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基于全球定位系统的现今地壳运动与形变研究
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摘要
近二十年来,随着GPS等空间大地测量技术的不断发展,利用空间大地测
     量技术监测全球地壳运动、区域地壳运动与形变取得了前所未有的进展。目前
     甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)、卫星激光测距(SLR)、全球定位系统(GPS)等
     空间大地测量技术能够以毫米级的精度测定地面点的位置,监测地球在空间的
     整体运动以及地壳的运动和形变,这使得对地球动态的监测和研究发生了根本
     性的变化。虽然利用地质和地球物理观测数据己建立起了全球板块运动的模型,
     但由于使用资料的局限性,己有的模型还需要现代大地测量结果来检验。根据
     地质和地球物理观测数据建立的全球板块运动模型以及板内活动断裂和活动块
     体运动模型反映了过去几百万年内地壳运动的平均运动状态,它是否和现今地
     壳运动的特征一致,亟待现代空间大地测量的实测结果来验证。空间大地测量
     定位精度的提高,对地球参考系的定义、实现、相互变换等都提出了新的课题,
     如何建立和维持现代地球参考系也是天文学、大地测量学和地球动力学等学科
     共同面对的重要研究课题。
     本文从GPS的原始观测资料出发,研究不同数据处理方案对定位结果的影
     响,分析大气层延迟模型对定位结果的影响。探讨GPS定位精度的表示方法,
     从己有的全球板块模型出发,针对全球板块模型存在的问题,提出建立基于现
     代空间大地测量观测成果的全球板块运动模型的方法。从地球参考系的定义出
     发,介绍现今地球参考架的建立,维持方法,探讨IERS最新推出的ITRF97参
     考架可能存在的问题。根据中国大陆最新的GPS观测结果研究中国大陆的现今
     地壳运动和形变特征及其与地震活动的关系。
     根据上述研究思路和方法,本文主要开展了以下几方面的工作:①大尺度
     GPS地壳形变监测网数据处理方案研究;②基于现代空间大地测量成果,同时
     考虑现代地球参考架的特征,研究建立现今全球构造板块运动模型的方活;③
     探讨建立和维持现代地球参考架的方法;④GPS观测成果在中国大陆现今地壳
     二
    
    
     .
     中国地震局地球物理研究所 盂国杰博士论文2001年旱月
     运动和形变与强震危险性中的应用研究。
     通过研究,本文得到了以下主要认识和结论:
     门)通过对几种数据处理方案的分析,对比和研究,针对大尺度GPS监测
     网提出了一个最佳的数据处理方案,认为在选择最新的全球参考框架情况下,
     应选定足够的观测质量较高的同步观测的IGS站观测数据一并处理,以保证区
     域监测网与全球网有较强的联系。在使用GLOBK软件进行综合平差时,通过
     对框架点坐标和卫星轨道以及极移参数的适当约束,在得到无基准解的同时,
     应使用GLORG模块选定解的基准,使计算结果归算到全球参考框架上,并使
     计算结果保持稳定。
     (2)GPS观测天顶方向的对流层湿分量延迟用一个一阶高斯一马尔柯夫随
     机过程描述时,作为相关时间的参数r的选择对计算结果影响较大,r的选择应
     是所取状态未知数时间间隔的3000倍左右,不能太小,又不能趋于无穷大,以
     保证所采用的模型能够最佳地模拟对流层湿分量延迟。分段线性方法与单参数
     相比可以改善E.W向、高程向和基线长度的重复性,但对NS向的重复性改进
     不显著。过分缩短估计延迟参数的时间间隔对改进计算结果的重复性并不明显,
     而且增加了解算的未知数的个数,显著降低了求解的速度。
     (3)数据处理结果显示出中国地壳运动观测网络基准站和基本站首期联测
     取得了较高的观测精度。计算结果表明单天解点位重复性N-S分量均在4rum
     以内,E-W向分量均在smm以内,高程分量一般不超过15mm。综合平差后,
     点位精度水平分量2—3mm,高程分量3—smm。基线的N-S向分量、E-W向
     分量、高程向分量及长度的重复性分别为3.3,5.3N 7.sfnm和4.Znun,边
     长的相对精度平均为10“。根据基准站相邻两周综合解的相似变换结果的残差
     求得水平分量的中误差为Zmm左右,此指标反映了位移的精度。以ITRF97参
     考架为基准,中国地壳运动观测网络基?
The Study on Present-day Crustal Movement and Deformation on the Basis of Global Positioning System
    Ph.D. Candidate: Meng Guojie Advisor: Prof. Lu Zuoli &
    Prof. Gu Guohua
    (Institute of Geophysics, China Seismological Bureau) (Center for Analysis and Prediction, China Seismological Bureau)
    Abstract
    On the basis of the raw data of GPS surveying of Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC), the influences of different schemes of GPS data processing on baseline repeatability are discussed. The models of wet atmospheric delay are analyzed and the precision of GPS observations is discussed with different expression methods. Regarding the problems of current global plate movement models, the author has proposed a method to construct new models with Space Geodesy data. Starting from the definition of terrestrial reference system, the methods of constructing and maintaining of modern terrestrial reference frame are introduced. The features of ITRF97 are discussed and their net rotations are calculated. In addition, the characteristics of crustal movement and deformation in China are studied on the basis of GPS survey carried out in recent years.
    According to the above methods and approaches, research work is made on the following aspects: ?schemes of data processing of large scale GPS monitoring network; (2) construction of the model of recent global plate movement; (3) methods of construction and maintenance of modern terrestrial reference frame; ?Characteristics of crustal movement and deformation in China detected by GPS surveying in recently years.
    The conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
    (1) After the comparison and analysis of 4 schemes of processing the data of large scale GPS monitoring network, the author propose a new good scheme of GPS data processing. It is thought that, with reference to the latest terrestrial reference frame, sufficient IGS stations with high quality and simultaneous surveying should be selected to unify with regional stations, and their data should be processed together, so that regional network and global network can be strongly tied. The GLORG module should be used to choose the reference stations in the combined adjustment with GLOBK program. This step can not only get the final result with reference to ITRF, but also make results stable.
    (2) The best representation of atmospheric wet zenith delay can be specified as a first-order Gauss-Markov process. It is quit necessary to pay much attention to set the parameters of Gauss-Markov process T, which, represent correlative time parameter.
    
    
    
    Usually, T should be about 3000 times larger than the time interval, not too small and not infinite, so that the wet zenith delay can be modeled correctly. Piecewise linear method can improve the repeatability in E-W component, height component and baseline length. But it can't improve apparently the repeatability of NS component. Unreasonable shortening the interval of estimating wet delay parameter can't improve effectively baseline repeatability, and the computation time will be much longer with the increasing number of unknowns.
    (3) The surveying precision of the first epoch observation of the fiducial stations and basic stations of CMONOC is good. The repeatability of daily solution is as follows: 4mm for N-S component, less than 8mm for E-W component, and less than 15mm for height component. After combined adjustment, the coordinate precision of horizontal component is 2-3 mm and the precision of height is 3-5mm. The repeatability of N-S component, E-W component, U-D component and length of baseline are 3.3mm, 5.3mm, 7.5mm and 4.3mm respectively. The relative precision of baseline is 10"9 in average. According to the similarity transformation of combined solutions of two adjacent weeks, the displacement precision is about 2.0 mm. With reference to ITRF97, the velocity error is less than 5mm within 95% confidence level.
    (4) The short-term repeatablity and long term repeatablity reflect the influences of different factors. Since the errors of sat
引文
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