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一项对中学英语教师自我效能感的研究
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摘要
本论文以课堂教学实践为背景,结合中学英语教学的特点,旨在探索我国部分中学英语教师的自我效能感,其研究动因有三:1)外语教师研究范式的转变;2)对中学英语教师关注的缺失;3)教师自我效能感与教师专业发展有着密切的联系。本研究的内容主要包括三大方面:1)了解目前部分中学英语教师自我效能感的现状;2)四位教师的个案研究;3)分析影响教师自我效能感形成的主要因素。
     论文共由七章组成,总体框架基本如下:
     笔者首先介绍了该项研究的缘起、背景以及论文的主要结构等,同时对教师自我效能感研究的理论意义及实践意义和所采用的研究方法作了简要说明。
     在文献综述部分,笔者对自我效能感以及教师自我效能感进行了较为系统的综述和梳理。在借鉴国内外相关文献的基础上,结合我国中学英语教学的实际情况,重新定义了本研究的核心概念—教师自我效能感。笔者认为,对于教师自我效能感这一抽象的概念,只有当其置于一定的教学环境中,才变得具体化。课堂环境下的教师自我效能感是一个动态的概念,它是教师在该环境下对自己能否有效地完成语言教学任务、能否成功地实现教学目标、促使学生语言学习和发展的能力的主观判断、知觉、信心和信念。它隐藏在一系列的教学事件中,在教师内心的自我调节中起着主导作用,并且不断的发生变化。
     在此基础上,笔者选取了164名中学英语教师进行了实证探索,以问卷调查的形式分别从教学策略与技巧、课堂组织和管理、学生参与、情感态度和文化意识的培养、教材处理和师生交流互动这六个与中学英语教学紧密相连的方面对教师自我效能感的现状进行了分析。研究结果显示:从整体上看教师自我效能感处在中等水平,在这六个方面的自我效能感中,平均值由高至低依次为课堂组织与管理、师生交流、情感态度和文化意识的培养、教学策略与技巧、教材的处理以及学生参与。将所收集到的数据通过独立样本T检验进一步发现,在教师的相关背景信息中,教师的教龄、学历和职称在教师自我效能感上存在显著性差异;在教师的四项语言基本技能中(以自我汇报的形式),只有“说”这一项技能与教师的自我效能感存在显著性差异。
     由于教师自我效能感本质上是教师的主观感受,因此教师在自我汇报过程中容易带有主观倾向,并且与实际的课堂教学行为有时会出现脱节的现象。所以笔者开展了一项个案研究,研究对象为四位英语教师,研究主要包括两大部分,第一个部分主要通过问卷调查了解自我效能感不同的教师,学生对其教学实践的反馈如何?第二个部分主要包括对四位教师的课堂观察以及深度访谈。笔者认为,通过对学生反馈的调查以及教师教学行为的观察能够对教师的自我效能感起到一定的反观作用。学生问卷调查结果显示:自我效能感较高的教师,学生的反馈未必就好;自我效能感较低的教师,学生的反馈也未必就差。笔者推断这很可能是由于教师未能客观地评价自身的教学行为,换句话说即教师对于自身教学工作的认识和理解有失科学性和客观性。在课堂观察部分,笔者发现自我效能感不同的教师在内容呈现、话语量、课堂提问及反馈、课堂氛围和师生交流互动方面都不同程度地存在着一些差异。因此,单凭教师自我效能感的高低不足以判断教师的教学行为,它们之间不是简单的因果关系。
     继实证研究之后,本研究对四位教师展开了深度访谈,结果发现在教师的自我系统中每个个体都有一套评估体系,并且教师过去的经验和知识体系也会影响到其对自己的教学过程和教学事件的审视和理解;此外,建构自我效能感的四种信息源,无论是直接性经验、替代性经验、言语劝说、情绪反应和生理状态本身并不会发挥作用,它们必须经过教师个体的认知加工和反省思维才会对教师本人产生一定的影响。访谈结果还证实了教师的自我效能感是内因和外因互相作用的结果。内部原因除了教师本身的个体差异以外,还包括如教师对教学本质的理解、教师知识、归因方式等等;外部原因则主要为学校的环境、同事关系、教师评估体系等。
     本研究的讨论部分主要是在对教师自我效能感的调查及其研究发现的基础上展开了一些有关中学英语教师的专业发展方面的思考。教师自我效能感作为教师主体因素的一个方面,在某种程度上影响着教师有关教学的一切思维、感觉,与教师的课堂教学活动乃至教学效果具有一定的联系。一般认为,自我效能感较高的教师对自身和工作的认同感也相对较高,并且具有较强的自我意识,对自身的专业发展也比较有信心。针对我国中学英语教学的特点,笔者认为以学习共同体为载体的教师内在主体式学习模式能够较好地适应我国中学阶段的外语教师的发展。在此基础上,笔者阐述了内在主体式教师学习的基本原则、内容以及主要途径。
     论文的结尾部分主要是对整个研究的回顾,总结了所取得的发现以及本研究存在的不足之处。指出本研究的主要创新之处在于从一个新的角度对外语教师展开研究,并在此基础上采用个案研究进行深入的调查分析,有了一些不同于前人研究的发现。不足之处在于研究的理论基础仍不够完善,调查的深度广度还需要进一步扩展等。最后对教师自我效能感的未来发展方向进行了展望。
     整体看来,本研究围绕教师自我效能感这一概念对部分中学英语教师进行考察,所得到的发现在一定程度上丰富了自我效能感研究的内涵,厘清了教师自我效能感与课堂教学行为及教学效果之间的关系,扩展了外语教师研究的视角;同时对有效地指导外语教师的教学实践,提高中学阶段的外语教学质量也具有一定的借鉴和参考意义。
This dissertation is a research on the teacher self-efficacy of some English teachers inmiddle schools, based on classroom teaching in the practice of ELT (English LanguageTeaching) in China’s secondary education that has its particular characteristics. It ismotivated by three reasons. Firstly, there is a paradigm shift in researches on foreignlanguage teachers. Secondly, researchers have not paid enough attention to foreignlanguage teachers in secondary education. Thirdly, teacher self–efficacy is closely relatedwith teacher professional development. The major content of this research falls into threeparts:(1) a survey of the current situation of self-efficacy of some secondary schoolEnglish teachers in China;(2) a case study of four English teachers;(3) an analysis of themajor factors that are found to influence the construction of teacher self-efficacy.
     The dissertation consists of seven chapters and its overall framework is as follows:
     The introductory part demonstrates the origin and background of this research, as wellas the structure of this dissertation. Meanwhile, both the theoretical significance andpractical implications of this research are introduced. The research methodology employedis discussed too.
     In literature review, the author reviews the key concepts of “self-efficacy” and“teacher self-efficacy”, which provides a theoretical framework for the survey underdiscussion. On the basis of this framework, the author offers a redefinition of “teacherself-efficacy”, taking into consideration the current situation of English teaching in China’ssecondary education. To the understanding of the author, teacher self-efficacy, as anabstract concept, can be operationalized in classroom teaching to some degree and can bedefined as the teacher’s judgements, perceptions, confidence or beliefs of his or hercapabilities to complete language teaching tasks effectively, achieve teaching objectivessuccessfully, and promote students’ language learning and individual development.Furthermore, teacher self-efficacy lies in a series of teaching events, playing a leading andflexible role in teachers’ self-regulation.
     What follows the literature review is the empirical study, where the author exploresthe current situation of some secondary school teachers’ self-efficacy by obtaininginformation through the questionnaire filled out by164secondary school English teachers,focusing mainly on instructional strategies, classroom management, students engagement,cultivation of students’ attitudes and cultural awareness, textbook use and interaction withstudents. The findings reveal that these teachers are at a relatively middle level ofself-efficacy in six aspects, with mean scores ranging from classroom management,interactions with students, cultivation of students’ attitudes and cultural awareness, instructional strategies, textbook use to student engagement, beginning with the highestand ending with the lowest. What’s more, there is significant difference of teacherself-efficacy among the subjects who are different in the aspects of English teachingexperience (measured by the number of in-service years), educational level and academictitle by employing the independent-samples t-test. And a noteworthy finding fromself-assessment of the subjects’ four language skills indicates that teachers with higherself-efficacy and those with lower self-efficacy show a significant difference in theirperceived proficiency only in speaking.
     Due to the subjective nature of teacher self-efficacy, it cannot be ruled out that theremay be mismatch between the teachers’ perceived capability of teaching and their actuallevel of teaching in practice. Therefore, the case study of four English teachers withdifferent self-efficacy is employed to identify the differences of their teaching practice.Two parts are covered in this case study. In the first part, questionnaires are employed toinvestigate the students’ response to the teaching practice of the four teachers; in thesecond part, classroom observation and in-depth interviews are used to find out the majorfactors affecting the construction of their self-efficacy. The purpose of this case study is toidentify the relationship between teacher self-efficacy, students’ response and teachingpractice through observation. The result of inquiry via the questionnaire answered bystudents reveals that a teacher with high self-efficacy doesn’t necessarily call forth positiveresponses from students and a teacher with low self-efficacy doesn’t necessarily evokenegative responses from students, which may be caused by the probability that teachers failto have the accurate and objective self-evaluation of their own performance andcapabilities. To put it another way, teachers vary in the degree to which they believethemselves to be efficacious and understand their teaching process. The data of classroomobservation suggest that teachers with different self-efficacy differ considerably as to thepresentation of teaching content, talking time, questioning, feedback, classroomatmosphere, and interaction between teachers and students. Therefore, teacher self-efficacycan not be proved to be a powerful predictor of teaching behavior and effects. The resultsshow no causal relationship between teacher self-efficacy and teaching practice.
     After the empirical study, it is an in-depth interview with four teachers, which furtherfinds that individual teachers hold various self-assessment and perceptions of themselvesin their self-belief system and bring different sets of knowledge and past experience totheir teaching situation, shaping the way they perceive and interpret the teaching practiceand process. Besides, four sources of information from which self-efficacy is developed,namely, mastery experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion and physiological and affective states have strong influence on teachers themselves only when they have beenactively constructed by teachers’ cognitive processing and reflection. Teacher self-efficacyis complex, formed by the interaction of internal and external factors. Internal factorsmainly include teachers’ understanding of the nature of language teaching, teacherknowledge, attribution in addition to individual differences, while external factors containschool climate, the relationship between colleagues, teacher evaluation system and so on.
     Following this, the discussion of this research is presented, focusing on what thisresearch on teacher self-efficacy brings to teacher professional development in secondaryeducation. As a major aspect of self-belief system, teacher self-efficacy, to some degree,has been related to teacher behavior and teaching effects in the classroom, mediating theirthoughts and perceptions of teaching. In general, teachers with higher self-efficacy tend tohave higher expectation of themselves and their teaching, stronger self-awareness andmore confidence in self-development. Based on the above-mentioned findings, in theauthor’s opinion, Teacher Learning by means of Learning Community can be establishedas a suitable way to improve teacher professional development in middle schools inChinese educational context. Meanwhile, the basic principles, contents, and major meansare explained in this dissertation.
     The conclusion of this dissertation is a summary, making an analysis of the findings,originalities and shortcomings of the research, pointing out that this research differs fromformer studies in that it is conducted from a new perspective of foreign language teacherresearch and includes case studies carried out for an in-depth discussion, acknowledgingthe limitation of this research in terms of theoretical understanding and range ofinvestigation, and making comments on the outlook of future studies on teacherself-efficacy.
     In general, this research, based on the construct of teacher self-efficacy and the surveyand case studies of teacher self-efficacy in middle schools, enriches our understanding ofself efficacy, clarifies the relationship between teacher self-efficacy, classroom teachingpractice and effects, expands the scope of teacher professional development and has somepractical significance and implications for guiding teaching practice and improvingEnglish-language classroom teaching in secondary schools.
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