基于VRML的虚拟地理场景建模方法的研究
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摘要
三维模型是虚拟地理场景的基本要素,三维建模技术的研究一直伴随虚拟地理场景可视化技术发展的整个过程。本文基于VRML语言对虚拟地理场景建模的理论和方法作较深入的研究和探讨,并对几种不同的空间数据模型的构建分别进行研究。
(1)本文利用VRML作为开发语言,进行地形建模研究。分别以DEM的两种组织方式GRID和TIN进行三维地形模型的建立。对地形纹理映射方法进行了研究,并提出了基于VRML的地形数据简化算法。
(2)对建筑物的CSG建模方法进行了探讨。利用VRML语言实现了建筑物CSG建模,并提出了建筑物模型纹理映射合理有效的方法。
(3)基于VRML语言实现了Billboard、十字交叉法和L系统的三维树木建模。Billboard、十字交叉法适用于大规模场景树木的显示,并可以提高显示速度。L系统树木模型逼真、自然。
文章最后对所研究的工作进行了总结,并提出了进一步研究的内容。
The three-dimensional model is the basic element of the virtual geographical scene. The research of modeling technology has been following the whole course of the visual technical development of the virtual geographical scene all the time. This paper makes deeper research and discussion to virtual geographical scene theory and method of modeling, and research respectively on the construction of several different kinds of space data models based on VRML language.
(1) This paper studies to terrain modeling with VRML as the developing language, and builds the three-dimension terrain model in two kinds of organizations ways which are GRID and TIN of DEM separately, and research to terrain texture mapping. It advances a algorithm of VRML of simplify terrain data.
(2) This paper discusses the method of CSG modeling. Building CSG modeling is built by VRML, the texture mapping of the building model is advanced in reason.
(3) The paper realizes three-dimensional trees modeling of Billboard, Doubleboarding and L-System based on VRML. Billboard and Doubleboarding are applicable to the display of the extensive trees scene, and improve the speed of display. L-system trees model is lifelike, nature.
At last, the paper summarizes conclusion of research, put forward the content further studying.
(1)本文利用VRML作为开发语言,进行地形建模研究。分别以DEM的两种组织方式GRID和TIN进行三维地形模型的建立。对地形纹理映射方法进行了研究,并提出了基于VRML的地形数据简化算法。
(2)对建筑物的CSG建模方法进行了探讨。利用VRML语言实现了建筑物CSG建模,并提出了建筑物模型纹理映射合理有效的方法。
(3)基于VRML语言实现了Billboard、十字交叉法和L系统的三维树木建模。Billboard、十字交叉法适用于大规模场景树木的显示,并可以提高显示速度。L系统树木模型逼真、自然。
文章最后对所研究的工作进行了总结,并提出了进一步研究的内容。
The three-dimensional model is the basic element of the virtual geographical scene. The research of modeling technology has been following the whole course of the visual technical development of the virtual geographical scene all the time. This paper makes deeper research and discussion to virtual geographical scene theory and method of modeling, and research respectively on the construction of several different kinds of space data models based on VRML language.
(1) This paper studies to terrain modeling with VRML as the developing language, and builds the three-dimension terrain model in two kinds of organizations ways which are GRID and TIN of DEM separately, and research to terrain texture mapping. It advances a algorithm of VRML of simplify terrain data.
(2) This paper discusses the method of CSG modeling. Building CSG modeling is built by VRML, the texture mapping of the building model is advanced in reason.
(3) The paper realizes three-dimensional trees modeling of Billboard, Doubleboarding and L-System based on VRML. Billboard and Doubleboarding are applicable to the display of the extensive trees scene, and improve the speed of display. L-system trees model is lifelike, nature.
At last, the paper summarizes conclusion of research, put forward the content further studying.
引文
[1]陈述彭,鲁学军,周成虎.地理信息系统导论[M].北京:科学出版社.1999.
[2]边馥苓.地理信息系统原理和方法[M].北京:测绘出版社.1998.
[3]曾建超.虚拟现实的技术及其应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1996.
[4]邓红艳,武芳,殷畅.虚拟现实地理信息系统(VRGIS)-GIS研究的新领域[J].计算机应用研究,2002,19(9):33-35.
[5]谢传节,周成虎,林珲.基于XML和CORBAR的网络虚拟GIS设计.http://www.vgelab.org/
[6]冯德俊,张献州,张文君.虚拟现实技术在地理信息系统中的应用.四川测绘[J],2001,24(2):50-54.
[7]Johnathan Raper,Timothy McCarthy,David Unwin.Multi Dimensional Virtual Reality Geographic Information Systems(VRGIS):Research Guidelines[A].Proceedings of GISRUK 98[C],University of Edinburgh School of Geography,1998.
[8]龚建华,林珲,《虚拟地理环境-在线虚拟现实的地理学透视》[M].北京:高等教育出版社.2001.
[9]林晖,龚建华,施晶晶,从地图到GIS与虚拟地理环境-试论地理学语言的演变,http://www.vgelab.org/
[10]李清泉.杨必胜等.三维空间数据的实时获取、建模和可视化[M].武汉:武大出版社.2003.
[11]修文群.地理信息系统数字化城市建设指南[M].北京希望电子出版社,2001.
[12]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,2000.140-163.
[13]张帆.房地产网上销售及虚拟漫游系统中若干关键技术的应用研究[D].硕士学位论文.浙江大学.2003.
[14]万剑华,郑红霞.基于VRML的虚拟校园中三维景观建模[J].计算机应用与软件,Vol21,2004.
[15]Alan M.Gaines.Digital Earth:Future Goals,1999.
[16]赵永军,李汉林,王海起.GIS三维空间数据模型的发展与集成[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(5):24-29.
[17]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维GIS混合数据结构研究[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2):128-133.
[18]马大喜.关于三维城市模型数据获取的研究[J].科技情报开发与经济.2007,17(2).
[19]隋刚,刘国栋,张锦,CSG方法在建筑物三维建模中的应用研究[J].太原理工大学学报.2003 Vol.34 No.06P.691-693,718.
[20]齐民,郝重阳,伶明安.中国图像图形学报[J].2000,4(5):269-275.
[21]荆仁杰,计算机图像处理[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1988.
[22]李志林、朱庆著,数字高程模型[M].武汉测绘科技大学出版社.2000.
[23]De Floriani Leila,Paola Magillo,Enrico Puppo,VARIANT:A System for Terrain Modeling at Variable Resolution[M].Geo informatics.2000.4(3) 287-315.
[24]Shelboum M,Aouad G,Hoxley M,An Integrated Reality and Case-Based Reasoning Model for Training in Building Pathology[J].In 1998IEEE conference on information visualization(edited by Ebad Banissi,Farzad Khosrowshahi,Muhammad sarfraz).IEEE Computer Society.Los Alamitos,California,1998.
[25]刘修国,张剑波.基于DEM库的地表模型实时简化方法[J].小型微型计算机系统,2004,25(2):280-282.
[26]Douglas,D.H.Experiments to Locate Ridges and Channels to Create a New Type of Digital Elevation Model[J].Cartographica 23(4),1986,29-61.
[27]Fowler,R.J.,Little,J.J.Automatic Extraction of Irregular Network Digital Terrain Models[J].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 79.In Computer GraPhics 13(2),144-151.
[28]L.De Floriani,E.Puppo,Hierarchical Triangulation for Multiresolution Surface Description[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,14(4),1995,363-411.
[29]L.De Floriani,P.Magillo,E.Puppo,Building and Traversing a Surface at Variable Resolution[M].Proceedings IEEE Visualization,97,1997 81-88.
[30]杨佩理.地理数据可视化的数据库模型结构与算法[J].沙洲职业工学院学报.1009-8429(2000)02-0013-04.
[31]陈爱军,徐光裕,史元春,基于城市航空立体像对的全自动三维建筑物建模.
[32]ChristoPhe Vestri,Using Robust Methods for Automatic Extraction of Buildings.
[33]Requicha A A G,Voelcker H B.Solid modeling:A 3-D Historical Summary and Contemporary Assessment[J].IEEE CG&A,1983;3(10)
[34]万剑华,潘正风,李清泉.基于VRML的虚拟城市的建立[J].测绘通报.2002.
[35]王晨昊.地理环境建模关键技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.国防科技大学.2005.
[36]李春光.城市景观三维重建与可视化表达[D].硕士学位论文.武汉大学.2004.
[37]刘志强.浅谈基于GIS系统的虚拟现实技术[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,26(3):87-90.
[38]洪炳镕、蔡则苏、唐好选.虚拟现实及其应用[M].国防工业出版社.2005.
[39]胡小强.虚拟现实技术[M].北京邮电大学出版社.2005.
[40]Grigore C.Burdea、Philippe Coiffet.Virtual Reality Technology (Second Edition)[M].Publishing House of Electronics Industry 2005.7.
[41]申蔚、夏立文.虚拟现实技术[M].北京希望电子出版社.2002.09.
[42]王英杰、袁勘省、于卓渊.多维动态地学信息可视化[M].科学出版 社.2003.
[43]樊小泊.虚拟GIS下可视化建模技术研究[D].长沙:中南大学.2002.
[44]孙敏,陈军.三维城市建模的数据获取方法评述[J].测绘通报,2000.11:4-6.
[45]王继周.城市景观三维重建理论与方法.武汉大学博士学位论文[D],2003.
[46]屈年赦.三维建模和可视化方法的研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学,2005.
[47]夏永华.三维场景系统的研究与开发[D].昆明理工大学,2004.
[48]徐诚.虚拟校园漫游系统的研究[D].华中师范大学,2006.
[49]余军.城市三维景观建模与VRML浏览的实现[D].西南交通大学,2006.
[50]何婧.地学三维建模技术[J].计算机应用,2006,24(239):33-35.
[51]朱军.基于VRML的大型地形环境建模研究[D].西南交通大学,2003.
[2]边馥苓.地理信息系统原理和方法[M].北京:测绘出版社.1998.
[3]曾建超.虚拟现实的技术及其应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.1996.
[4]邓红艳,武芳,殷畅.虚拟现实地理信息系统(VRGIS)-GIS研究的新领域[J].计算机应用研究,2002,19(9):33-35.
[5]谢传节,周成虎,林珲.基于XML和CORBAR的网络虚拟GIS设计.http://www.vgelab.org/
[6]冯德俊,张献州,张文君.虚拟现实技术在地理信息系统中的应用.四川测绘[J],2001,24(2):50-54.
[7]Johnathan Raper,Timothy McCarthy,David Unwin.Multi Dimensional Virtual Reality Geographic Information Systems(VRGIS):Research Guidelines[A].Proceedings of GISRUK 98[C],University of Edinburgh School of Geography,1998.
[8]龚建华,林珲,《虚拟地理环境-在线虚拟现实的地理学透视》[M].北京:高等教育出版社.2001.
[9]林晖,龚建华,施晶晶,从地图到GIS与虚拟地理环境-试论地理学语言的演变,http://www.vgelab.org/
[10]李清泉.杨必胜等.三维空间数据的实时获取、建模和可视化[M].武汉:武大出版社.2003.
[11]修文群.地理信息系统数字化城市建设指南[M].北京希望电子出版社,2001.
[12]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学出版社,2000.140-163.
[13]张帆.房地产网上销售及虚拟漫游系统中若干关键技术的应用研究[D].硕士学位论文.浙江大学.2003.
[14]万剑华,郑红霞.基于VRML的虚拟校园中三维景观建模[J].计算机应用与软件,Vol21,2004.
[15]Alan M.Gaines.Digital Earth:Future Goals,1999.
[16]赵永军,李汉林,王海起.GIS三维空间数据模型的发展与集成[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(5):24-29.
[17]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维GIS混合数据结构研究[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2):128-133.
[18]马大喜.关于三维城市模型数据获取的研究[J].科技情报开发与经济.2007,17(2).
[19]隋刚,刘国栋,张锦,CSG方法在建筑物三维建模中的应用研究[J].太原理工大学学报.2003 Vol.34 No.06P.691-693,718.
[20]齐民,郝重阳,伶明安.中国图像图形学报[J].2000,4(5):269-275.
[21]荆仁杰,计算机图像处理[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1988.
[22]李志林、朱庆著,数字高程模型[M].武汉测绘科技大学出版社.2000.
[23]De Floriani Leila,Paola Magillo,Enrico Puppo,VARIANT:A System for Terrain Modeling at Variable Resolution[M].Geo informatics.2000.4(3) 287-315.
[24]Shelboum M,Aouad G,Hoxley M,An Integrated Reality and Case-Based Reasoning Model for Training in Building Pathology[J].In 1998IEEE conference on information visualization(edited by Ebad Banissi,Farzad Khosrowshahi,Muhammad sarfraz).IEEE Computer Society.Los Alamitos,California,1998.
[25]刘修国,张剑波.基于DEM库的地表模型实时简化方法[J].小型微型计算机系统,2004,25(2):280-282.
[26]Douglas,D.H.Experiments to Locate Ridges and Channels to Create a New Type of Digital Elevation Model[J].Cartographica 23(4),1986,29-61.
[27]Fowler,R.J.,Little,J.J.Automatic Extraction of Irregular Network Digital Terrain Models[J].Proceedings of SIGGRAPH 79.In Computer GraPhics 13(2),144-151.
[28]L.De Floriani,E.Puppo,Hierarchical Triangulation for Multiresolution Surface Description[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,14(4),1995,363-411.
[29]L.De Floriani,P.Magillo,E.Puppo,Building and Traversing a Surface at Variable Resolution[M].Proceedings IEEE Visualization,97,1997 81-88.
[30]杨佩理.地理数据可视化的数据库模型结构与算法[J].沙洲职业工学院学报.1009-8429(2000)02-0013-04.
[31]陈爱军,徐光裕,史元春,基于城市航空立体像对的全自动三维建筑物建模.
[32]ChristoPhe Vestri,Using Robust Methods for Automatic Extraction of Buildings.
[33]Requicha A A G,Voelcker H B.Solid modeling:A 3-D Historical Summary and Contemporary Assessment[J].IEEE CG&A,1983;3(10)
[34]万剑华,潘正风,李清泉.基于VRML的虚拟城市的建立[J].测绘通报.2002.
[35]王晨昊.地理环境建模关键技术研究[D].硕士学位论文.国防科技大学.2005.
[36]李春光.城市景观三维重建与可视化表达[D].硕士学位论文.武汉大学.2004.
[37]刘志强.浅谈基于GIS系统的虚拟现实技术[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,26(3):87-90.
[38]洪炳镕、蔡则苏、唐好选.虚拟现实及其应用[M].国防工业出版社.2005.
[39]胡小强.虚拟现实技术[M].北京邮电大学出版社.2005.
[40]Grigore C.Burdea、Philippe Coiffet.Virtual Reality Technology (Second Edition)[M].Publishing House of Electronics Industry 2005.7.
[41]申蔚、夏立文.虚拟现实技术[M].北京希望电子出版社.2002.09.
[42]王英杰、袁勘省、于卓渊.多维动态地学信息可视化[M].科学出版 社.2003.
[43]樊小泊.虚拟GIS下可视化建模技术研究[D].长沙:中南大学.2002.
[44]孙敏,陈军.三维城市建模的数据获取方法评述[J].测绘通报,2000.11:4-6.
[45]王继周.城市景观三维重建理论与方法.武汉大学博士学位论文[D],2003.
[46]屈年赦.三维建模和可视化方法的研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学,2005.
[47]夏永华.三维场景系统的研究与开发[D].昆明理工大学,2004.
[48]徐诚.虚拟校园漫游系统的研究[D].华中师范大学,2006.
[49]余军.城市三维景观建模与VRML浏览的实现[D].西南交通大学,2006.
[50]何婧.地学三维建模技术[J].计算机应用,2006,24(239):33-35.
[51]朱军.基于VRML的大型地形环境建模研究[D].西南交通大学,2003.
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