碘在土壤-植物系统中的生物有效性
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摘要
为了解决目前世界上流行最广的地方病-碘缺乏病,本文采用施肥的农业措施通过提高食物链中碘的营养水平来提高人们对碘的摄入量,建立高效、安全、有效的补碘措施, 对人类防治碘缺乏病具有十分重要的现实意义,同时也为放射性碘的研究工作提供基础理论数据。本研究采用核方法和离子色谱等先进的测定方法,深入探讨了碘在不同土壤中的吸附解吸特性,不同种类的蔬菜对土壤中碘的吸收富集,土壤中不同形态和浓度的碘对菠菜吸收富集及土壤溶液中碘的影响,以及土壤中碘对菠菜品质的影响等问题。主要研究结果如下:
用离子色谱分析方法测定菠菜伤流液中的碘取得了准确可靠的测定结果,检测限达0.31μg L-1(S/N=3),样品加标回收率为99.86%。
五种典型土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)和碘离子(I-)的吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述。五种土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附能力由高到低依次为:海南常湿富铁土 > 新疆正常干旱土 > 江西湿润富铁土 > 怀柔干润淋溶土 > 吉林湿润均腐土。其中海南常湿富铁土、江西湿润富铁土和新疆正常干旱土对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附量均大于70%,而怀柔干润淋溶土和吉林湿润均腐土对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附量小于50%,同一土壤不同浓度间差别不大,前三种土壤中的Kd值远高于后两种土壤。五种土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附与解吸之间呈线性相关。
20种土壤碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附范围为9-34 mg I kg-1 土。富含氧化铁的土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附能力较强,其中不同土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附与土壤有机质呈显著的负相关关系,而与土壤中氧化铁含量呈显著正相关关系,其它土壤性质对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附无明显影响。不同土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附和解吸之间为非线性关系。碘酸根离子(IO3-)在各地土壤中的分配系数Kd值为0.854-57.602 L kg-1,除新疆和田土壤之外,土壤中氧化铝含量(0.473) 和氧化铁含量 (0.539)与各地土壤的Kd值之间呈显著的指数相关关系。
五种典型土壤对碘离子(I-)的吸附能力由高到低依次为:江西湿润富铁土 > 海南常湿富铁土 > 吉林湿润均腐土 > 怀柔干润淋溶土 > 新疆正常干旱土。五种土壤对碘离子(I-)的吸附量远低于对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附量,对碘离子(I-)的吸附和解吸之间为线性相关关系。
17种不同土壤对碘离子(I-)的吸附范围为0.782-6.593 mg kg-1土。不同土壤对碘离子(I-)的吸附与土壤有机质和阳离子交换量呈显著的正相关关系;17种土壤的Kd值为0.2-1.974 L kg-1,土壤中阳离子交换量(CEC)和土壤有机质含量(OM)与各地土壤的Kd值之间呈极显著和显著线性相关关系。
富碘蔬菜筛选试验的结果表明:土壤中低浓度碘可促进蔬菜生长,高碘则抑制蔬菜生长;蔬菜可从土壤中富集碘,说明通过蔬菜提高食物链中碘含量的措施是可行的;通过筛选菠菜可作为富碘蔬菜,随土壤中碘浓度的增加,向蔬菜可食部分中碘的转移能力不一定增加,但碘从土壤向蔬菜地上部的转移能力增加。在供试土壤上,对于菠菜,建议合适的施碘量为1-2mg I kg-1土(KIO3),既可促进蔬菜的生长,又可满足人体对碘的需求。
通过第一茬和第二茬菠菜的比较,碘在土壤中有一定的残效,但土壤中碘的生物有效性却明显降低,因此可探讨通过控释肥技术提高碘肥中碘的有效性,减少碘的固定、挥发与淋失。
在土培条件下不同形态的碘对菠菜的生物有效性与水培试验的结果不同,在土壤盆栽试验中,碘酸根离子处理条件下菠菜各部分中碘浓度、总碘量、分配系数和转移因子(TF)值均高于在碘离子处理条件下菠菜各部分中碘的浓度、总碘量、分配系数和转移因子(TF)值;在碘酸根离子处理条件下土壤中的碘更容易向菠菜的地上部分转移。
土壤溶液试验结果表明,在第二次取样的土壤溶液中碘的浓度最高,碘在土壤中的生物有效性在菠菜出苗5周后达到最高,然后随之降低,种植菠菜和不种植菠菜条件下都是如此;在第二次取样中,种植菠菜条件下土壤溶液中碘的浓度高于不种植
菠菜条件下土壤溶液中碘的浓度;另外在种植菠菜条件下,第四次取样中土壤溶液中碘的浓度明显低于不种植菠菜条件下土壤溶液中碘的浓度。
土壤中不同浓度的碘对菠菜叶中Vc含量和硝酸盐含量无明显影响,碘酸根离子处理条件下菠菜叶中Vc含量和硝酸盐含量高于碘离子处理条件下菠菜叶中Vc含量和硝酸盐含量。
In order to reduce the worldwide incidence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), and to prove the supplementation of iodine in food chain through plant uptake to improve human nutrition, a series of experiments and research were conducted. Furthermore, with the rapid development of nuclear industry in China, there is an urgent need to characterize I chemistry in different soils. The objectives of this research were (1) to investigate iodate and iodide ad-desorption by various soils from China; (2) to identify principal factors controlling iodate and iodide ad-desorption in soil; (3) to select iodine-riched vegetable for efficient iodine accumulation, and to examine the residual effect of soil application iodine-containing fertilizers; (4) to investigate the bioavailability of iodide and iodate to spinach in soil and iodine concentration in soil solution; (5) to confirm the effect of iodine on spinach quality, and ultimately to assist in establishing guidelines for incorporating iodate from soil to vegetables, then into the human food chain.
The results were as follows:
Ion chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection was used to determine iodide in solution. This method was specific, sensitive and rapid, the detection limit of iodide was 0.31μg L-1(S/N=3),recovery with adding standard was 99.86%。
A series of experiments were conducted to assess the adsorption of iodate and iodide by different soils from China. Iodate and iodide adsorption isotherms could be well fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich equations.
It was found that soils rich in free iron oxide had high affinity for iodate. Iodate adsorption by 20 different soils from China revealed that iodate adsorption was significantly correlated with soil organic matter negatively, and positively with free iron
oxide contents. At initial concentration of 4 mg I L-1, iodate adsorption ranged from 9 to 34 mg kg-1 soil. No correlations between iodate adsorption and cation exchange capacity and soil pH were found. For a single soil, there was a significant linear relationship between the amounts of iodate adsorbed and desorbed, but for a group of soils, the relationship between the amounts of iodate adsorption and desorption followed a nonlinear relationship, the deviation mainly occurred at high adsorption side. The relationship between Kd and free aluminum oxide and free iron oxide contents showed an exponential relationship for various soils with exception of the soil of Hetian in Xinjiang.
It was found that soils rich in organic matter and with high cation exchange capacity had high affinity for iodide. Iodide adsorption by 17 different soils from China revealed that iodide adsorption was significantly correlated with cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter positively. At initial concentration of 4 mg I L-1, iodide adsorption ranged from 0.782 to 6.593 mg kg-1 soil. No correlations between iodide adsorption and free aluminum/iron oxide and soil pH were found. For a single soil and a group of soils, there was a significant linear relationship between the amounts of iodide adsorbed and desorbed. The relationship between Kd and cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter showed a significant linear relationship for 17 various soils.
A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to select efficient vegetables for iodine uptake, and to investigate the effects of iodate application to soil on iodine uptake by vegetables. The residual effect of iodate fertilization on the growth of and iodine uptake by spinach plants was also investigated. Six vegetables including leafy vegetables, tuber vegetables, shoot vegetables and root vegetables were examined. Results showed that the concentrations of iodate in soil had significant effect on the biomass of edible parts of pakchoi and spinach (P<0.01), whereas the concentrations of iodate in soil had no significant effect on that of carrot, waterspinach, celery and onion. Iodine concentrations in edible parts of vegetables and the transfer factors (TFedible parts) of soil-to-ed
用离子色谱分析方法测定菠菜伤流液中的碘取得了准确可靠的测定结果,检测限达0.31μg L-1(S/N=3),样品加标回收率为99.86%。
五种典型土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)和碘离子(I-)的吸附均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程来描述。五种土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附能力由高到低依次为:海南常湿富铁土 > 新疆正常干旱土 > 江西湿润富铁土 > 怀柔干润淋溶土 > 吉林湿润均腐土。其中海南常湿富铁土、江西湿润富铁土和新疆正常干旱土对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附量均大于70%,而怀柔干润淋溶土和吉林湿润均腐土对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附量小于50%,同一土壤不同浓度间差别不大,前三种土壤中的Kd值远高于后两种土壤。五种土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附与解吸之间呈线性相关。
20种土壤碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附范围为9-34 mg I kg-1 土。富含氧化铁的土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附能力较强,其中不同土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附与土壤有机质呈显著的负相关关系,而与土壤中氧化铁含量呈显著正相关关系,其它土壤性质对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附无明显影响。不同土壤对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附和解吸之间为非线性关系。碘酸根离子(IO3-)在各地土壤中的分配系数Kd值为0.854-57.602 L kg-1,除新疆和田土壤之外,土壤中氧化铝含量(0.473) 和氧化铁含量 (0.539)与各地土壤的Kd值之间呈显著的指数相关关系。
五种典型土壤对碘离子(I-)的吸附能力由高到低依次为:江西湿润富铁土 > 海南常湿富铁土 > 吉林湿润均腐土 > 怀柔干润淋溶土 > 新疆正常干旱土。五种土壤对碘离子(I-)的吸附量远低于对碘酸根离子(IO3-)的吸附量,对碘离子(I-)的吸附和解吸之间为线性相关关系。
17种不同土壤对碘离子(I-)的吸附范围为0.782-6.593 mg kg-1土。不同土壤对碘离子(I-)的吸附与土壤有机质和阳离子交换量呈显著的正相关关系;17种土壤的Kd值为0.2-1.974 L kg-1,土壤中阳离子交换量(CEC)和土壤有机质含量(OM)与各地土壤的Kd值之间呈极显著和显著线性相关关系。
富碘蔬菜筛选试验的结果表明:土壤中低浓度碘可促进蔬菜生长,高碘则抑制蔬菜生长;蔬菜可从土壤中富集碘,说明通过蔬菜提高食物链中碘含量的措施是可行的;通过筛选菠菜可作为富碘蔬菜,随土壤中碘浓度的增加,向蔬菜可食部分中碘的转移能力不一定增加,但碘从土壤向蔬菜地上部的转移能力增加。在供试土壤上,对于菠菜,建议合适的施碘量为1-2mg I kg-1土(KIO3),既可促进蔬菜的生长,又可满足人体对碘的需求。
通过第一茬和第二茬菠菜的比较,碘在土壤中有一定的残效,但土壤中碘的生物有效性却明显降低,因此可探讨通过控释肥技术提高碘肥中碘的有效性,减少碘的固定、挥发与淋失。
在土培条件下不同形态的碘对菠菜的生物有效性与水培试验的结果不同,在土壤盆栽试验中,碘酸根离子处理条件下菠菜各部分中碘浓度、总碘量、分配系数和转移因子(TF)值均高于在碘离子处理条件下菠菜各部分中碘的浓度、总碘量、分配系数和转移因子(TF)值;在碘酸根离子处理条件下土壤中的碘更容易向菠菜的地上部分转移。
土壤溶液试验结果表明,在第二次取样的土壤溶液中碘的浓度最高,碘在土壤中的生物有效性在菠菜出苗5周后达到最高,然后随之降低,种植菠菜和不种植菠菜条件下都是如此;在第二次取样中,种植菠菜条件下土壤溶液中碘的浓度高于不种植
菠菜条件下土壤溶液中碘的浓度;另外在种植菠菜条件下,第四次取样中土壤溶液中碘的浓度明显低于不种植菠菜条件下土壤溶液中碘的浓度。
土壤中不同浓度的碘对菠菜叶中Vc含量和硝酸盐含量无明显影响,碘酸根离子处理条件下菠菜叶中Vc含量和硝酸盐含量高于碘离子处理条件下菠菜叶中Vc含量和硝酸盐含量。
In order to reduce the worldwide incidence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), and to prove the supplementation of iodine in food chain through plant uptake to improve human nutrition, a series of experiments and research were conducted. Furthermore, with the rapid development of nuclear industry in China, there is an urgent need to characterize I chemistry in different soils. The objectives of this research were (1) to investigate iodate and iodide ad-desorption by various soils from China; (2) to identify principal factors controlling iodate and iodide ad-desorption in soil; (3) to select iodine-riched vegetable for efficient iodine accumulation, and to examine the residual effect of soil application iodine-containing fertilizers; (4) to investigate the bioavailability of iodide and iodate to spinach in soil and iodine concentration in soil solution; (5) to confirm the effect of iodine on spinach quality, and ultimately to assist in establishing guidelines for incorporating iodate from soil to vegetables, then into the human food chain.
The results were as follows:
Ion chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection was used to determine iodide in solution. This method was specific, sensitive and rapid, the detection limit of iodide was 0.31μg L-1(S/N=3),recovery with adding standard was 99.86%。
A series of experiments were conducted to assess the adsorption of iodate and iodide by different soils from China. Iodate and iodide adsorption isotherms could be well fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich equations.
It was found that soils rich in free iron oxide had high affinity for iodate. Iodate adsorption by 20 different soils from China revealed that iodate adsorption was significantly correlated with soil organic matter negatively, and positively with free iron
oxide contents. At initial concentration of 4 mg I L-1, iodate adsorption ranged from 9 to 34 mg kg-1 soil. No correlations between iodate adsorption and cation exchange capacity and soil pH were found. For a single soil, there was a significant linear relationship between the amounts of iodate adsorbed and desorbed, but for a group of soils, the relationship between the amounts of iodate adsorption and desorption followed a nonlinear relationship, the deviation mainly occurred at high adsorption side. The relationship between Kd and free aluminum oxide and free iron oxide contents showed an exponential relationship for various soils with exception of the soil of Hetian in Xinjiang.
It was found that soils rich in organic matter and with high cation exchange capacity had high affinity for iodide. Iodide adsorption by 17 different soils from China revealed that iodide adsorption was significantly correlated with cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter positively. At initial concentration of 4 mg I L-1, iodide adsorption ranged from 0.782 to 6.593 mg kg-1 soil. No correlations between iodide adsorption and free aluminum/iron oxide and soil pH were found. For a single soil and a group of soils, there was a significant linear relationship between the amounts of iodide adsorbed and desorbed. The relationship between Kd and cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter showed a significant linear relationship for 17 various soils.
A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to select efficient vegetables for iodine uptake, and to investigate the effects of iodate application to soil on iodine uptake by vegetables. The residual effect of iodate fertilization on the growth of and iodine uptake by spinach plants was also investigated. Six vegetables including leafy vegetables, tuber vegetables, shoot vegetables and root vegetables were examined. Results showed that the concentrations of iodate in soil had significant effect on the biomass of edible parts of pakchoi and spinach (P<0.01), whereas the concentrations of iodate in soil had no significant effect on that of carrot, waterspinach, celery and onion. Iodine concentrations in edible parts of vegetables and the transfer factors (TFedible parts) of soil-to-ed
引文
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