晕渲图自动生成软件的设计与实现
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摘要
数字地貌晕渲的完美实现是数字制图技术发展到一定阶段需要尽快解决的课题。本文围绕计算机环境下数字地貌晕渲实现的理论与技术展开了深入的探讨,建立起数字地貌晕渲的相关理论和方法,对其技术过程进行了全面系统的研究,对地貌晕渲自动实现的智能化方法进行了探讨,在此基础上研制了晕渲图自动生成软件系统,并进行了实践应用。
论文首先研究了地貌晕渲的原理和利用计算机进行地貌晕渲的方法和模型。从传统地貌晕渲方法出发探讨地貌晕渲相关理论,对地貌晕渲的概念、分类及各自特点和光源的选择等问题进行了分析。在此基础上,对利用计算机进行自动地貌晕渲理论进行了研究,系统阐述数字地貌晕渲的实现方法与技术步骤。设计数字地貌晕渲图生成时的光照模型,总结不同制图区域光源的调整与使用方法;实现对数字地貌晕渲图进行数学基础控制及图像变换计算的方法;建立彩色地貌晕渲色彩设计的基本方法,论述了地貌晕渲图制作使用的数字高程模型数据和自动晕渲图制作的光照模型,讨论了影响晕渲效果的相关参数设置,包括制作倍率、DEM网格边长、垂直高度比、水平比例和光源方向等,并提出了相关改进方法。
然后,系统介绍了所开发的晕渲图自动生成软件的系统设计思路和实现途径。在分析晕渲图自动生成软件总体结构设计思路的基础上,分别讨论了计算和参数调整模块设计和实现方法、图形的生成与显示模块设计和实现方法、地形分析模块设计图像读写模块设计和实现方法,同时介绍了晕渲图自动生成软件中各模块的功能。
其次,展示了晕渲图生成软件的主要界面与功能演示示意图,主要给出了晕渲图生成软件主界面,演示了缺省情况下的晕渲、彩色晕渲、像点查询功能、原始DEM数据转换为灰度图象功能、通视分析功能和等高线自动叠加功能。
最后,将论文开发的晕渲图生成软件与其它晕渲图制作软件进行了比较和分析,主要包括ArcGIS中的晕渲图制作、ERDAS中的晕渲图制作和Surfer中的晕渲图制作,并从参数的设置、操作的简便性和地貌晕渲效果三个方面进行了对比,对比结果显示,论文所开发的晕渲图生成软件具有直观性、科学性和艺术性的特点,不足之处在于软件还不能满足印刷出版要求和用作专题地理信息系统基础底图的彩色地貌晕渲图,实现与其他地形要素的自动、精确叠加等方面有待进一步深入研究。
Digital shaded landscape is the perfect realization of digital mapping technology to a certain stage of development as soon as possible to resolve the issue. This paper focuses on the computer of Digital shaded landscape theory and techniques to achieve to start in-depth discussion, to establish a digital landscape shaded theories and methods related to its technical process of a comprehensive systematic study of the topography shaded automatically to achieve intelligent methods are discussed, on this basis, developed Shading Map automatic generation of software systems, and make a practical application.
Paper first studies the principles of landscape and the use of shaded landscape shaded computer methods and models. From the traditional method of starting of shaded landscape landscape shaded the theory, the concept of landscape shaded, classification, and their respective characteristics and light source selection and other issues were analyzed. On this basis, the use of computers to automatically shaded landscape theory has been studied, systematic exposition of the digital landscape shaded implementation and technical steps. Design of digital terrain shaded relief map generated when the illumination model, mapping areas of different light sources summed up the adjustment and use; realize the digital terrain shaded relief map based control and the mathematical method of calculating image transformation; Color shaded topography to establish the basic method of color design, discusses the use of landscape shaded relief map produced digital elevation model data and automatically Shading Map produced by illumination model, discuss the effect of influencing parameters shaded settings, including the production rate, DEM grid side length, vertical height ratio, and the light source direction of the horizontal scale, and related improvements proposed method.
Then, the system introduced by the development of the Shading Map auto-generated software system design ideas and approaches. Shading Map in the analysis software automatically generated the overall structure of design ideas, based on the calculation are discussed and parameter adjustment module design and implementation, graphics generation and display module design and implementation methods, terrain analysis, image reading and writing module design and module design implementation, and describes the automatic generation of software Shading Map functionality of each module.
Secondly, the show Shading Map generating software demo major interface diagram and function, mainly generated Shading Map shows the main interface, demonstrates the default shaded, color shaded, point query functions like the original DEM data is converted to grayscale images functions, through visual analysis and automatic contour overlay functionality.
Finally, the paper developed Shading chart generation software and other Shading Map making software for the comparison and analysis, including ArcGIS production in the Shading Map, ERDAS in the Shading Map production and Surfer in the Shading Map production, and from the parameters set, ease of operation and the effect of three shaded topography were compared, comparing the results show, the paper developed Shading chart generation software with intuitive, scientific and artistic features. The disadvantage is that software can not meet the requirements of the printing and publishing as feature-based geographic information system base map color shaded topography map, terrain and other factors to achieve automatic and precise overlay so pending further study.
论文首先研究了地貌晕渲的原理和利用计算机进行地貌晕渲的方法和模型。从传统地貌晕渲方法出发探讨地貌晕渲相关理论,对地貌晕渲的概念、分类及各自特点和光源的选择等问题进行了分析。在此基础上,对利用计算机进行自动地貌晕渲理论进行了研究,系统阐述数字地貌晕渲的实现方法与技术步骤。设计数字地貌晕渲图生成时的光照模型,总结不同制图区域光源的调整与使用方法;实现对数字地貌晕渲图进行数学基础控制及图像变换计算的方法;建立彩色地貌晕渲色彩设计的基本方法,论述了地貌晕渲图制作使用的数字高程模型数据和自动晕渲图制作的光照模型,讨论了影响晕渲效果的相关参数设置,包括制作倍率、DEM网格边长、垂直高度比、水平比例和光源方向等,并提出了相关改进方法。
然后,系统介绍了所开发的晕渲图自动生成软件的系统设计思路和实现途径。在分析晕渲图自动生成软件总体结构设计思路的基础上,分别讨论了计算和参数调整模块设计和实现方法、图形的生成与显示模块设计和实现方法、地形分析模块设计图像读写模块设计和实现方法,同时介绍了晕渲图自动生成软件中各模块的功能。
其次,展示了晕渲图生成软件的主要界面与功能演示示意图,主要给出了晕渲图生成软件主界面,演示了缺省情况下的晕渲、彩色晕渲、像点查询功能、原始DEM数据转换为灰度图象功能、通视分析功能和等高线自动叠加功能。
最后,将论文开发的晕渲图生成软件与其它晕渲图制作软件进行了比较和分析,主要包括ArcGIS中的晕渲图制作、ERDAS中的晕渲图制作和Surfer中的晕渲图制作,并从参数的设置、操作的简便性和地貌晕渲效果三个方面进行了对比,对比结果显示,论文所开发的晕渲图生成软件具有直观性、科学性和艺术性的特点,不足之处在于软件还不能满足印刷出版要求和用作专题地理信息系统基础底图的彩色地貌晕渲图,实现与其他地形要素的自动、精确叠加等方面有待进一步深入研究。
Digital shaded landscape is the perfect realization of digital mapping technology to a certain stage of development as soon as possible to resolve the issue. This paper focuses on the computer of Digital shaded landscape theory and techniques to achieve to start in-depth discussion, to establish a digital landscape shaded theories and methods related to its technical process of a comprehensive systematic study of the topography shaded automatically to achieve intelligent methods are discussed, on this basis, developed Shading Map automatic generation of software systems, and make a practical application.
Paper first studies the principles of landscape and the use of shaded landscape shaded computer methods and models. From the traditional method of starting of shaded landscape landscape shaded the theory, the concept of landscape shaded, classification, and their respective characteristics and light source selection and other issues were analyzed. On this basis, the use of computers to automatically shaded landscape theory has been studied, systematic exposition of the digital landscape shaded implementation and technical steps. Design of digital terrain shaded relief map generated when the illumination model, mapping areas of different light sources summed up the adjustment and use; realize the digital terrain shaded relief map based control and the mathematical method of calculating image transformation; Color shaded topography to establish the basic method of color design, discusses the use of landscape shaded relief map produced digital elevation model data and automatically Shading Map produced by illumination model, discuss the effect of influencing parameters shaded settings, including the production rate, DEM grid side length, vertical height ratio, and the light source direction of the horizontal scale, and related improvements proposed method.
Then, the system introduced by the development of the Shading Map auto-generated software system design ideas and approaches. Shading Map in the analysis software automatically generated the overall structure of design ideas, based on the calculation are discussed and parameter adjustment module design and implementation, graphics generation and display module design and implementation methods, terrain analysis, image reading and writing module design and module design implementation, and describes the automatic generation of software Shading Map functionality of each module.
Secondly, the show Shading Map generating software demo major interface diagram and function, mainly generated Shading Map shows the main interface, demonstrates the default shaded, color shaded, point query functions like the original DEM data is converted to grayscale images functions, through visual analysis and automatic contour overlay functionality.
Finally, the paper developed Shading chart generation software and other Shading Map making software for the comparison and analysis, including ArcGIS production in the Shading Map, ERDAS in the Shading Map production and Surfer in the Shading Map production, and from the parameters set, ease of operation and the effect of three shaded topography were compared, comparing the results show, the paper developed Shading chart generation software with intuitive, scientific and artistic features. The disadvantage is that software can not meet the requirements of the printing and publishing as feature-based geographic information system base map color shaded topography map, terrain and other factors to achieve automatic and precise overlay so pending further study.
引文
[1] Wood D.地图的力量[M].王志弘,译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000.
[2]施祖辉.地貌晕渲法[M],北京:测绘出版社,1983.
[3]吴樊,俞连笙.基于DEM的地貌晕渲图的制作[J].测绘信息与工程,2003,28(1):31-32.
[4]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001.
[5]王晓延,郭庆胜.基于DEM的地貌晕渲表达方法探讨[J] .测绘通报,2003 (8):48-50.
[6]王建武,刘力.地貌晕渲的几种制作方法及比较[J].测绘通报,2004 (5):53-55.
[7]李少梅,孙群,阚映红.计算机地貌晕渲的方法和实践[J] -测绘学院学报,2002(01) .
[8]马晨燕,祝国瑞,邱陟高.基于DEM的地貌晕渲地图的研制--以"深圳市挂图"为例[J],测绘信息与工程,2004(05) .
[9]吴樊;俞连笙.基于DEM的地貌晕渲图的制作[J].测绘信息与工程,2003(01).
[10]甘昱;庞小平;李雪梅.大比例尺彩色地貌晕渲图的生成技术[J].测绘通报,2005(11).
[11]史保勇;李雪梅.大比例尺地貌晕渲的几种制作方法及比较[J].地理空间信息2007(04).
[12]胡静妍.地貌可视化及晕渲图制作系统的研究与实现[D].武汉:武汉大学,2005.
[13]郭明武.工程化数字地貌自动晕渲系统的设计与实现[D].武汉:武汉大学,2005.
[14]胡卫明,凌海滨.大幅面地图的快速自动地形晕渲[J].计算机学报,2000(8):852-856.
[15]郭庆胜,王晓延.地貌晕渲中光源使用方法与用色规则的研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2004, 29 (1):20-23.
[16]曹纯贫.数字地貌晕渲中若干参数的设置[J].测绘通报,2003 (5) :17-19.
[17]李少梅.数字地貌晕渲理论与技术的研究[D].郑州:信息工程大学,2004.
[18]郭庆胜;王胜延.地貌晕渲中光源使用方法与用色规则的研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版)2004(01) .
[19]段体学,王涛.地图整饰[M].北京:测绘出版社,1985.
[20]张忠.论常用图形图像软件绘制地貌晕渲[J].四川测绘,2000(02) .
[21] Michael J. Oimoen, The Effects of Wavelet Compression on Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Volume 17, Number 2,(2003),pp601-621.
[22]求是科技. Visual C++数据库开发技术与工程实践.北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[23]白世彪,闾国年,杨一鹏.关于ArcGIS和Surfer格网文件的转换方法[J].测绘通报,2005(2):48-50.
[24]郑春燕.基于Arc/Info的地貌晕渲法的技术和实践[J] -测绘与空间地理信息,2006(04).
[25]蔡昌盛等.基于ArcView的环境专题图的制作[J].矿山测量,2003,(2).
[2]施祖辉.地貌晕渲法[M],北京:测绘出版社,1983.
[3]吴樊,俞连笙.基于DEM的地貌晕渲图的制作[J].测绘信息与工程,2003,28(1):31-32.
[4]李志林,朱庆.数字高程模型[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2001.
[5]王晓延,郭庆胜.基于DEM的地貌晕渲表达方法探讨[J] .测绘通报,2003 (8):48-50.
[6]王建武,刘力.地貌晕渲的几种制作方法及比较[J].测绘通报,2004 (5):53-55.
[7]李少梅,孙群,阚映红.计算机地貌晕渲的方法和实践[J] -测绘学院学报,2002(01) .
[8]马晨燕,祝国瑞,邱陟高.基于DEM的地貌晕渲地图的研制--以"深圳市挂图"为例[J],测绘信息与工程,2004(05) .
[9]吴樊;俞连笙.基于DEM的地貌晕渲图的制作[J].测绘信息与工程,2003(01).
[10]甘昱;庞小平;李雪梅.大比例尺彩色地貌晕渲图的生成技术[J].测绘通报,2005(11).
[11]史保勇;李雪梅.大比例尺地貌晕渲的几种制作方法及比较[J].地理空间信息2007(04).
[12]胡静妍.地貌可视化及晕渲图制作系统的研究与实现[D].武汉:武汉大学,2005.
[13]郭明武.工程化数字地貌自动晕渲系统的设计与实现[D].武汉:武汉大学,2005.
[14]胡卫明,凌海滨.大幅面地图的快速自动地形晕渲[J].计算机学报,2000(8):852-856.
[15]郭庆胜,王晓延.地貌晕渲中光源使用方法与用色规则的研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2004, 29 (1):20-23.
[16]曹纯贫.数字地貌晕渲中若干参数的设置[J].测绘通报,2003 (5) :17-19.
[17]李少梅.数字地貌晕渲理论与技术的研究[D].郑州:信息工程大学,2004.
[18]郭庆胜;王胜延.地貌晕渲中光源使用方法与用色规则的研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版)2004(01) .
[19]段体学,王涛.地图整饰[M].北京:测绘出版社,1985.
[20]张忠.论常用图形图像软件绘制地貌晕渲[J].四川测绘,2000(02) .
[21] Michael J. Oimoen, The Effects of Wavelet Compression on Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Volume 17, Number 2,(2003),pp601-621.
[22]求是科技. Visual C++数据库开发技术与工程实践.北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[23]白世彪,闾国年,杨一鹏.关于ArcGIS和Surfer格网文件的转换方法[J].测绘通报,2005(2):48-50.
[24]郑春燕.基于Arc/Info的地貌晕渲法的技术和实践[J] -测绘与空间地理信息,2006(04).
[25]蔡昌盛等.基于ArcView的环境专题图的制作[J].矿山测量,2003,(2).