.
[132]Dore R. Technical self reliance, in M. Fransman and K. King eds:Technological Capability in the Third World[M]. Macmillan, London,1984:45-76
[133]焦少飞.产业技术能力及提升研究[D].西安：西北大学,2010.
[134]魏江.知识学习与企业技术能力增长[M].北京：科学出版社,2006：78-92.
[135]赵晓庆,许庆瑞.企业技术能力演化的轨迹[J].科研管理,2002,23(1)：70-76.
[136]Casanueva C. The acquisition of firm technological capabilities in Mexico's open economy, the case of Vitro[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2001,66(1):75-85.
[137]Figueiredo P N. Industrial Policy Changes and Firm-Level Technolmological Capability Development:Evidence from Northern Brazil[J]. World Development,2008, 36(1):55-88.
[138]洪勇.追赶战略下后发国家制造业技术能力提升研究[D].大连：大连理工大学,2008.
[139]笪尚明,刘西林. 企业技术能力结构化研究[J]. 华东经济管理,2007,21(7)：91-93.
[140]牛雁翎.人本视角企业核心技术能力研究[D].吉林：吉林大学,2005.
[141]万茜. 试议技术的本质[J]. 沈阳工程学院学报(自然科学版),2011,7(1)：87-92.
[142]魏江.基于知识观的企业技术能力研究[J].自然辩证法研究,1998,14,(11)：54-57,60.
[143]唐春晖.企业技术能力演化与技术创新模式研究[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,2007,54-55.
[144]Nonaka, I., Takeuchi, H.. The knowledge-creating company:How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation[M]. Oxford u. a.:Oxford University Press, 1995:47-78.
[145]D Aspremont C, Jacquemin A. Cooperative and noncooperative R&D in duopolywith spillovers [J]. American Economic Review,1988,78(5):1133-1140.
[146]张子健,刘伟.不同竞合模式下企业研发投资决策及绩效[J]. 管理工程学报,2010,24(2)：104-110.
[147]生延超.企业技术能力与技术创新方式选择[J].管理科学,2007,20(4)：23-29.
[148]张旭华. 企业间技术合作的动因及利润影响：动态博弈观点[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理,2005,11：142-145.
[149]朱春峰,涂国平. 两个企业自主研发与学习模仿的尊弈分析[J]. 现代管理科学,2008(1)：77-79.
[150]张红波,王国顺. 资源松弛视角F企业技术创新策略选择的实物期权模型[J]. 中国管理科学,2009,17(6)：170-176.
[151]高艳红.基于独立研发模式的机床企业技术能力研究[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),2010,38(10)：74-79.
[152]王先甲,全吉,刘伟兵.有限理性下的演化博弈与合作机制研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2011,31(1)：82-93.
[153]张新华,赖明勇.基于演化博弈的电力竞价市场均衡分析[J]. 管理工程学报,2008,22(2)：144-147.
[154]Friedman, D. Evolutionary Game in Economics[J]. Econometrica,1991,59(3):637-666.
[155]付小勇,朱庆华,窦一杰.中国版WEEE法规实施中政府和电子企业演化博弈分析[J].竹理评论,2011,23(10)：171-176.
[156]王国红,陈大鹏,刘颖. 有核集群产业集成化过程的演化博弈分析[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理,2010(9)：92-96.
[157]Wei J. Study on the mechanism and the process of activation on organisational technologies storage[J]. Journal of Management Engineering,2002,16 (3):74-77.
[158]Ahuja G, R Katila. Where do resources come from? the role of idiosyncratic situations[J]. Strategic Management of Journal,2004,25(8-9):887-907.
[159]吕一博,苏敬勤.中国系统集成企业的技术能力成长研究[J].管理科学,2007,20(3)：23-30.
[160]Peter Gammeltoft. Development of firm-level technological capabilities[J]. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,2004,9(1):49-69.
[161]Zhou Yonghong, Zhang Zigang, Liu Kaijin. Impact of technological innovation on growth trajectory of enterprise's technological capability:a theoretical analysis[J]. Singapore Management Review,2005,27(2):81-101.
[162]于成学.我国企业研发投入与产出增长关系的实证研究[J].科技管理研究,2009,29(10)：315-317.
[163]梁莱歆,张永榜. 我国高新技术企业R＆D投入与绩效现状调查分析[J].研究与发展管理,2006,18(1)：47-5,58.
[164]张海燕,袁新敏. 企业规模与研发投入强度的关系分析——以上海闵行区为例[J]. 工业技术经济,2011,209(3)：10-144.
[165]谷丽,陈树文.基于系统动力原理的人力资源管理研究[J]. 大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),201(),31(2)：11-15.
[166]佟贺丰,崔源声,屈慰双,刘娅.基于系统动力学的我国水泥行业C02排放情景分析[J].巾国软科学,2010,(3)：40-50.
[167]薛薇. 政府对企业研发间接投入的国际现状与趋势——越来越重要的科技税收政策[J].科技与法律,2010,87(5)：9-12.
[168]Onisawa T, Sugeno M, Nishiwaki Y, et al. Fuzzy measure analysis of public attitude towards the use of nuclear energy [J]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1986,20(3):259-289.
[169]章玲,周德群. 基于k-可加模糊测度的多属性决策分析[J]. 管理科学学报,2008,11(6)：18-24.
[170]许永平,朱延广,杨峰,王维平.基于ANP和模糊积分的多准则决策方法及其应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,2010,30(6)：1099-1105.
[171]王树林,戴兵.基于模糊积分评价法的企业自主创新能力评价研究[J].科技管理研究,2008,(6)：79-81.