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隐喻中的语义迁移问题研究
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摘要
自从先哲亚里斯多德以来,隐喻研究已引起无数学者对其研究的热情。隐喻研究范围已涉及哲学、心理学、语言学等领域。主要理论为亚氏的对比论,昆提良等人的替代论,里查兹和布来克的互动论,莱考夫的认知理论及韩里德的系统功能理论。这些理论从不同侧面反映了人类对隐喻本质的认识和理解并为后人探索隐喻奥秘奠定了理论基础。
     亚里斯多德认为,隐喻是一个词代替另一个词来表达相同意义的语言手段,两者属于一种对比关系,隐喻的主要功能是修饰作用。亚氏对隐喻的定义和功能的讨论影响了其后2000多年西方修辞学对这一语言现象的解释。
     昆提良认为,隐喻实际上就是一个词去替代另一个词的修辞现象。布来克认为对比论是替代论的特例。对比论和替代论都将隐喻视为词语层次上的一种修辞方式。隐喻的功能是一种“附加的”可有可无的一种“装饰”。同时,两种理论都认为隐喻就其结构和形式来看,都是语言规则的一种偏离。
     里查兹和布来克则认为隐喻是一种新的意义的创生过程,是两个主词的相互作用的结果。他们的研究突破了传统修辞学把隐喻研究限制在词汇层面、并把隐喻看作是一种对比和意义替换的修辞现象。两人把隐喻作为一种语义现象,并把隐喻放到句子层面进行考察。
     随着研究的深入,人们对于隐喻的认识发生了质的变化:隐喻不仅是一种修辞手段,而且是人们认识事物、确立概念的一种思维方式。它存在于我们用一个思维领域对另一个思维领域概念化的方式中。
     莱考夫认为,隐喻普遍存在于我们的日常生活中,是我们赖以思维和行动的概念系统。
     韩里德则认为意义是语言形式的全部功能的复合,意义游离于语
    
    占系统的各个层面。隐喻是怠义表达的变体。他所研究的隐’俞是们问
    的所指,不同的能指。
     那么,隐喻的实质是什么?隐喻的实质就是语义迁移。语义迁移
    又是指的什么?按着利奇的定义,语义迁移指从己有的词派生出新的
    意义。笔者认为语义迁移亦应提到句子层面来分析。
     隐喻中的语义迁移涉及两个不同的概念域。目前,隐喻中的语义
    迁移理论最有影响的是概念隐喻理论和概念整合理论。概念隐喻理论
    阐述语义迁移的常规模式。隐喻中的语义迁移应具有意象图式并遵守
    恒量不变原则,而概念整合理论强调对语义迁移实时概念建构描述。
    这两种理论的共性是探讨隐喻中语义是怎么迁移的.根据莱考夫和约
    翰逊的理论,概念隐喻应分结构性语义迁移,本体性语义迁移和方向
    性语义迁移。
     实际上,西方对隐喻中的语义迁移理论建构源于亚式的实体-偶有
    性的思维模式。
     隐喻迁移的总原则应是矛盾性和同一性的对立统一。隐喻迁移的
    人9础足相似性和差异性的统一。隐喻迁移具有如1二语义特征:系统性、
    局邢性、模糊性、消晰性、有限性、无限性、及多样性,等等。
     以往的隐;喻研究,着巫问答了讼义枯如何迁移的问题。我们所业解决的问
    题廷隐if@中迁移的究竞址什么。既然隐喻与思维有大,追本溯源,隐1。向中的治
    义迁移应与亚氏所探讨的实体-偶有性这一对范贴相大。康德认为实体-偶有性属
    丁大系范呛。借助了康德的关系范畴米分析隐I愉中的恰义迁移,我们可以深入
    理解其本质。以“萨姆是狼”为例。我们说隐喻一。r(Ji义迁移应娃狼的属性迁
    移。论义迁移是把狼的偶有性迁移给了萨姆。隐喻中的洁义迁移足【恤体偶有性
    的迁移。而萨姆并不赶狼,说明狼这个实体没有发生迁移。这种迁移亦称属性
    迁移。属性迁移的一个巫要标忐是喻体中单一实体的属性向本体中单一实体的
    迁格。我们可以许定地说在隐I愉中语义所迁移的正要一类娃属性迁移。
     彻 康德的大系范呛,我们力,没有研90向体内部的IL动义系及闪人大系。换
    ;”:之,我们没有研究喻体内部两个汕w个以上实体之问大系向本体内部IIH个或
     且且
    
    两个以上实体的大系迁移。互动大系和冈人大系的语义迁移也足人(I’J思维中的
    概念织成部分。大系迁移与抬义特征(属性)迁移均为人类思维的巫要纠成部
    分。
     从另一个角度,笔者考察了塞尔的关系隐喻。他认为,关系隐喻
    不是一项独立的原则。笔者认为,关系隐喻可以构成一项独立的原则,
    并可按隐喻性词汇划分为名词性为焦点的关系迁移和动词为焦点的关
    系迁移。焦点词在句子中完全丧失了字面意义,蕴涵着关系意义。焦
    点词与周围词的相互作用构成了关系隐喻。但关系迁移需经过句型转
    换,才能找到真正的本体和喻体。经研究后,我们发现,在塞尔的
    关系隐喻中办是两个或两个以上实体的关系迁移到本体的两个或两个
    以上实体之间的关系上去。
     笔者经过对大量中英文语料进行相关的分析,证明了关系迁移的
    存在。回此笔者认为隐11俞中所迁移的是属性和关系这两大类。
Since Aristotle, studies in metaphor have stimulated the enthusiasm of research of many scholars. The studies in metaphor involve the world of philosophy, psychology and linguistics, etc. The main theories are Aristotle' s comparison theory, Quintillion' s substitution theory, Richard and Black' s semantic interaction theory, Lakoff s cognitive theory, and Halliday' s systemic functional theory. All the theories reflect the understanding of the essence of metaphor and lay a solid foundation for the further exploration of the mystery of metaphor.
    Aristotelian theory holds that metaphor is a word replaced by another to express the same meaning. The relation between the two words is comparison. The main function of metaphor is rhetoric. Aristotle' s definition of metaphor and the discussion of its function have influenced the interpretation of the western rhetoric theory of the metaphorical phenomenon.
    Quintillion thinks that in fact, metaphor is a rhetoric phenomenon, which is a word replaced by another. Black believes the comparison theory is a special case of the substitution theory. Both theories picture metaphor as rhetoric means on the word level. The function of metaphor is 'supplementary' and 'ornamental' . Considering the metaphorical structure and form, they are deviation of linguistic rules.
    Richard and Black believe metaphor is a process of creating
    
    
    
    new meaning, which is a result of the interaction between two subjects. Their studies are beyond the traditional rhetoric studies confining the studies of metaphor to the word level and viewing metaphor as the rhetoric phenomenon of meaning comparison and substitution. However, Richard and Black regard metaphor as the semantic phenomenon and bring the study of metaphor on the sentence level.
    With the further study of metaphor, people have made a qualitative change on metaphor. It is not only the rhetoric means, but also ways of conceptualizing things. It exists in people' s mind in which we use one realm of concepts to conceptualize another.
    Lakoff thinks metaphor, which is pervasive in our daily life, is the conceptual system of thought and action we live by.
    llalliday holds that meaning is the whole complex of functions of which a linguistic form may have. Metaphor is the variation in the expression of meanings. What he studies is the same 'signified' but different 'signil'ier' . Then, what is the essence of metaphor? The essence of metaphor is the transference of meaning.
    What is the definition of transference of meaning? According to Leech, it is that from the existing word, the new word will be derived.
    The metaphorical transference involves two different kinds of conceptual domains. At present, the most influential theories are conceptual metaphor theory and blended theory. Conceptual metaphor theory centers on the study of conventional mode of
    
    
    
    metaphor. In metaphor, there is an image-schema, and it also obeys the invariance principle. Blended theory centers on the description of on-line construction of concepts of transference of meaning. The common features of the two theories answer the question how the meaning is transferred in metaphor. According to Lakoff and Johnson, there are three types of metaphorical transference of meaning: they are meaning transference of structure metaphors, ontological metaphors and orientational metaphors.
    Actually, the construction of western theory of metaphorical transference of meaning can be traced back to the thinking mode of Aristotle: the study of substance and accidents.
    The general principle of metaphorical transference of meaning should be unity of opposites of contraction and identi ty. The base of metaphorical transference of meaning should be the unity of similarities and differences. Metaphorical transference of meaning has the following semantic features: the transference of systematization, partiality, ambiguity, clearness, finiteness, infiniteness, and variety, etc.
    Great attention has been paid to how meaning is transferred in the past. But this thesis is c
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