水肥调控措施对冬小麦光合产物分配的模拟研究
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摘要
作物生长模拟模型是信息农业和数字农业研究与应用的核心。作物生长模拟模型具有系统综合和动态预测的功能,其中,光合产物的积累与分配过程是作物生长模型的核心。本研究以冬小麦为材料,针对华北地区农业用水不足的现状,结合国家自然科学基金资助项目“水分养分胁迫对冬小麦光合产物分配影响的模拟研究”(50679055),于2008-2009年在天津农学院灌溉试验站,进行了冬小麦不同水肥调控措施的田间灌溉试验。依据获得的试验资料,从作物生长形态学的特点出发,以根、茎、叶和籽粒之间的动态关系分析提出光合产物分配的机理型模型。运用三种方法分析确定模型参数。一是从文献中查取,直接引用；二是通过田间取样,在室内测试获取模型参数；三是以2008年度冬小麦实测根、茎、叶和籽粒干物质重为依据,以模拟干物质量与实测干物质量误差绝对值之和最小为目标函数,通过非线性规划方法进行求解。最后,对不同深度氮素、地温、土壤水分随时间的变化过程和根、茎、叶、籽粒干物重模拟值与实测值的比较等几个方面对本文构建的作物生长模拟模型进行了检验,主要研究成果如下：
(1)采用P.M.DRIESSEN等人提出的理论太阳辐射计算方法,逐日计算出小麦生长期光合产物积累过程,考虑光强和温度对同化作用的影响,计算出逐日的潜在光合产物量。计算过程中考虑的因素有日最高温度、日最低温度、日照时数、光合有效辐射、相对湿度、可见光的消光系数、总的CO：吸收率、碳水化合物总生产力、大田作物的总同化率、维持呼吸速率等。
(2)土壤水分变化动态用垂直一维的土壤水动力学方程描述。采用变步长全隐式差分法求解。
(3)本文对根系下扎深度随时间变化过程进行了模拟,根据实测数据分析了冬小麦在全生育期内的根系下扎深度,采用分段函数关系式。
(4)采用机理模型描述养分(铵态氮和硝态氮)在土壤中的运移和转化过程。模拟计算过程中考虑了土壤含水量和土壤温度对有关过程的修正。模拟了逐日的土壤养分(铵态氮和硝态氮)沿土层深度变化状况和随时间的变化过程。
(5)本文提出了幂函数形式的水分胁迫系数和养分胁迫系数。其中,水分胁迫系数以逐日相对蒸腾量为自变量,养分胁迫系数以植株含氮量相对值为自变量分别进行计算,相应的幂函数指数为λ=0.5694和σ=0.5025。
(6)利用2008年度冬小麦的实测资料,建立了根冠生长平衡系数关系式、茎叶生长平衡系数关系式和粒茎生长平衡关系式,采用2009年度试验资料进行验证,其模拟值与实测值的相关系数(R2)分别达到0.9941、0.9971和0.9064。
(7)选择天津农学院西校区灌溉试验站2009年度冬小麦高肥高水、高肥中水、中肥中水、中肥低水和零肥零水的5个处理,利用模型的模拟程序逐日模拟求得土壤剖面含水量。即计算这5个处理0-100cm和0-200cm土层平均的土壤含水量,结果表明,与实测值基本吻合,相关系数(R2)均在0.80以上。表明本模型选取和确定的参数是合理的。
(8)对本试区(天津农学院西校区灌溉试验站)2008年度冬小麦生长期40cm深处温度、80cm深处地温和160cm深处地温变化过程进行了检验,结果表明模拟值与观测值十分吻合,其相关系数(R2)分别达到0.94、0.95和0.95以上,表明吻合程度很好。
(9)利用2009年度中等灌水水平条件下高、中、低和零4个施肥水平处理的冬小麦生长期土壤剖面铵态氮、硝态氮含量的实测值对田间土壤氮素运移转化模型进行检验。结果表明,铵态氮模拟值与实测值之间有明显的相关关系,相关系数R2均在0.84以上；硝态氮模拟值与实测值之间也有明显的相关关系,相关系数R2均在0.75以上。
(10)本文对2009年度冬小麦根、茎、叶和籽粒干物质重的模拟值与实测值进行了比较,结果表明,根、茎、叶和籽粒干物质重的模拟值与实测值都基本一致。
The crop growth simulation model is the core of research and application on digital and information agriculture. It has the function of integrated system and dynamic prediction. Accumulation and distribution of photosynthate is the core of the crop growth simulation model. According to the status of agricultural water shortage in North China, field experiments on winter wheat under different water and fertilizer controlling were conducted with the National Natural Science Foundation" The simulation study on winter wheat photosynthate distribution stressed by water and fertilizer"(50679055) at the irrigation experiment station of Tianjin Agricultural University in the two years of 2008-2009. In consideration of the morphological characteristics of crop growth, the mechanism model of the photosynthate distribution was proposed base on the dynamic relationship between root, stem, leaf and grain obtained by field experiments. Three methods were used to determine the model parameters. First, the model parameters adopted directly from the documents. Second, it can be obtained from the laboratory test with the field sampling. The third, it can be solved by nonlinear programming, objective function is the minimum absolute error sum on the simulated and measured dry weight, based on the measured dry matter of the winter wheat root, shoot, leaf and grain in 2008.Then, the change process of the nitrogen, the soil temperature and the soil water with time and the comparison between value simulated by developed crop growth simulation model and measured values of the root, shoot, leaf and grain were studied in this paper. The main results are as followings:
(1)The variation of daily photosynthate was calculated by the P.M.DRIESSEN proposed method. The potential daily photosynthate was calculated considering the assimilation effect of the light intensity and temperature. In the calculating course, the daily maximum temperature, the daily minimum temperature, the sunshine duration, the photosynthetic active radiation, the relative humidity, the visible light extinction coefficient, the total CO2 absorption rate, the total carbohydrate production, the total field crop assimilation rate and the respiration rate were considered.
(2) The soil water dynamics was described with the one-dimensional vertical soil water dynamics equation. It was solved by the variable step fully implicit difference method.
(3) The variations of root penetration depth of winter wheat in growing period were analyzed. It was simulated by piecewise function in this paper.
(4)The migration and transformation of the nutrient (ammonium and nitrate) in soil were described with the mechanism model considering the amendment of the soil water and soil temperature. The variations of daily soil nutrient (ammonium and nitrate) with the depth and the change process with time were simulated.
(5) The water stressed coefficient and the nutrient stressed coefficient with the power function are proposed in this paper. The water stressed coefficient was constructed on daily relative transpiration as the independent variable, The nutrient stressed coefficient was constructed on relative value of nitrogen intake by plants as the independent variable. The index of the power function wereλ=0.5694 andσ=0.5025, respectively.
(6)The balance coefficient relations of the root-cap growth, shoot-leaf growth and grain-shoot growth were constructed with the measured winter wheat data in 2008, which were verified by the experiment data in 2009. The correlation coefficients (R2) between simulated and measured value were 0.9941,0.9971 and 0.9064, respectively.
(7)The soil water content were simulated under 5 treatments in the irrigation station of Tianjin agricultural university in 2009, those were the high-fertilizer high-water, high fertilizer middle-water, middle-fertilizer middle-water, middle-fertilizer low-water and zero-fertilizer zero-water. The 0-100cm and 0-200cm average soil water content of 5 treatments were calculated. The results showed that the simulated values were consistent with the measured data. The correlation coefficients (R2) were all over 0.80, which showed that the selected and determined parameters of this model was reasonable.
(8)The change processes of soil temperature at 40cm,80cm and 160cm depth on the irrigation station of Tianjin agricultural university in 2008 were tested. The results showed that the simulated values were consistent with the observed data. The correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.94,0.95 and 0.95 respectively.
(9) The model of the transportation and transformation on the soil N were examined with the amount of the CNH4 and CNO3 in the soil under middle irrigation and 4 fertilizer levels in 2009. The results show that it is significantly related between the simulated CNH4 and observed data, and the correlation coefficient R2 are all above 0.84, and it is also significantly related between the simulated CNO3 and observed data, and the correlation coefficient R2 are all above 0.75.
(10)The simulated and measured dry weight of the canopy, stem, leaf and grain in 2009 were compared. The results showed that the simulated value and observed data of the dry weight of root, stem, leaf and grain are consistent.
(1)采用P.M.DRIESSEN等人提出的理论太阳辐射计算方法,逐日计算出小麦生长期光合产物积累过程,考虑光强和温度对同化作用的影响,计算出逐日的潜在光合产物量。计算过程中考虑的因素有日最高温度、日最低温度、日照时数、光合有效辐射、相对湿度、可见光的消光系数、总的CO：吸收率、碳水化合物总生产力、大田作物的总同化率、维持呼吸速率等。
(2)土壤水分变化动态用垂直一维的土壤水动力学方程描述。采用变步长全隐式差分法求解。
(3)本文对根系下扎深度随时间变化过程进行了模拟,根据实测数据分析了冬小麦在全生育期内的根系下扎深度,采用分段函数关系式。
(4)采用机理模型描述养分(铵态氮和硝态氮)在土壤中的运移和转化过程。模拟计算过程中考虑了土壤含水量和土壤温度对有关过程的修正。模拟了逐日的土壤养分(铵态氮和硝态氮)沿土层深度变化状况和随时间的变化过程。
(5)本文提出了幂函数形式的水分胁迫系数和养分胁迫系数。其中,水分胁迫系数以逐日相对蒸腾量为自变量,养分胁迫系数以植株含氮量相对值为自变量分别进行计算,相应的幂函数指数为λ=0.5694和σ=0.5025。
(6)利用2008年度冬小麦的实测资料,建立了根冠生长平衡系数关系式、茎叶生长平衡系数关系式和粒茎生长平衡关系式,采用2009年度试验资料进行验证,其模拟值与实测值的相关系数(R2)分别达到0.9941、0.9971和0.9064。
(7)选择天津农学院西校区灌溉试验站2009年度冬小麦高肥高水、高肥中水、中肥中水、中肥低水和零肥零水的5个处理,利用模型的模拟程序逐日模拟求得土壤剖面含水量。即计算这5个处理0-100cm和0-200cm土层平均的土壤含水量,结果表明,与实测值基本吻合,相关系数(R2)均在0.80以上。表明本模型选取和确定的参数是合理的。
(8)对本试区(天津农学院西校区灌溉试验站)2008年度冬小麦生长期40cm深处温度、80cm深处地温和160cm深处地温变化过程进行了检验,结果表明模拟值与观测值十分吻合,其相关系数(R2)分别达到0.94、0.95和0.95以上,表明吻合程度很好。
(9)利用2009年度中等灌水水平条件下高、中、低和零4个施肥水平处理的冬小麦生长期土壤剖面铵态氮、硝态氮含量的实测值对田间土壤氮素运移转化模型进行检验。结果表明,铵态氮模拟值与实测值之间有明显的相关关系,相关系数R2均在0.84以上；硝态氮模拟值与实测值之间也有明显的相关关系,相关系数R2均在0.75以上。
(10)本文对2009年度冬小麦根、茎、叶和籽粒干物质重的模拟值与实测值进行了比较,结果表明,根、茎、叶和籽粒干物质重的模拟值与实测值都基本一致。
The crop growth simulation model is the core of research and application on digital and information agriculture. It has the function of integrated system and dynamic prediction. Accumulation and distribution of photosynthate is the core of the crop growth simulation model. According to the status of agricultural water shortage in North China, field experiments on winter wheat under different water and fertilizer controlling were conducted with the National Natural Science Foundation" The simulation study on winter wheat photosynthate distribution stressed by water and fertilizer"(50679055) at the irrigation experiment station of Tianjin Agricultural University in the two years of 2008-2009. In consideration of the morphological characteristics of crop growth, the mechanism model of the photosynthate distribution was proposed base on the dynamic relationship between root, stem, leaf and grain obtained by field experiments. Three methods were used to determine the model parameters. First, the model parameters adopted directly from the documents. Second, it can be obtained from the laboratory test with the field sampling. The third, it can be solved by nonlinear programming, objective function is the minimum absolute error sum on the simulated and measured dry weight, based on the measured dry matter of the winter wheat root, shoot, leaf and grain in 2008.Then, the change process of the nitrogen, the soil temperature and the soil water with time and the comparison between value simulated by developed crop growth simulation model and measured values of the root, shoot, leaf and grain were studied in this paper. The main results are as followings:
(1)The variation of daily photosynthate was calculated by the P.M.DRIESSEN proposed method. The potential daily photosynthate was calculated considering the assimilation effect of the light intensity and temperature. In the calculating course, the daily maximum temperature, the daily minimum temperature, the sunshine duration, the photosynthetic active radiation, the relative humidity, the visible light extinction coefficient, the total CO2 absorption rate, the total carbohydrate production, the total field crop assimilation rate and the respiration rate were considered.
(2) The soil water dynamics was described with the one-dimensional vertical soil water dynamics equation. It was solved by the variable step fully implicit difference method.
(3) The variations of root penetration depth of winter wheat in growing period were analyzed. It was simulated by piecewise function in this paper.
(4)The migration and transformation of the nutrient (ammonium and nitrate) in soil were described with the mechanism model considering the amendment of the soil water and soil temperature. The variations of daily soil nutrient (ammonium and nitrate) with the depth and the change process with time were simulated.
(5) The water stressed coefficient and the nutrient stressed coefficient with the power function are proposed in this paper. The water stressed coefficient was constructed on daily relative transpiration as the independent variable, The nutrient stressed coefficient was constructed on relative value of nitrogen intake by plants as the independent variable. The index of the power function wereλ=0.5694 andσ=0.5025, respectively.
(6)The balance coefficient relations of the root-cap growth, shoot-leaf growth and grain-shoot growth were constructed with the measured winter wheat data in 2008, which were verified by the experiment data in 2009. The correlation coefficients (R2) between simulated and measured value were 0.9941,0.9971 and 0.9064, respectively.
(7)The soil water content were simulated under 5 treatments in the irrigation station of Tianjin agricultural university in 2009, those were the high-fertilizer high-water, high fertilizer middle-water, middle-fertilizer middle-water, middle-fertilizer low-water and zero-fertilizer zero-water. The 0-100cm and 0-200cm average soil water content of 5 treatments were calculated. The results showed that the simulated values were consistent with the measured data. The correlation coefficients (R2) were all over 0.80, which showed that the selected and determined parameters of this model was reasonable.
(8)The change processes of soil temperature at 40cm,80cm and 160cm depth on the irrigation station of Tianjin agricultural university in 2008 were tested. The results showed that the simulated values were consistent with the observed data. The correlation coefficients (R2) were 0.94,0.95 and 0.95 respectively.
(9) The model of the transportation and transformation on the soil N were examined with the amount of the CNH4 and CNO3 in the soil under middle irrigation and 4 fertilizer levels in 2009. The results show that it is significantly related between the simulated CNH4 and observed data, and the correlation coefficient R2 are all above 0.84, and it is also significantly related between the simulated CNO3 and observed data, and the correlation coefficient R2 are all above 0.75.
(10)The simulated and measured dry weight of the canopy, stem, leaf and grain in 2009 were compared. The results showed that the simulated value and observed data of the dry weight of root, stem, leaf and grain are consistent.
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