对跨文化交际中隐私意识的研究
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摘要
全球化的迅猛发展促进了不同文化之间的互动和交流。在文化间的碰撞中逐步显现出一些文化共性,同时一些影响文化交流的障碍也昭然跃出。隐私作为一种文化价值观念,在中西文化中差异度较大。在个体主义为主的西方文化中比较强调个人隐私,而在集体主义文化为主的中国文化中比较强调集体隐私,人际之间交往不太关注个人隐私。隐私问题已成为中西方交流中的一个重要文化差异点和障碍,是一个跨文化交际者不得不面对的问题。而在以往的研究中,对隐私的研究往往停留在表层,关注隐私权有余,探寻隐私意识略显不足;追究现象多,挖掘原因少;模式固见多,新颖发现少。
本研究以西方的隐私理论和研究成果为参照,从跨文化交际的角度研究中国人的隐私状况。从定量研究的方法入手,对交际中的隐私意识、程度、表现以及维护机制进行了调查。调查对象是在校大学生和企业员工两个群体。调查问卷采用利克特量级形式,利用SPSS软件导出数据,然后从性别、年龄等因素,分析和对比获得的数据。最后基于文化价值观,用霍夫斯泰德(Geert Hofstede)的文化维度理论解释隐私意识的表现及深层原因。
学界普遍认为中国文化是典型的集体主义文化,在集体内部个人是没有隐私意识的。然而本研究发现随着全球化的浪潮和中国社会经济的发展,中国人的隐私意识逐渐得到强化,尤其表现在中、青年人身上;其强弱程度与所处组织的权利距的高低、个人的年龄层次及性别都具有密切关系;隐私的程度直接影响着人际关系的亲密度和交往频率。人际间的隐私越多,其关系越趋于淡漠,交往频率越低。相反,人际间隐私越少,其关系越趋于亲密,交往频率越高;虽然人们用以维护隐私的机制各有不同,但是沉默是诸机制中的重要手段。
理清中国人的隐私意识及其缘由既是对隐私研究在理论上的深化,也对有效地进行跨文化交际的实践具有借鉴意义。此项工作会为以后的研究起到铺垫作用。
The rapid development of globalization promotes exchanges and understanding among different cultures. In the background that poly cultures collide each other, on the one hand some common features among different cultures are gradually turning out, on the other hand barriers influencing intercultural communication are emerging. Privacy, as a cultural value, is with significant differences in the cultures of East and West. Western cultures with individualism focus on privacy and Chinese culture with collectivism is more attentive to private affairs of the group. Moreover, in Chinese culture, less attention is focused on individual privacy in communication. Privacy issue has been an important cultural difference and main obstacle in communication between China and the west, which people have to face in intercultural communication. However, in the previous studies, the study on privacy is confined into the surface. The right of privacy tends to be paid more attention, but seldom has the study attached importance to privacy awareness. There are many phenomena and few reasons, many stereotypes and few findings.
This research, based on theories and achivements of privacy in west countries, make a study on Chinese privacy from the perspective of intercultural communication. Beginning with quantitative study, privacy awareness, the degree, manifestation and protection are investigated. The subjects for this investigation are two separate samples: one is enterprise staff, and the other is university students. There is Likert scale in the questionnaire. Differences between them are analyzed using SPSS software regard of gender and age. Finally, the author discusses the performance and the underlying causes by applying cultural dimensions on culture values.
It is universally acknowledged that people are lacking privacy awareness in Chinese culture with typical collectivism in the academic world. However, it is found in this research that with the accelerating pace of globalization and the development of economy, Chinese privacy awareness gets reinforced, especially for middle-aged and young ones. And privacy awareness correlates closely with power distance of the organization, age group and gender. Privacy influences interpersonal relations and intercourse frequency directly. The more privacy people have, the more indifference they perform, and the lower intercourse frequency they get and vice versa. Mechanism that protects privacy is in its own way for everyone but silence is an important means among them.
A better understanding of Chinese privacy awareness and its reason not only deepen the theory for privacy study but also provides certain reference value to effective communication. It will pave the way for next reseach.
本研究以西方的隐私理论和研究成果为参照,从跨文化交际的角度研究中国人的隐私状况。从定量研究的方法入手,对交际中的隐私意识、程度、表现以及维护机制进行了调查。调查对象是在校大学生和企业员工两个群体。调查问卷采用利克特量级形式,利用SPSS软件导出数据,然后从性别、年龄等因素,分析和对比获得的数据。最后基于文化价值观,用霍夫斯泰德(Geert Hofstede)的文化维度理论解释隐私意识的表现及深层原因。
学界普遍认为中国文化是典型的集体主义文化,在集体内部个人是没有隐私意识的。然而本研究发现随着全球化的浪潮和中国社会经济的发展,中国人的隐私意识逐渐得到强化,尤其表现在中、青年人身上;其强弱程度与所处组织的权利距的高低、个人的年龄层次及性别都具有密切关系;隐私的程度直接影响着人际关系的亲密度和交往频率。人际间的隐私越多,其关系越趋于淡漠,交往频率越低。相反,人际间隐私越少,其关系越趋于亲密,交往频率越高;虽然人们用以维护隐私的机制各有不同,但是沉默是诸机制中的重要手段。
理清中国人的隐私意识及其缘由既是对隐私研究在理论上的深化,也对有效地进行跨文化交际的实践具有借鉴意义。此项工作会为以后的研究起到铺垫作用。
The rapid development of globalization promotes exchanges and understanding among different cultures. In the background that poly cultures collide each other, on the one hand some common features among different cultures are gradually turning out, on the other hand barriers influencing intercultural communication are emerging. Privacy, as a cultural value, is with significant differences in the cultures of East and West. Western cultures with individualism focus on privacy and Chinese culture with collectivism is more attentive to private affairs of the group. Moreover, in Chinese culture, less attention is focused on individual privacy in communication. Privacy issue has been an important cultural difference and main obstacle in communication between China and the west, which people have to face in intercultural communication. However, in the previous studies, the study on privacy is confined into the surface. The right of privacy tends to be paid more attention, but seldom has the study attached importance to privacy awareness. There are many phenomena and few reasons, many stereotypes and few findings.
This research, based on theories and achivements of privacy in west countries, make a study on Chinese privacy from the perspective of intercultural communication. Beginning with quantitative study, privacy awareness, the degree, manifestation and protection are investigated. The subjects for this investigation are two separate samples: one is enterprise staff, and the other is university students. There is Likert scale in the questionnaire. Differences between them are analyzed using SPSS software regard of gender and age. Finally, the author discusses the performance and the underlying causes by applying cultural dimensions on culture values.
It is universally acknowledged that people are lacking privacy awareness in Chinese culture with typical collectivism in the academic world. However, it is found in this research that with the accelerating pace of globalization and the development of economy, Chinese privacy awareness gets reinforced, especially for middle-aged and young ones. And privacy awareness correlates closely with power distance of the organization, age group and gender. Privacy influences interpersonal relations and intercourse frequency directly. The more privacy people have, the more indifference they perform, and the lower intercourse frequency they get and vice versa. Mechanism that protects privacy is in its own way for everyone but silence is an important means among them.
A better understanding of Chinese privacy awareness and its reason not only deepen the theory for privacy study but also provides certain reference value to effective communication. It will pave the way for next reseach.
引文
Alessandro, A & J. Grossklags. 2004. Privacy Attitudes and Privacy Behavior [On-line]. Available Telnet: heinz.cmu.edu.
Allen, A. 1998, Uneasy Access: Privacy for Women in a Free Society. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield.
Benjamin, S. & N. Robert. 2004. Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care—8th edition. Newyork: Pocket.
Bloustein, E. 1964. Privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity: An Answer to Dean Prosser. New York University Law Review, 39, pp. 62-107.
Bond, M. & S. Wang. 1983. Aggressive behavior in Chinese society: The problem of maintaining order and harmony. In Goldstein, A. & M. Segall. (Eds.), Golbal Perspectives on Aggression. pp. 58-74. New York: Pergamon.
Bork, R. 1990. The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Chadwick, P. 2006, The Value of Privacy, [On-line]. Available Telnet: portal.acm.org.
Chen, F. 2007. Chinese and American views on privacy. US-China Foreign Language, 5(4), pp77-81.
Chen, G. 2002. The impact of harmony on Chinese conflict management. In Chen.G. & R. Ma (Eds.), Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution. pp.163-175. Westport, Conn: Ablex.
DeCew, J. 1997. In Pursuit of Privacy: Law, Ethics, and the Rise of Technology, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Deng, Y. & R. Liu. 1989. Language and Culture --- a Cultural Comparison between English and Chinese (In Chinese). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press (邓炎昌,刘润清,《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》,北京:外语教学与语言研究出版社。)
Ferraro, G. 1990. The Cultural Dimension of International Business. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Floridi, L. 2006. Four Challenges for a Theory of Informational Privacy. Ethics and Information Technology, 8(3), pp. 109-119.
Fu, J. & Y. Wen. 2002. Two cases of the cultural difference between China and English-speaking countries. Journal of Sichuan Teachers College, No.1,
pp-83-87. (傅继华,文映宇,汉英文化差异二则,《四川师范学院学报》2002年第1期。)
Gavison, R. 1980. Privacy and the Limits of Law. Yale Law Journal, 89, pp. 21-71.
Gudykunst, W., Y. Matsumoto., S. Ting-Toomey., T. Nishida., K. Kim. & S. Heyman. 1996. The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self-construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research, No. 22, pp. 510-543.
Hall, T. 1976. Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday.
He, D. 1996. Chinese Privacy. Journal of Shenzhen University, No.4, pp. 82-89. (何道宽,简论中国人的隐私,《深圳大学学报》第4期。)
Henkin, L. 1974. Privacy and Autonomy. Columbia Law Review, 74(14), pp. 10-33.
Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
Hofstede, G. & M. Bond. 1988. The Confucius connection: from cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), pp. 4-21.
Hofstede, G., 1991. Cultures and Organizations. London: MacGraw-Hill.
Hu, W. 1993. Aspects of Cross-cultural Communication (In Chinese). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.(胡文仲,《跨文化交际面面观》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
Inglehart, R. 1998. Comparing values across cultures. In J. W. van Deth (Ed.),Comparative politics: The problem of equivalence. pp. 61-85. London: Routledge.
Inness, J. 1992. Privacy, Intimacy and Isolation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jia, Y. 1997. Studies on Intercultural Communication(In Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.(贾玉新,《跨文化交际学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社。)
Jin, M. 2004. Cultural Globalization and the Chinese Popular Culture (In Chinese). Beijing: People Press. (金民卿,《文化全球化与中国大众文化》,北京:人民出版社。)
Kim, M. S., J. E. Hunter., A. Miyahara., A. Horvath., M. Bresnahan., & H. Yoon. 1996. Individual vs. cultural level dimensions of individualism and collectivism: Effect on preferred conversational styles. Communication Monographs, No. 63, pp. 29-47.
Kim, M. S. 1999. Cross-cultural perspectives on motivations of verbal communication: Review, critique, and a theoretical framework. Communication Yearbook, No. 22, pp. 51-89.
Kluckhohn, R. & F. Strodtbeck. 1961. Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, IL. Row, Peterson.
Knack, S. & P. Keefer. 1997. Does social capitall have an economic payoff? A Cross-country investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), pp.1251-1288.
Kupfer, J. 1987, privacy, Autonomy and Self-Concept, American Philosophical Quarterly, No. 24, pp: 81-89.
Leung, K. & M. Bond. 1984. The Impact of Cultural Collectivism on Reward Allocation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, No. 47, pp. 793-804.
Leung, K., P. T. Koch. & L. Lu. 2002. A dualistic model of harmony and its implications of conflict management in Asia. Asia Pacific Journal ofManagement, No. 19, pp. 201-220.
Li, H. & L. Liu. 2006. Cultural Differences of Chinese and American Views on Privacy. Data of Culture and Education, No.7, pp. 82-83. (李洪涛,刘玲玲,中美隐私观所折射的文化差异,《文教资料》第7期。)
Lim, J. 2004. The Role of Power Distance and Explanation Facility in Online Bargaining Utilizing Software Agents. Journal of Global Information Management, 12(2), pp. 27-43.
Moore, A. 2003. Privacy: Its Meaning and Value. American Philosophical Quarterly, No. 40, pp. 215-227.
Parent, W. 1983. Privacy, Morality and the Law. Philosophy and Public Affairs, No. 12, pp. 69-88.
Parson, T. 1989. The Social System. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Probst, M. & J. Lawler. 2006. Cultural values as moderators of the outcomes of job insecurity: the role of individualism and collectivism. Applied Psychology: An International Review, No. 55, pp. 234-254.
Rachels, J. 1975. Why Privacy is Important. Philosophy and Public Affairs, No. 4, pp. 23-33.
Schoeman, F (Ed.), 1984, Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smith. R. 2000. Ben Franklin’s Web Site: Privacy and Curiosity from Plymouth Rock to the Internet, Washington: Privacy Journal.
Syverson, P. 2003. The Paradoxical Value of Privacy, [On-line]. Available Telnet: cpppe.umd.edu.
Thomson, J. 1975. The Right to Privacy. Philosophy and Public Affairs, No. 4, pp. 295-314.
Ting-Toomey, S. & A. Kurogi. 1998. Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, No. 22, pp. 187-225.
Ting-Toomey, S. 2007. Communicating Across Cultures. Shanghai :Shanghaiforeign language education press.
Tong, R. (Ed). 1990. Chinese Civil Law (In Chinese). Beijing: The Press of Laws. (佟柔,《中国民法》,北京:法律出版社。)
Triandis, H. 1995. Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Tu, S. & Y. Chang. 2000. Women’s and Men’s Gender Role Attitudes in Coastal China and Taiwan. [On-line]. Available Telnet: survey.sinica.edu.
Wang, L. (Ed) 1994. Restatement of the Law of Rights of the Person (In Chinese). Changchun: Jilin People’s Press. (王利明,《人格权法新论》,吉林人民出版社。)
Wang, J. 2007. Intercultural Differences and Chinese-Western Cultural Differences. Academic Exchange, No.2, pp. 24-25. (王俊霞,跨文化交际与中西文化差异,《学术交流》第2期。)
Wang, L. & L.Yang (Eds). 1997. The Law of the Rights of the Person (In Chinese). Beijing: The Press of Laws. (王利明,杨立新,《人格权法》,法律出版社。)
Wang, Z. 2006. On Privacy from the Angle between Philosophy and Culture. Journal of Nanchang University, 37(1), pp. 9-12. (王治东,哲学和文化视角下隐私问题的探析,《南昌大学学报》第37卷第1期。)
Warren, S. & L. Brandeis. 1890. The Right to Privacy. Harvard Law Review, 3(5), pp. 193-220.
Westin, A., 1967, Privacy and Freedom, New York: Atheneum Yuan, Z. 2004. Comparison of privacy views of China and America. Journal of Anhui Vocational College of Police officers, 3(1), pp. 30-31. (袁自聪,中美隐私观比较,《安徽警官职业学院学报》第3卷第1期。)
Zhang, D. & Y. Chen. 1990. Chinese Culture and Cultural Debate (In Chinese). Beijing: China Renmin University Press. (张岱年,程宜山.《中国文化与文化争论》,中国人民大学出版社。)
Zhang, Q. 2005. Chinese Traditional Culture (In Chinese). Beijing: Higher
Education Press. (张岂之,《中国传统文化》,高等教育出版社。) Zhang, X. 1990. On the Right to Privacy. Journal of Law, No. 3, pp. 10-12 (张新宝,隐私权研究,《法学研究》第3期。)
http://bbs.chinadaily.com.cn
Allen, A. 1998, Uneasy Access: Privacy for Women in a Free Society. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield.
Benjamin, S. & N. Robert. 2004. Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care—8th edition. Newyork: Pocket.
Bloustein, E. 1964. Privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity: An Answer to Dean Prosser. New York University Law Review, 39, pp. 62-107.
Bond, M. & S. Wang. 1983. Aggressive behavior in Chinese society: The problem of maintaining order and harmony. In Goldstein, A. & M. Segall. (Eds.), Golbal Perspectives on Aggression. pp. 58-74. New York: Pergamon.
Bork, R. 1990. The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Chadwick, P. 2006, The Value of Privacy, [On-line]. Available Telnet: portal.acm.org.
Chen, F. 2007. Chinese and American views on privacy. US-China Foreign Language, 5(4), pp77-81.
Chen, G. 2002. The impact of harmony on Chinese conflict management. In Chen.G. & R. Ma (Eds.), Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution. pp.163-175. Westport, Conn: Ablex.
DeCew, J. 1997. In Pursuit of Privacy: Law, Ethics, and the Rise of Technology, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Deng, Y. & R. Liu. 1989. Language and Culture --- a Cultural Comparison between English and Chinese (In Chinese). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press (邓炎昌,刘润清,《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》,北京:外语教学与语言研究出版社。)
Ferraro, G. 1990. The Cultural Dimension of International Business. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Floridi, L. 2006. Four Challenges for a Theory of Informational Privacy. Ethics and Information Technology, 8(3), pp. 109-119.
Fu, J. & Y. Wen. 2002. Two cases of the cultural difference between China and English-speaking countries. Journal of Sichuan Teachers College, No.1,
pp-83-87. (傅继华,文映宇,汉英文化差异二则,《四川师范学院学报》2002年第1期。)
Gavison, R. 1980. Privacy and the Limits of Law. Yale Law Journal, 89, pp. 21-71.
Gudykunst, W., Y. Matsumoto., S. Ting-Toomey., T. Nishida., K. Kim. & S. Heyman. 1996. The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self-construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures. Human Communication Research, No. 22, pp. 510-543.
Hall, T. 1976. Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday.
He, D. 1996. Chinese Privacy. Journal of Shenzhen University, No.4, pp. 82-89. (何道宽,简论中国人的隐私,《深圳大学学报》第4期。)
Henkin, L. 1974. Privacy and Autonomy. Columbia Law Review, 74(14), pp. 10-33.
Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
Hofstede, G. & M. Bond. 1988. The Confucius connection: from cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), pp. 4-21.
Hofstede, G., 1991. Cultures and Organizations. London: MacGraw-Hill.
Hu, W. 1993. Aspects of Cross-cultural Communication (In Chinese). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.(胡文仲,《跨文化交际面面观》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社。)
Inglehart, R. 1998. Comparing values across cultures. In J. W. van Deth (Ed.),Comparative politics: The problem of equivalence. pp. 61-85. London: Routledge.
Inness, J. 1992. Privacy, Intimacy and Isolation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jia, Y. 1997. Studies on Intercultural Communication(In Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.(贾玉新,《跨文化交际学》,上海:上海外语教育出版社。)
Jin, M. 2004. Cultural Globalization and the Chinese Popular Culture (In Chinese). Beijing: People Press. (金民卿,《文化全球化与中国大众文化》,北京:人民出版社。)
Kim, M. S., J. E. Hunter., A. Miyahara., A. Horvath., M. Bresnahan., & H. Yoon. 1996. Individual vs. cultural level dimensions of individualism and collectivism: Effect on preferred conversational styles. Communication Monographs, No. 63, pp. 29-47.
Kim, M. S. 1999. Cross-cultural perspectives on motivations of verbal communication: Review, critique, and a theoretical framework. Communication Yearbook, No. 22, pp. 51-89.
Kluckhohn, R. & F. Strodtbeck. 1961. Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, IL. Row, Peterson.
Knack, S. & P. Keefer. 1997. Does social capitall have an economic payoff? A Cross-country investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), pp.1251-1288.
Kupfer, J. 1987, privacy, Autonomy and Self-Concept, American Philosophical Quarterly, No. 24, pp: 81-89.
Leung, K. & M. Bond. 1984. The Impact of Cultural Collectivism on Reward Allocation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, No. 47, pp. 793-804.
Leung, K., P. T. Koch. & L. Lu. 2002. A dualistic model of harmony and its implications of conflict management in Asia. Asia Pacific Journal ofManagement, No. 19, pp. 201-220.
Li, H. & L. Liu. 2006. Cultural Differences of Chinese and American Views on Privacy. Data of Culture and Education, No.7, pp. 82-83. (李洪涛,刘玲玲,中美隐私观所折射的文化差异,《文教资料》第7期。)
Lim, J. 2004. The Role of Power Distance and Explanation Facility in Online Bargaining Utilizing Software Agents. Journal of Global Information Management, 12(2), pp. 27-43.
Moore, A. 2003. Privacy: Its Meaning and Value. American Philosophical Quarterly, No. 40, pp. 215-227.
Parent, W. 1983. Privacy, Morality and the Law. Philosophy and Public Affairs, No. 12, pp. 69-88.
Parson, T. 1989. The Social System. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Probst, M. & J. Lawler. 2006. Cultural values as moderators of the outcomes of job insecurity: the role of individualism and collectivism. Applied Psychology: An International Review, No. 55, pp. 234-254.
Rachels, J. 1975. Why Privacy is Important. Philosophy and Public Affairs, No. 4, pp. 23-33.
Schoeman, F (Ed.), 1984, Philosophical Dimensions of Privacy: An Anthology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Smith. R. 2000. Ben Franklin’s Web Site: Privacy and Curiosity from Plymouth Rock to the Internet, Washington: Privacy Journal.
Syverson, P. 2003. The Paradoxical Value of Privacy, [On-line]. Available Telnet: cpppe.umd.edu.
Thomson, J. 1975. The Right to Privacy. Philosophy and Public Affairs, No. 4, pp. 295-314.
Ting-Toomey, S. & A. Kurogi. 1998. Facework competence in intercultural conflict: An updated face-negotiation theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, No. 22, pp. 187-225.
Ting-Toomey, S. 2007. Communicating Across Cultures. Shanghai :Shanghaiforeign language education press.
Tong, R. (Ed). 1990. Chinese Civil Law (In Chinese). Beijing: The Press of Laws. (佟柔,《中国民法》,北京:法律出版社。)
Triandis, H. 1995. Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Tu, S. & Y. Chang. 2000. Women’s and Men’s Gender Role Attitudes in Coastal China and Taiwan. [On-line]. Available Telnet: survey.sinica.edu.
Wang, L. (Ed) 1994. Restatement of the Law of Rights of the Person (In Chinese). Changchun: Jilin People’s Press. (王利明,《人格权法新论》,吉林人民出版社。)
Wang, J. 2007. Intercultural Differences and Chinese-Western Cultural Differences. Academic Exchange, No.2, pp. 24-25. (王俊霞,跨文化交际与中西文化差异,《学术交流》第2期。)
Wang, L. & L.Yang (Eds). 1997. The Law of the Rights of the Person (In Chinese). Beijing: The Press of Laws. (王利明,杨立新,《人格权法》,法律出版社。)
Wang, Z. 2006. On Privacy from the Angle between Philosophy and Culture. Journal of Nanchang University, 37(1), pp. 9-12. (王治东,哲学和文化视角下隐私问题的探析,《南昌大学学报》第37卷第1期。)
Warren, S. & L. Brandeis. 1890. The Right to Privacy. Harvard Law Review, 3(5), pp. 193-220.
Westin, A., 1967, Privacy and Freedom, New York: Atheneum Yuan, Z. 2004. Comparison of privacy views of China and America. Journal of Anhui Vocational College of Police officers, 3(1), pp. 30-31. (袁自聪,中美隐私观比较,《安徽警官职业学院学报》第3卷第1期。)
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