松潘—平武地震干扰后大熊猫栖息地生态恢复研究
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摘要
干扰特别是大型突发性自然干扰后的植被研究是恢复生态学的一个重要任务。本文选择四川王朗自然保护区1976年地震遗迹为主要研究对象,通过大量的典型样方调查,研究了地震干扰后大熊猫栖息地恢复群落的物种组成、群落结构及多样性特征,分析了群落内物种多样性随环境的变化、物种一多度关系、生物量分配特征及地震对岷江冷杉径向生长的影响。本研究的成果将有助于阐明地震后群落恢复速度,揭示限制地震干扰后群落恢复的主要因子,从而为2008年地震后植被恢复策略的制定提供理论依据及科学参考。通过研究得出以下主要结果：
1.应用TWINSPAN和DCA可将所调查的植物群落按照受到地震干扰重、中、轻3种程度划分为3种群落类型—重度干扰群落(群落E)、中度干扰群落(群落T)和轻度干扰群落(群落F)。DCA排序显示3种群落分布与一定的环境因子密切相关,群落E与岩石裸露度呈正相关,而与土壤厚度、土壤水分、苔藓盖度及盖度等环境因子呈负相关,群落F则与岩石裸露度呈负相关,而与土壤厚度、土壤水分、苔藓盖度及盖度等环境因子呈正相关。
2.群落E缺失乔木层,在灌木和草本层中主要由阳性先锋物种幼树、幼苗及部分灌木和草本组成；群落T中乔木层物种组成与群落F相似,但还包含部分先锋物种,而在灌木和草本层物种组成上与群落F没有明显差异；群落E中植物的科、属及种的丰富度显著低于群落T和群落F,而后两者之间没有显著差异。
3.多样性指数与环境因子的相关分析表明,物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数与岩石裸露度均呈极显著负相关,而物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener指数与土壤水分、土壤有机质含量等环境因子呈极显著正相关。地震干扰后恢复群落中,限制物种多样性的主要因子是群落内水分条件和土壤条件。
4.在群落E和群落F中,中性理论模型能够较好的预测木本植物与草本植物的物种—多度分布,但在群落T中,中性理论模型预测木本植物和草本植物物种多度—分布效果较差。生境的均一性程度可能是中性理论模型预测物种—多度分布效果的重要影响因子。
5.生物量的分析表明,木本植物中,群落E和群落T中先锋物种地上生物量显著高于群落F,而顶级物种的地上生物量则显著低于群落F；木本植物生物量主要分配于树干,其次是枝,最后是叶。草本植物中,3种群落地上生物量均高于地下生物量。3种群落类型中,群落T和群落F中缺苞箭竹的地上生物量显著高于群落E,而群落T和群落F的缺苞箭竹地上生物量没有显著差异。
6.地震遗迹和森林中的岷江冷杉径向生长分析结果表明,滑动t检验检测出地震遗迹上岷江冷杉保留木径向生长过程在1980年发生了明显的生长增加,而森林中的岷江冷杉未检测出生长过程的明显突变,说明地震干扰影响了地震遗迹上岷江冷杉保留木的生长过程。地震遗迹和森林中岷江冷杉年轮指数对比分析中也显示,地震遗迹上岷江冷杉的年轮指数在时间序列1971～1975年间,地震遗迹上岷江冷杉年轮指数显著低于森林,而在地震后的1981～1985这5年内,地震遗迹上的岷江冷杉径向有了显著增长,其年轮指数显著高于森林中的岷江冷杉。
Vegetational restoration after disturbance, especially grave and accident disturbances, is an important issue for the restoration ecology to strengthen the study of disturbed vegetation after large scale and disaster disturbances. In this paper, we investigated the plant communities that restored naturally from different disturbance intensity during the 1976's earthquakes. The objectives of this study were to recognize fully about the species composition, structure and diversity for the disturbed communities, to analyze the relationship between the community diversity and the environmental factors, the relationship between the number and abundance of species, to make clear the biomass allocation in restoration communities, to find out how much effects the earthquake on radial growth of Abies faxoniana. The results can help us to know the speed of natural succession after the grave earthquake, and can explain clearly the main environmental factors which limited the regeneration of plant community, and provide scientific foundation and reference for the vegetation recovery after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The brief results are as followings:
1. Based on the investigated plots, quantitative classification and ordination were conducted by TWINSPAN and DCA method for the disturbed communities in the landslides triggered by Songpan-Pingwu earthquake. The plots were classified into three communities by methods of TWINSPAN and DCA, they are the community recovered from intensive earthquake disturbance (Community E), the community recovered from intermediate earthquake disturbance (Community T), and the community recovered from slightly disturbed forest community (Community F). The first axis of DCA indicated clearly the tendency from intensive to slight disturbance caused by earthquake. The results of ordination by DCA also showed the basic relationship between plant communities and environmental factors. The community E was positively related to the coverage of exposed rock surface, and negatively related to the moss cover, while the community F was negatively related to the coverage of exposed rock surface, and positively related to the moss cover.
2.The species composition and diversity were studied for communities that restored naturally from different disturbance intensities during the 1976's earthquakes. Some main results are as followings:the community recovered from the Community E was characterized by the lack of tree layer, and the shrub and herb layers were dominated by heliophilous and pioneer species. The species composition of tree layer in the the community T was similar to the community F, except that the pioneer species were observed in the community T. The community T and F have no significant differences in species composition for shrub and herb layers. The numbers of family, genus and species in the community E were significant lower than in the community T and F, and there were no significant difference between community T and community F.
3.The relationship between the plant diversity and the environmental factors were analyzed through the plant communities recovered from earthquake. The main results by a correlative analysis showed that the number of species, Shannon-wiener index and Simpson index were significantly negative related with the coverage of exposed rock surface, while the number of species and Shannon-wiener index were positive related with water contents of soil, organic matter of soil, thickness and coverage of moss. The main factors which impacted the biodiversity of the disturbed communities were the water content and soils.
4. To analyze the relationship between species and abundance, the fitness of the neutral model to the restoration community was tested by using the woody and herbaceous plant data investigated in the plant communities that restored naturally from different disturbances during the 1976's earthquakes. It has been found that the species-abundance pattern in community E and F fitted well the neutral model, however, the species-abundance pattern in the community T did not fit the neutral model. It has been suggested that heterogeneity of habitat is the important factors that affect the fitness of the neutral model.
5.Biomass is an important parameter in characterizing a forest ecological system. In order to understand fully the biomass allocation in restoration community, some models were used about woody biomass and the investigated data about herbaceous plant biomass and allocation in restoration communities. The main results showed that the aboveground biomass of pioneer woody plant in the community E and T was significant higher than in the community F, while the aboveground biomass of climax woody plant community E and T was significantly lower than in the community F. The aboveground biomass of different organs for woody plant from high to low were the trunk, the branch and the leaf. The aboveground biomass of the 3 communities were all higher than the underground. The aboveground of Fargesia denudate in the community T and the community F were significantly higher than in the community E, while there was no significant difference between the community T and the community F.
6. Trees are very sensitivity to the environmental change. In the present study, it has been analyzed that the effects caused by the 1976's earthquake on residual Abies faxoniana and compared with Abies faxoniana of forests. The results showed that radial growth of residual Abies faxoniana in earthquake remains has an obvious increase in 1980 by moving t-test, while there was no significant change in forest, in other words, earthquake has a significant effect on residual Abies faxoniana growth. The contrastive analysis for the tree ring index between residual Abies faxoniana and forest Abies faxoniana also showed that the average tree ring index of residual Abies faxoniana in 1971～1975 was significantly lower than of forest Abies faxoniana, while it was significant higher than forest Abies faxoniana in 1981～1985.
1.应用TWINSPAN和DCA可将所调查的植物群落按照受到地震干扰重、中、轻3种程度划分为3种群落类型—重度干扰群落(群落E)、中度干扰群落(群落T)和轻度干扰群落(群落F)。DCA排序显示3种群落分布与一定的环境因子密切相关,群落E与岩石裸露度呈正相关,而与土壤厚度、土壤水分、苔藓盖度及盖度等环境因子呈负相关,群落F则与岩石裸露度呈负相关,而与土壤厚度、土壤水分、苔藓盖度及盖度等环境因子呈正相关。
2.群落E缺失乔木层,在灌木和草本层中主要由阳性先锋物种幼树、幼苗及部分灌木和草本组成；群落T中乔木层物种组成与群落F相似,但还包含部分先锋物种,而在灌木和草本层物种组成上与群落F没有明显差异；群落E中植物的科、属及种的丰富度显著低于群落T和群落F,而后两者之间没有显著差异。
3.多样性指数与环境因子的相关分析表明,物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数与岩石裸露度均呈极显著负相关,而物种丰富度、Shannon-wiener指数与土壤水分、土壤有机质含量等环境因子呈极显著正相关。地震干扰后恢复群落中,限制物种多样性的主要因子是群落内水分条件和土壤条件。
4.在群落E和群落F中,中性理论模型能够较好的预测木本植物与草本植物的物种—多度分布,但在群落T中,中性理论模型预测木本植物和草本植物物种多度—分布效果较差。生境的均一性程度可能是中性理论模型预测物种—多度分布效果的重要影响因子。
5.生物量的分析表明,木本植物中,群落E和群落T中先锋物种地上生物量显著高于群落F,而顶级物种的地上生物量则显著低于群落F；木本植物生物量主要分配于树干,其次是枝,最后是叶。草本植物中,3种群落地上生物量均高于地下生物量。3种群落类型中,群落T和群落F中缺苞箭竹的地上生物量显著高于群落E,而群落T和群落F的缺苞箭竹地上生物量没有显著差异。
6.地震遗迹和森林中的岷江冷杉径向生长分析结果表明,滑动t检验检测出地震遗迹上岷江冷杉保留木径向生长过程在1980年发生了明显的生长增加,而森林中的岷江冷杉未检测出生长过程的明显突变,说明地震干扰影响了地震遗迹上岷江冷杉保留木的生长过程。地震遗迹和森林中岷江冷杉年轮指数对比分析中也显示,地震遗迹上岷江冷杉的年轮指数在时间序列1971～1975年间,地震遗迹上岷江冷杉年轮指数显著低于森林,而在地震后的1981～1985这5年内,地震遗迹上的岷江冷杉径向有了显著增长,其年轮指数显著高于森林中的岷江冷杉。
Vegetational restoration after disturbance, especially grave and accident disturbances, is an important issue for the restoration ecology to strengthen the study of disturbed vegetation after large scale and disaster disturbances. In this paper, we investigated the plant communities that restored naturally from different disturbance intensity during the 1976's earthquakes. The objectives of this study were to recognize fully about the species composition, structure and diversity for the disturbed communities, to analyze the relationship between the community diversity and the environmental factors, the relationship between the number and abundance of species, to make clear the biomass allocation in restoration communities, to find out how much effects the earthquake on radial growth of Abies faxoniana. The results can help us to know the speed of natural succession after the grave earthquake, and can explain clearly the main environmental factors which limited the regeneration of plant community, and provide scientific foundation and reference for the vegetation recovery after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The brief results are as followings:
1. Based on the investigated plots, quantitative classification and ordination were conducted by TWINSPAN and DCA method for the disturbed communities in the landslides triggered by Songpan-Pingwu earthquake. The plots were classified into three communities by methods of TWINSPAN and DCA, they are the community recovered from intensive earthquake disturbance (Community E), the community recovered from intermediate earthquake disturbance (Community T), and the community recovered from slightly disturbed forest community (Community F). The first axis of DCA indicated clearly the tendency from intensive to slight disturbance caused by earthquake. The results of ordination by DCA also showed the basic relationship between plant communities and environmental factors. The community E was positively related to the coverage of exposed rock surface, and negatively related to the moss cover, while the community F was negatively related to the coverage of exposed rock surface, and positively related to the moss cover.
2.The species composition and diversity were studied for communities that restored naturally from different disturbance intensities during the 1976's earthquakes. Some main results are as followings:the community recovered from the Community E was characterized by the lack of tree layer, and the shrub and herb layers were dominated by heliophilous and pioneer species. The species composition of tree layer in the the community T was similar to the community F, except that the pioneer species were observed in the community T. The community T and F have no significant differences in species composition for shrub and herb layers. The numbers of family, genus and species in the community E were significant lower than in the community T and F, and there were no significant difference between community T and community F.
3.The relationship between the plant diversity and the environmental factors were analyzed through the plant communities recovered from earthquake. The main results by a correlative analysis showed that the number of species, Shannon-wiener index and Simpson index were significantly negative related with the coverage of exposed rock surface, while the number of species and Shannon-wiener index were positive related with water contents of soil, organic matter of soil, thickness and coverage of moss. The main factors which impacted the biodiversity of the disturbed communities were the water content and soils.
4. To analyze the relationship between species and abundance, the fitness of the neutral model to the restoration community was tested by using the woody and herbaceous plant data investigated in the plant communities that restored naturally from different disturbances during the 1976's earthquakes. It has been found that the species-abundance pattern in community E and F fitted well the neutral model, however, the species-abundance pattern in the community T did not fit the neutral model. It has been suggested that heterogeneity of habitat is the important factors that affect the fitness of the neutral model.
5.Biomass is an important parameter in characterizing a forest ecological system. In order to understand fully the biomass allocation in restoration community, some models were used about woody biomass and the investigated data about herbaceous plant biomass and allocation in restoration communities. The main results showed that the aboveground biomass of pioneer woody plant in the community E and T was significant higher than in the community F, while the aboveground biomass of climax woody plant community E and T was significantly lower than in the community F. The aboveground biomass of different organs for woody plant from high to low were the trunk, the branch and the leaf. The aboveground biomass of the 3 communities were all higher than the underground. The aboveground of Fargesia denudate in the community T and the community F were significantly higher than in the community E, while there was no significant difference between the community T and the community F.
6. Trees are very sensitivity to the environmental change. In the present study, it has been analyzed that the effects caused by the 1976's earthquake on residual Abies faxoniana and compared with Abies faxoniana of forests. The results showed that radial growth of residual Abies faxoniana in earthquake remains has an obvious increase in 1980 by moving t-test, while there was no significant change in forest, in other words, earthquake has a significant effect on residual Abies faxoniana growth. The contrastive analysis for the tree ring index between residual Abies faxoniana and forest Abies faxoniana also showed that the average tree ring index of residual Abies faxoniana in 1971～1975 was significantly lower than of forest Abies faxoniana, while it was significant higher than forest Abies faxoniana in 1981～1985.
引文
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