国家助学贷款相关主体行为研究
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摘要
自20世纪后半期以来,经济社会的迅猛发展对人力资源的需求急剧扩张,居民对高等教育的需求空前增加,世界高等教育迎来了高速发展的契机,许多国家进入了高等教育的大众化阶段。与此同时在传统的高等教育融资和大学生资助体系下,高校也面临巨大的财政压力,建立高等教育成本分担机制逐步成为人们的共识。高等教育成本分担机制的建立,产生了高等教育的效率与接受高等教育的公平权利问题,如何让贫困家庭学生顺利完成学业成为这一机制下人们关注的话题,国家助学贷款成为解决这一问题的主要途径和方法。本文围绕国家助学贷款过程中政府、银行、高校、学生四个主要行为主体的行为及其优化过程和结果进行探讨,旨在分析我国国家助学贷款实践中,四方主体行为方面存在的问题,提出解决问题的方法和途径。
论文首先探讨了国家助学贷款的理论依据。高等教育成本分担是国际经济社会形势演变的必然趋势,我国政府主导下的市场取向改革助推了这一政策的制定与实施。助学贷款不仅有助于推进教育的公平,而且也支持了人力资本投资。然而,助学贷款作为在市场经济体制下存在着严重信息不对称的银行业的一项业务,存在两个突出问题:银行存在的信贷供给不足和学生拖欠贷款。不过,企业与其承担的社会责任是分不开的,作为现代市场经济的重要主体之一的银行,更应当履行必要的社会责任。在助学贷款体系中,银行与学生分别是借贷资金的供应方和需求方,政府是发起和推动方,高校是协调、管理及教育者,他们之间的共同性行为决定着国家助学贷款的最终结果,决定着助学贷款能否持续下去。
通过对我国近十年国家助学贷款实践的考察发现,我国在助学贷款方面存在着供需矛盾突出和学生违约率较高的问题。其原因在于由于运行机制不顺畅致使四方行为主体的行为均存在一系列问题。因此,对任一方的简单指责甚至采取单方面的措施,都是不妥当和不公平的。发达市场经济国家和新兴市场经济国家(地区)在助学贷款方面的经验主要表现为:发挥政府主导作用,甚至直接提供助学贷款;高校多种职责及时到位;银行有效竞争并积极承担社会责任等。这些对促进助学贷款的健康发展都具有重要的慈义。
优化我国国家助学贷款相关主体的行为,应致力于实现参与各方的共赢。各方都应该承担相应的责任。政府应该承担主导责任,创造良好的经济社会运行环境,缩小经济波动幅度促进就业;为国家助学贷款的持续发展提供法律保障,建立个人信用制度,建立失信约束惩罚机制,建设国家助学贷款计算机管理信息系统。银行业要逐步引入竞争机制,提升运营效率、创新金融产品,积极履行企业社会责任等。高校要改变运行管理体制,提升学生的素质和就业能力,减轻学生的就业困难;修正对学生的综合素质考评的指标体系,注重对学生诚信和道德水平的考核。
Since the latter half of 20th century, the rapid development of economic society makes rapid progress on the demand of human resources. The requirement of higher education is unprecedented enhanced; higher education all over the world has got an excellent chance of great development; and many countries have entered the stage of popular higher education. Meanwhile, the traditional system of higher education financing and free system of student aid makes the colleges and universities face the heavy pressure of financial crisis. To build a system of education cost sharing has got a broad consensus step by step. National student loan widely becomes the main way to relieve the problems mentioned above. This dissertation investigated the behaviors of different subjects (including government, banks, colleges and universities and students) and their behavior optimization in the process of national student loan, in order to analyze the theoretical problems or practical difficulties appeared in the national student loan and to put forward the basic solving methods.
The dissertation discussed the theoretical basis and possible problems in the national student loan on the basis of existing documents. Higher education cost sharing policy is the inevitable developmental trend of international economic society. The market-oriented reform under the leadership of Chinese government contributes to the enactment and execution of this policy, which makes the problem of equal educational rights float onto the surface. Student loan is not only helpful to the promotion of educational equity, but also to the enhancement of human capital investment, which should have got much more active and proper government intervention due to its broad active externality. However, as a part of financial service vocation in the market-oriented economic system of asymmetric information, student loan is confronted with two outstanding problems: the banks' serious credit rationing and the students' loan default. Just like corporations should not shirk their social responsibilities, as a core subject of modern market economy, banks should also undertake their indispensable responsibilities.
The dissertation discussed the invective and constraining factors of the behavior subjects. For example, bank and student respectively become the fund's supplier and demander; government plays the role of launching and driving the student loan; and the colleges and universities should coordinate with other behavior subjects and manage the students who want to borrow or have already borrowed money from the bank. All of the behavior subjects affected each other, which determined the efficiency, equality and degrees reflected by the final results of the national student loan.
Trough the investigation on China's 10 year student loan practice, we found out that in spite of this progress, there still existed the problems of the paradox between supply and demand and the high default rate. The reasons lay in the different subjects' faultiness caused by the unsmooth function of the national student loan system. Therefore, to criticize or even to punish any one of these subjects seemed to be short of proper and equal.
According to the analysis, comparison and reference above, the dissertation put forward corresponding policy advices on the national student loan problems of the subjects' behavior optimization: (1) in order to gain the win-win model in the national student loan, firstly, all of the subjects involved should take charge of their own responsibilities. Especially, government should play the leading role in building up better economic and social environment, minimizing the range of economic fluctuation so as to enhance employment, providing legal safeguard for the sustainable development of the national student loan, building up institution of personal credit and system of faith breaking restraining and punishment mechanism, and establishing the information system of national student loan. (2) it is very important to pull the bank into effective competition step by step, which urged them to promote their management efficiency, innovation ability of financial service and the motion and ability of carrying out CSR actively. (3) we should change the operation management system of colleges and universities, increase students' quality and their employment level, alleviate the structural problem on employment. (4) we should also amend the evaluation system of student quality, paying attention to the level of their honesty and morality besides their fundamental knowledge and skills.
论文首先探讨了国家助学贷款的理论依据。高等教育成本分担是国际经济社会形势演变的必然趋势,我国政府主导下的市场取向改革助推了这一政策的制定与实施。助学贷款不仅有助于推进教育的公平,而且也支持了人力资本投资。然而,助学贷款作为在市场经济体制下存在着严重信息不对称的银行业的一项业务,存在两个突出问题:银行存在的信贷供给不足和学生拖欠贷款。不过,企业与其承担的社会责任是分不开的,作为现代市场经济的重要主体之一的银行,更应当履行必要的社会责任。在助学贷款体系中,银行与学生分别是借贷资金的供应方和需求方,政府是发起和推动方,高校是协调、管理及教育者,他们之间的共同性行为决定着国家助学贷款的最终结果,决定着助学贷款能否持续下去。
通过对我国近十年国家助学贷款实践的考察发现,我国在助学贷款方面存在着供需矛盾突出和学生违约率较高的问题。其原因在于由于运行机制不顺畅致使四方行为主体的行为均存在一系列问题。因此,对任一方的简单指责甚至采取单方面的措施,都是不妥当和不公平的。发达市场经济国家和新兴市场经济国家(地区)在助学贷款方面的经验主要表现为:发挥政府主导作用,甚至直接提供助学贷款;高校多种职责及时到位;银行有效竞争并积极承担社会责任等。这些对促进助学贷款的健康发展都具有重要的慈义。
优化我国国家助学贷款相关主体的行为,应致力于实现参与各方的共赢。各方都应该承担相应的责任。政府应该承担主导责任,创造良好的经济社会运行环境,缩小经济波动幅度促进就业;为国家助学贷款的持续发展提供法律保障,建立个人信用制度,建立失信约束惩罚机制,建设国家助学贷款计算机管理信息系统。银行业要逐步引入竞争机制,提升运营效率、创新金融产品,积极履行企业社会责任等。高校要改变运行管理体制,提升学生的素质和就业能力,减轻学生的就业困难;修正对学生的综合素质考评的指标体系,注重对学生诚信和道德水平的考核。
Since the latter half of 20th century, the rapid development of economic society makes rapid progress on the demand of human resources. The requirement of higher education is unprecedented enhanced; higher education all over the world has got an excellent chance of great development; and many countries have entered the stage of popular higher education. Meanwhile, the traditional system of higher education financing and free system of student aid makes the colleges and universities face the heavy pressure of financial crisis. To build a system of education cost sharing has got a broad consensus step by step. National student loan widely becomes the main way to relieve the problems mentioned above. This dissertation investigated the behaviors of different subjects (including government, banks, colleges and universities and students) and their behavior optimization in the process of national student loan, in order to analyze the theoretical problems or practical difficulties appeared in the national student loan and to put forward the basic solving methods.
The dissertation discussed the theoretical basis and possible problems in the national student loan on the basis of existing documents. Higher education cost sharing policy is the inevitable developmental trend of international economic society. The market-oriented reform under the leadership of Chinese government contributes to the enactment and execution of this policy, which makes the problem of equal educational rights float onto the surface. Student loan is not only helpful to the promotion of educational equity, but also to the enhancement of human capital investment, which should have got much more active and proper government intervention due to its broad active externality. However, as a part of financial service vocation in the market-oriented economic system of asymmetric information, student loan is confronted with two outstanding problems: the banks' serious credit rationing and the students' loan default. Just like corporations should not shirk their social responsibilities, as a core subject of modern market economy, banks should also undertake their indispensable responsibilities.
The dissertation discussed the invective and constraining factors of the behavior subjects. For example, bank and student respectively become the fund's supplier and demander; government plays the role of launching and driving the student loan; and the colleges and universities should coordinate with other behavior subjects and manage the students who want to borrow or have already borrowed money from the bank. All of the behavior subjects affected each other, which determined the efficiency, equality and degrees reflected by the final results of the national student loan.
Trough the investigation on China's 10 year student loan practice, we found out that in spite of this progress, there still existed the problems of the paradox between supply and demand and the high default rate. The reasons lay in the different subjects' faultiness caused by the unsmooth function of the national student loan system. Therefore, to criticize or even to punish any one of these subjects seemed to be short of proper and equal.
According to the analysis, comparison and reference above, the dissertation put forward corresponding policy advices on the national student loan problems of the subjects' behavior optimization: (1) in order to gain the win-win model in the national student loan, firstly, all of the subjects involved should take charge of their own responsibilities. Especially, government should play the leading role in building up better economic and social environment, minimizing the range of economic fluctuation so as to enhance employment, providing legal safeguard for the sustainable development of the national student loan, building up institution of personal credit and system of faith breaking restraining and punishment mechanism, and establishing the information system of national student loan. (2) it is very important to pull the bank into effective competition step by step, which urged them to promote their management efficiency, innovation ability of financial service and the motion and ability of carrying out CSR actively. (3) we should change the operation management system of colleges and universities, increase students' quality and their employment level, alleviate the structural problem on employment. (4) we should also amend the evaluation system of student quality, paying attention to the level of their honesty and morality besides their fundamental knowledge and skills.
引文
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