渤海湾营养盐对浮游生态动力学特性影响研究
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摘要
渤海湾位于渤海的西部,属典型的缓坡淤泥质半封闭浅水海湾,与外海的水交换能力较弱。近年来,随着沿岸经济的快速发展,大量污染物通过陆源排放进入渤海湾,不仅增大了渤海湾营养盐的负荷也干扰了各种营养盐的比例。填海等海岸带开发工程影响了滨海湿地的生态功能、改变了近岸的局部流场,进一步影响了水体的交换能力。综合考虑这些内外因素,深入研究渤海湾营养盐对于浮游生态动力学特性的影响,揭示其控制机理,预测生态系统对不同营养盐状况的响应,对于制定相关对策、控制该海域的富营养化状况、促进渤海湾水生态环境的改善,推行海域的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文的主要工作是对渤海湾营养盐对浮游植物生长的影响进行较系统的研究。
首先,对渤海湾西南部典型站位表层水进行了模拟现场的营养盐加富培养实验。结果表明,磷酸盐的添加对于水样中浮游植物生长的促进作用最显著;浮游植物的增长在总体上随着氮磷比的降低而增大,增长最显著的氮磷比在5-15左右,略低于常用的Redfield比16;硝酸盐的连续性添加比一次性添加更有利于浮游植物的生长,相对于高浓度冲击性污染,低浓度持续性无机氮污染可能会产生更严重的生态影响。
然后,本文建立了一个沿水深积分的二维生态-水动力学耦合模型,模拟渤海湾近岸海域氮磷营养盐和浮游植物的动态变化。利用该模型对于渤海湾和渤海湾赤潮监控区2005的情况进行了数值模拟和模型验证,结果表明计算结果与监测结果基本符合。在上述培养实验的基础上,综合考虑水动力学、水温、光照等其他因素,利用生态水动力学模型,模拟了原型时空尺度下渤海湾天津近岸海域浮游植物生长与营养盐负荷变化间的响应关系,并以此为基础探讨营养盐排放的削减策略。结果表明在控制氮磷陆源排放的基础上,进一步控制沉积物中磷的释放是控制渤海湾富营养化状况的重要途径。
最后,通过分析渤海湾叶绿素a浓度的空间分布趋势、营养盐限制的空间差异与渤海湾水交换时间尺度的空间分布特性之间的关系,对营养盐驻留情况的生态影响进行了间接的分析。结果表明,营养盐限制的空间差异可能主要受到陆源排污的影响,而浮游植物的生物量除受到源强的影响外,与营养盐的驻留情况也有关,叶绿素a浓度分布与海水平均交换时间分布具有显著的相关关系,这表明在研究营养盐对浮游植物生长的调控作用时必须充分考虑水交换能力的影响。
Located in the western Bohai Sea, Bohai Bay is a large scale, semi-enclosed sea bay with mild slope muddy beach and shallow water. The water exchange between Bohai Bay and the central area of Bohai Sea is weak. In recent years, with the rapid economic development in the coastal region, large ammounts of pollutants were discharged into Bohai Bay through land-based sources, which not only increased the nutrient load to the bay but also changed the compsition of the nutrients. Reclamation project in the coastal region affected the ecological functions of the wetlands, changed the local flow field near the shore, which further affected the water exchange capacity. Considering these internal and external factors, to conduct intensive studies on the effects of nutrients on the phytoplankton dynamics of Bohai Bay, to reveal the control mechanisms and to predict the ecosystem responses to different nutrient status is of great significance for the control of the coastal eutrophication and the environmental remediation of this area. This work is a systematic study on the effects of nutrients on the growth of phytoplankton in Bohai Bay, which could provide important information for the sustainable development of the related areas.
Firstly, surface water of a monitoring station was sampled during a cruise in October 2010 and incubated in lab to study the effects of nutrients on the growth of phytoplankton. The results showed that the addition of phosphate into the sample could increase the growth of phytoplankton most significantly and in general the growth decreased as the N/P ratio increased. The N/P ratios favorable for the growth of phytoplankton range from 5 to 15, which are slightly lower than the Redfield ratio. A further study on the effects of nutrient addition method was conducted on nitrate, which demonstrated that the continuous addition method provided more favorable conditions for the growth of phytoplankton compared with the ordinary addition method. The results may imply the significant impact of low level continuous pollution load compared with high level discontinuous pollution load.
Then, a coupled depth-integrated two dimensional eco-hydrodynamic model was set up to simulate the dynamics of four basic ecological compartments under advection, dispersion and ecological forces. By using this model, the dynamics of these compartments in 2005 in Bohai Bay and the red tide monitoring area of Bohai Bay in particular were simulated and compared with monitoring data, which showed good agreement. As a second step, a series of numerical experiments based on this model were conducted through manipulating the model input conditions to investigate the responses of phytoplankton growth to changes in nutrient load in this area. The numerical experiments were guided by the results of the lab incubation experiments. The advantage of numerical experiments is featured by their ability to take factors other than nutrient levels (like the hydrodynamic characters) into account when investigating the responses of phytoplankton growth to changes of nutrient load and the study could be carried out on a prototype scale. Strategies for the control of the castal eutrophication problem of Bohai Bay were analyzed based on these numerical experiments. The results showed that, besides measures to reduce the land-based nutrient loads, measures to reduce the sediment-based load of phosphorus are critical for the control of the eutrophication of Bohai Bay.
Finally, the ecological impacts of nutrient retention were studied indirectly through comparison studies on the relationships of the spatial variations of the water exchange time scales and the spatial variations of the chlorophyll-a concentrations and on the relationships of the spatial variations of the water exchange time scales and the spatial variations of the nutrient limitation status. The results indicated that the spatial variations of nutrient limitation status might be affected mainly by the land-based nutrient discharge while the spatial variations of phytoplankton biomass might be affected not only by the land-based nutrient discharge but also by the water exchange time scales. Significant correlations were identified between the chlorophyll-a concentration distributions and the distributions of the average age of the sea water.
首先,对渤海湾西南部典型站位表层水进行了模拟现场的营养盐加富培养实验。结果表明,磷酸盐的添加对于水样中浮游植物生长的促进作用最显著;浮游植物的增长在总体上随着氮磷比的降低而增大,增长最显著的氮磷比在5-15左右,略低于常用的Redfield比16;硝酸盐的连续性添加比一次性添加更有利于浮游植物的生长,相对于高浓度冲击性污染,低浓度持续性无机氮污染可能会产生更严重的生态影响。
然后,本文建立了一个沿水深积分的二维生态-水动力学耦合模型,模拟渤海湾近岸海域氮磷营养盐和浮游植物的动态变化。利用该模型对于渤海湾和渤海湾赤潮监控区2005的情况进行了数值模拟和模型验证,结果表明计算结果与监测结果基本符合。在上述培养实验的基础上,综合考虑水动力学、水温、光照等其他因素,利用生态水动力学模型,模拟了原型时空尺度下渤海湾天津近岸海域浮游植物生长与营养盐负荷变化间的响应关系,并以此为基础探讨营养盐排放的削减策略。结果表明在控制氮磷陆源排放的基础上,进一步控制沉积物中磷的释放是控制渤海湾富营养化状况的重要途径。
最后,通过分析渤海湾叶绿素a浓度的空间分布趋势、营养盐限制的空间差异与渤海湾水交换时间尺度的空间分布特性之间的关系,对营养盐驻留情况的生态影响进行了间接的分析。结果表明,营养盐限制的空间差异可能主要受到陆源排污的影响,而浮游植物的生物量除受到源强的影响外,与营养盐的驻留情况也有关,叶绿素a浓度分布与海水平均交换时间分布具有显著的相关关系,这表明在研究营养盐对浮游植物生长的调控作用时必须充分考虑水交换能力的影响。
Located in the western Bohai Sea, Bohai Bay is a large scale, semi-enclosed sea bay with mild slope muddy beach and shallow water. The water exchange between Bohai Bay and the central area of Bohai Sea is weak. In recent years, with the rapid economic development in the coastal region, large ammounts of pollutants were discharged into Bohai Bay through land-based sources, which not only increased the nutrient load to the bay but also changed the compsition of the nutrients. Reclamation project in the coastal region affected the ecological functions of the wetlands, changed the local flow field near the shore, which further affected the water exchange capacity. Considering these internal and external factors, to conduct intensive studies on the effects of nutrients on the phytoplankton dynamics of Bohai Bay, to reveal the control mechanisms and to predict the ecosystem responses to different nutrient status is of great significance for the control of the coastal eutrophication and the environmental remediation of this area. This work is a systematic study on the effects of nutrients on the growth of phytoplankton in Bohai Bay, which could provide important information for the sustainable development of the related areas.
Firstly, surface water of a monitoring station was sampled during a cruise in October 2010 and incubated in lab to study the effects of nutrients on the growth of phytoplankton. The results showed that the addition of phosphate into the sample could increase the growth of phytoplankton most significantly and in general the growth decreased as the N/P ratio increased. The N/P ratios favorable for the growth of phytoplankton range from 5 to 15, which are slightly lower than the Redfield ratio. A further study on the effects of nutrient addition method was conducted on nitrate, which demonstrated that the continuous addition method provided more favorable conditions for the growth of phytoplankton compared with the ordinary addition method. The results may imply the significant impact of low level continuous pollution load compared with high level discontinuous pollution load.
Then, a coupled depth-integrated two dimensional eco-hydrodynamic model was set up to simulate the dynamics of four basic ecological compartments under advection, dispersion and ecological forces. By using this model, the dynamics of these compartments in 2005 in Bohai Bay and the red tide monitoring area of Bohai Bay in particular were simulated and compared with monitoring data, which showed good agreement. As a second step, a series of numerical experiments based on this model were conducted through manipulating the model input conditions to investigate the responses of phytoplankton growth to changes in nutrient load in this area. The numerical experiments were guided by the results of the lab incubation experiments. The advantage of numerical experiments is featured by their ability to take factors other than nutrient levels (like the hydrodynamic characters) into account when investigating the responses of phytoplankton growth to changes of nutrient load and the study could be carried out on a prototype scale. Strategies for the control of the castal eutrophication problem of Bohai Bay were analyzed based on these numerical experiments. The results showed that, besides measures to reduce the land-based nutrient loads, measures to reduce the sediment-based load of phosphorus are critical for the control of the eutrophication of Bohai Bay.
Finally, the ecological impacts of nutrient retention were studied indirectly through comparison studies on the relationships of the spatial variations of the water exchange time scales and the spatial variations of the chlorophyll-a concentrations and on the relationships of the spatial variations of the water exchange time scales and the spatial variations of the nutrient limitation status. The results indicated that the spatial variations of nutrient limitation status might be affected mainly by the land-based nutrient discharge while the spatial variations of phytoplankton biomass might be affected not only by the land-based nutrient discharge but also by the water exchange time scales. Significant correlations were identified between the chlorophyll-a concentration distributions and the distributions of the average age of the sea water.
引文
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