国际货物买卖合同与国际海上货物运输合同相关法律问题的研究
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摘要
国际贸易中,买卖双方分处不同国家,要顺利实现商品自卖方至买方的转移,离不开货物运输、货物保险等环节的配合。因此,买卖双方除了订立买卖合同之外,还需订立一些其他合同来保证买卖合同的实现。其中,运输合同就是以买卖合同为中心,并以保障买卖合同实现为目的而订立的辅助合同。目前,在国际货物运输中,运用最广泛的仍是海洋运输。所以,虽然国际货物买卖合同与国际海上货物运输合同是彼此相互独立的合同,但又相互关联,密不可分。
就国际海上货物运输关系而言,当事人一般由托运人、承运人、收货人三方,形成了托运人与承运人的运输合同关系、托运人与收货人约定运输责任的贸易合同关系以及承运人与收货人通过提单形成的提单关系。这里的托运人通常为买卖合同的卖方,收货人通常为买卖合同的买方。如何处理好以上三方的关系,使买卖合同与运输合同对各方的权利义务的规定既不重叠,也不遗漏,对贸易的正常运行有着至关重要的作用,也是一个值得贸易界、运输界关注的问题。
本文分为五个章节。第一章至第三章,以货物买卖合同为中心,通过国际货物买卖合同中与运输有关的三大主要条款,即货物的价格条款、装运条款以及支付条款对运输的要求,着重论述了货物买卖合同中与运输合同相关的内容,并总结了买卖合同与海上运输合同,在实际业务中比较容易产生矛盾冲突的条款,并对这些条款的衔接提出了自己的一些见解。本文第三章还简要介绍了即将实施的《跟单信用证统一惯例——2007年修订本,国际商会第600号出版物》,并将其对海运单据的要求进行了整理归纳。由于我国《海商法》对托运人、承运人、收货人权利义务关系的规定存在一定的不足,所以本文第四章、第五章也对卖方作为托运人、买方作为收货人与承运人的权利义务关系进行了探讨,并对FOB买卖合同下卖方托运货物时需要注意的方面提出一些建议。
笔者希望通过本文对国际货物买卖合同与国际海上运输合同的关联研究,给买卖合同中负责安排运输的当事方解决相关问题带来帮助。
The buyers and the sellers under the contract for international sales of goods are located in different places. In order to transfer the contract objects from the sellers to the buyers successfully; therefore, some necessary supporting contracts such as the contact of carriage and the insurance contract are required. Among those supporting contracts, the contract of carriage is the most important one. It is made on the basis of the sales contract and aims to ensure the performance of it. At present, carriage of goods by sea is still the most widely used way of transportation. Thus, contract for international sales of goods and the contract of carriage by sea are two contracts which are both individual and complementary to each other. Sales contract is the core of the whole trade process; furthermore, the contract of carriage should meet the requirements of the sales contract. The performance of the contract of carriage also reflects the rights and obligations of the sellers or the buyers under their sales contract.
There are three parties under the contract of carriage by sea which are the shipper, carrier and the consignee. The shipper and the carrier form the contractual relationship by entering the contract of carriage. Moreover, the shipper and the consignee form the contractual relationship by entering a sales contract. Additionally, the issue of B/L gives rise to the legal relationship between the carrier and the consignee. Usually, the shipper under the contract of carriage is the seller, while the consignee under contract of carriage is often the buyer. Hence, the question about how to deal with these relations well, and assure both contracts make sense is worthy to be discussed both in trade circles and in shipping industries.
This dissertation below includes 5 chapters. The first three chapters focus on the closely correlative contents from the sales contract and the contract of carriage. They analyze the main clauses of the sales contract which are the price terms, the shipping terms and the terms of payment. Additionally, they also present some confusing clauses that may bring potential disputes into business practice and give some suggestion regarding the connection of those clauses from the two individual contracts. Chapter 3 introduces the new Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, UCP600. As UCP600 is supposed to be implemented in July 1st, 2007, Chapter 3 also briefs the rules about the requirements to the shipping documents from it. At last, because the regulations of the relationship among the shipper, the carrier and the consignee in our Maritime Code are not clearly enough; therefore, Chapter 4 and 5 put these questions in to further study, and give some suggestions for the sellers under the FOB Contract to be cautious during the shipping process.
This dissertation hopes to bring the readers some deeper insights of the interrelationship between the two contracts, and helps our importers or exporters to solve some related problems in the international business practice.
就国际海上货物运输关系而言,当事人一般由托运人、承运人、收货人三方,形成了托运人与承运人的运输合同关系、托运人与收货人约定运输责任的贸易合同关系以及承运人与收货人通过提单形成的提单关系。这里的托运人通常为买卖合同的卖方,收货人通常为买卖合同的买方。如何处理好以上三方的关系,使买卖合同与运输合同对各方的权利义务的规定既不重叠,也不遗漏,对贸易的正常运行有着至关重要的作用,也是一个值得贸易界、运输界关注的问题。
本文分为五个章节。第一章至第三章,以货物买卖合同为中心,通过国际货物买卖合同中与运输有关的三大主要条款,即货物的价格条款、装运条款以及支付条款对运输的要求,着重论述了货物买卖合同中与运输合同相关的内容,并总结了买卖合同与海上运输合同,在实际业务中比较容易产生矛盾冲突的条款,并对这些条款的衔接提出了自己的一些见解。本文第三章还简要介绍了即将实施的《跟单信用证统一惯例——2007年修订本,国际商会第600号出版物》,并将其对海运单据的要求进行了整理归纳。由于我国《海商法》对托运人、承运人、收货人权利义务关系的规定存在一定的不足,所以本文第四章、第五章也对卖方作为托运人、买方作为收货人与承运人的权利义务关系进行了探讨,并对FOB买卖合同下卖方托运货物时需要注意的方面提出一些建议。
笔者希望通过本文对国际货物买卖合同与国际海上运输合同的关联研究,给买卖合同中负责安排运输的当事方解决相关问题带来帮助。
The buyers and the sellers under the contract for international sales of goods are located in different places. In order to transfer the contract objects from the sellers to the buyers successfully; therefore, some necessary supporting contracts such as the contact of carriage and the insurance contract are required. Among those supporting contracts, the contract of carriage is the most important one. It is made on the basis of the sales contract and aims to ensure the performance of it. At present, carriage of goods by sea is still the most widely used way of transportation. Thus, contract for international sales of goods and the contract of carriage by sea are two contracts which are both individual and complementary to each other. Sales contract is the core of the whole trade process; furthermore, the contract of carriage should meet the requirements of the sales contract. The performance of the contract of carriage also reflects the rights and obligations of the sellers or the buyers under their sales contract.
There are three parties under the contract of carriage by sea which are the shipper, carrier and the consignee. The shipper and the carrier form the contractual relationship by entering the contract of carriage. Moreover, the shipper and the consignee form the contractual relationship by entering a sales contract. Additionally, the issue of B/L gives rise to the legal relationship between the carrier and the consignee. Usually, the shipper under the contract of carriage is the seller, while the consignee under contract of carriage is often the buyer. Hence, the question about how to deal with these relations well, and assure both contracts make sense is worthy to be discussed both in trade circles and in shipping industries.
This dissertation below includes 5 chapters. The first three chapters focus on the closely correlative contents from the sales contract and the contract of carriage. They analyze the main clauses of the sales contract which are the price terms, the shipping terms and the terms of payment. Additionally, they also present some confusing clauses that may bring potential disputes into business practice and give some suggestion regarding the connection of those clauses from the two individual contracts. Chapter 3 introduces the new Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, UCP600. As UCP600 is supposed to be implemented in July 1st, 2007, Chapter 3 also briefs the rules about the requirements to the shipping documents from it. At last, because the regulations of the relationship among the shipper, the carrier and the consignee in our Maritime Code are not clearly enough; therefore, Chapter 4 and 5 put these questions in to further study, and give some suggestions for the sellers under the FOB Contract to be cautious during the shipping process.
This dissertation hopes to bring the readers some deeper insights of the interrelationship between the two contracts, and helps our importers or exporters to solve some related problems in the international business practice.
引文
1江平著,《中华人民共和国合同法释义》,北京:北京大学出版社,1999年版,第121页
2Pyrene Company Ltd.v.Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd(1954)1 Lloyd's Rep.321
3Schmitt Hoff's Export Trade第九版,第26页
4吴百福主编,《进出口贸易实务教程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2002年2月第14次印刷,第86页
5杨良宜著,《国际货物买卖》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年4月第1版,第105页
6Johnson v.Taylor Bros.(1920)A.C.144“Maersk Nimrod”(1991)1 Lloyd's Rep.269
7杨良宜著,《国际货物买卖》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年4月第1版,第184页
8Benjamin's Sale of Goods,4~(th)Ed,Para.19-029
9杨良宜著,《国际商务游戏规则-英国合约法》,中国政法大学出版社,2000年3月修订本,第21页
10Interocean Shipping Co.v.National Shipping & Trading Corp.(1972)462f 2d.673(2d Cir.);Pollux v.Dreyfus(1978)455f.Supp.211(S.D.N.Y.);
12赵常华著《海洋运输中装卸费用分担问题》,《对外经贸实务》,2002年第9期
13赵常华著《海洋运输中装卸费用分担问题》,《对外经贸实务》,2002年第9期
14吴百福主编,《进出口贸易实务教程》,上海人民出版社,2002年2月第14次印刷,第130页
15McCardie大法官在Hartley v.Hymans(1920)3 K.B.475的484页说道:“In ordinary commercial contracts for the sale of goods,the rule clearly is,that time is prima facie of the essence with respect to delivery。”
16Benjamin's Sale of Goods 第四版的18-116段:It has been settled ever since the decision of the House of Lord in that stipulations as to the time of shipment form part of the description of the goods,and breach of such stipulations entitles the buyer to reject.
17Bows v.Shand(1877)2App.Cas.455中,Blackburn勋爵说:“If the description of the article tendered is different in any respect it is not the article bargained for and the other party is not bound to take it.”
18Staughton大法官在Miserocchi v.Agricultores(1982)1 Lloyd's Rep.202“It is the buyer's obligation to provide a ship at the place of shipment,on the day when shipment is to take place.The seller must then bring his goods to the ship's rail for loading.If there is not a single day fixed for shipment,but for example any of the 30 days in the month of June,then the question arises who will choose when a ship shall be provided.In these contracts the choice lay with the buyers…….”
19Edmund-Davies大法官在The“Mihalis Angelos”一先例中说:“…These words mean that,in the light of the facts known to the owner at the time of making the contract,he honestly expected the vessel would be ready as stated and,further,that such expectation was based on reasonable grounds.”
20Donaldson大法官在Bunge v.Tradax(1975)2 Lloyd's Rep.235的发言如下:“the buyer have the right to nominate the vessel which is to carry the cargo.They also have right to send her to the port of loading at a time of their choice.But both these rights are subject to two qualifications.First,that the vessel shall be suitable for the cargo and for the port.Second,that the time when she is tendered shall be within the shipment period and such that the cargo thereafter be shipped in accordance with the custom of the port and shipment completed at or before the expiry of that period.”
21李大鹏著《订好合同中的运输条款,促进我国出口贸易发展》,《对外经贸实务》,2005年第4期
22David T.Boyd & Co.Ltd.v.Louis Louca(1973)1 Lloyd's Rep.209 Kerr大法官说道:“In a FOB contract,there is a range of ports then prima facie if nothing else is agreed and where there is no custom of trade and 110 surrounding circumstances from which a contrary intention can be inferred,the Port is at buyers'option”
23“Shelley”(1950)83 Lloyd's Rep.137
24吴百福主编,《进出口贸易实务教程》,上海人民出版社,2002年2月第14次印刷,第138页
25www.export911.com:“a shipment destined to a port or an interior point(location or depot)is best reached by connecting shipments)from other ports)and/or point(s).It is the unloading and reloading of cargo from one means of conveyance to another,in the same or different modes of transportation,during the course of carriage from the place of shipment to the place of destination stipulated in letter of credit.”
26王利明、崔建远著《合同法新论·总则》,中国政法大学出版社,1996年12月第一版,第110页
27杨良宜著《提单及其付运单证》,中国政法大学出版社,2001年6月第1版,第364页
28施米托夫著《国际贸易法文选》,赵秀文译,中国大百科全书出版社,1993年版,第468页
29William Tetley著,《海上货物索赔》,张永坚、胡正良译,大连海运学院出版社,1993年5月出版,第732-733页
30Berkshire[1974]1 Lloyd's Law Rep.185
31William Tetley著,《海上货物索赔》,张永坚、胡正良译,大连海运学院出版社,1993年5月出版,第733页
32第五十二条规定的合同无效的情形有以下五种:1.一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同,损害国家利益;2.恶意串通,损害国家、集体或者第三人利益:3.以合法形式掩盖非法目的;4.损害社会公共利益;5.违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。
33CA Van liewen v.Hollis Bros(1919)25 CC 83,Dunedin勋爵说:“reasonable must be reasonable under all the circumstances of the case
34Gill & Duffus v.Rionda(1994)2 Lloyd's Rep.67
35郭萍编著、司玉琢主审,《租船实务与法律》第二版,大连海事大学出版社,第201页
36杨良宜编著,《程租合约》,大连海事大学出版社,1998年7月第1版,第356页
37Ets.Soules v.Intertradex(1991)1 Lloyd's Rep.378
38聂开锦著,《(跟单信用证统一惯例)2007年修订版简介与评析》,《对外经贸实务》,2006年第12期
39陈安主编《国际海事法学》,北京大学出版社,1997年版
40樱井玲二,《汉堡规则的成立及其条文解释》张既义译,北京对外贸易出版社,1984年版,第40页
41樱井玲二,《汉堡规则的成立及其条文解释》张既义译,北京对外贸易出版社,1984年版
42陈安编著,《国际海事法学》,北京大学出版社,1997年版,第244页
43郑田卫著,《托运人概念的法律检讨与认识重构——兼论托运人的识别标准》,上海海事法院论文集,2003年,第70-93页)
44尹东年、郭瑜著,《海上货物运输法》,北京人民法院出版社,2000年版,第274页
45姚红秀、林晖著,《论我国(海商法)下托运人的认定》,《中国海商法年刊(1996年)》
46广州海事法院(1996)广海法深字第3s号民事判决书
47司玉琢主编,《中华人民共和国海商法问答》P80-81
48郭瑜著,《提单法律制度研究》,北京大学出版社,1997年版,第56页
49参见“朱曾杰信箱”,载《海事审判》,1997年第3期
50郭春风著,《论对中国海商法托运人定义及相关条款的修改》,海事审判,1998年第2期;翁子明著,《实际承运人和实际托运人的法定性》,中国海事审判年刊,1999年,第29页)
51司玉琢编著,《海商法专题研究》,大连海事大学出版社,2002年,第140页
52尹东年著,《当代海商法的理论与实践》,北京人民交通出版社,1999年版,第56页
53司玉琢著,《海商法专题研究》,大连海事大学出版社,2002年,第100页
54Dunlop V.Lamber[1839]9 C1.&F.600,626-627.
55WILLIAM TETLEY著《海上货物索赔》,大连海运学院出版社,1993年版
56《1916年美国联邦提单法》第10条
57(台)最高法院73年度台上字1897号民事判决
58刘文华主编,《新合同法条文精解与典型案例》,世界图书出版公司,1999年版,第82页
59梁慧星著,《民法总论》,法律出版社,2001年版,第75-79页
1江平.中华人民共和国合同法释义.北京:北京大学出版社,1999
2吴百福.进出口贸易实务教程.上海:上海人民出版社,2002
3杨良宜.国际货物买卖,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
4杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则-英国合约法,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000
5邓仁杰.谈装运港船上交货(FOB)的装卸费用承担.水运管理,2004年第2期
6赵常华.海洋运输中装卸费用分担问题.对外经贸实务,2002年第9期
7李大鹏.订好合同中的运输条款,促进我国出口贸易发展.对外经贸实务,2005年第4期
8王利明、崔建远.合同法新论·总则.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1996
9杨良宜.提单及其付运单证.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001
10(英)施米托夫著、赵秀文译.国际贸易法文选.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1994
11郭萍编著、司玉琢主审.租船实务与法律.第二版.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2000
12杨良宜.程租合约.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1998
13聂开锦.《跟单信用证统一惯例》2007年修订版简介与评析.对外经贸实务,2006年第12期
14陈安.国际海事法学.北京:北京大学出版社,1997
15(日)樱井玲二、张既义译.汉堡规则的成立及其条文解释,北京:对外贸易出版社,1984
16郑田卫.托运人概念的法律检讨与认识重构——兼论托运人的识别标准,上海海事法院论文集,2003
17尹东年、郭瑜.海上货物运输法.北京:北京人民法院出版社,2000
18姚红秀、林晖.论我国《海商法》下托运人的认定.中国海商法年刊.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1996
19郭瑜.提单法律制度研究。北京:北京大学出版社,1997
20郭春风.论对中国海商法托运人定义及相关条款的修改.海事审判,1998年第2期
21翁子明.实际承运人和实际托运人的法定性.中国海事审判年刊,1999
22司玉琢.海商法专题研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2002
23尹东年.当代海商法的理论与实践.北京:北京人民交通出版社,1999
24刘文华.新合同法条文精解与典型案例.北京:世界图书出版公司,1999
25梁慧星.民法总论.北京:法律出版社,2001
2Pyrene Company Ltd.v.Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd(1954)1 Lloyd's Rep.321
3Schmitt Hoff's Export Trade第九版,第26页
4吴百福主编,《进出口贸易实务教程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2002年2月第14次印刷,第86页
5杨良宜著,《国际货物买卖》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年4月第1版,第105页
6Johnson v.Taylor Bros.(1920)A.C.144“Maersk Nimrod”(1991)1 Lloyd's Rep.269
7杨良宜著,《国际货物买卖》,中国政法大学出版社,1999年4月第1版,第184页
8Benjamin's Sale of Goods,4~(th)Ed,Para.19-029
9杨良宜著,《国际商务游戏规则-英国合约法》,中国政法大学出版社,2000年3月修订本,第21页
10Interocean Shipping Co.v.National Shipping & Trading Corp.(1972)462f 2d.673(2d Cir.);Pollux v.Dreyfus(1978)455f.Supp.211(S.D.N.Y.);
12赵常华著《海洋运输中装卸费用分担问题》,《对外经贸实务》,2002年第9期
13赵常华著《海洋运输中装卸费用分担问题》,《对外经贸实务》,2002年第9期
14吴百福主编,《进出口贸易实务教程》,上海人民出版社,2002年2月第14次印刷,第130页
15McCardie大法官在Hartley v.Hymans(1920)3 K.B.475的484页说道:“In ordinary commercial contracts for the sale of goods,the rule clearly is,that time is prima facie of the essence with respect to delivery。”
16Benjamin's Sale of Goods 第四版的18-116段:It has been settled ever since the decision of the House of Lord in that stipulations as to the time of shipment form part of the description of the goods,and breach of such stipulations entitles the buyer to reject.
17Bows v.Shand(1877)2App.Cas.455中,Blackburn勋爵说:“If the description of the article tendered is different in any respect it is not the article bargained for and the other party is not bound to take it.”
18Staughton大法官在Miserocchi v.Agricultores(1982)1 Lloyd's Rep.202“It is the buyer's obligation to provide a ship at the place of shipment,on the day when shipment is to take place.The seller must then bring his goods to the ship's rail for loading.If there is not a single day fixed for shipment,but for example any of the 30 days in the month of June,then the question arises who will choose when a ship shall be provided.In these contracts the choice lay with the buyers…….”
19Edmund-Davies大法官在The“Mihalis Angelos”一先例中说:“…These words mean that,in the light of the facts known to the owner at the time of making the contract,he honestly expected the vessel would be ready as stated and,further,that such expectation was based on reasonable grounds.”
20Donaldson大法官在Bunge v.Tradax(1975)2 Lloyd's Rep.235的发言如下:“the buyer have the right to nominate the vessel which is to carry the cargo.They also have right to send her to the port of loading at a time of their choice.But both these rights are subject to two qualifications.First,that the vessel shall be suitable for the cargo and for the port.Second,that the time when she is tendered shall be within the shipment period and such that the cargo thereafter be shipped in accordance with the custom of the port and shipment completed at or before the expiry of that period.”
21李大鹏著《订好合同中的运输条款,促进我国出口贸易发展》,《对外经贸实务》,2005年第4期
22David T.Boyd & Co.Ltd.v.Louis Louca(1973)1 Lloyd's Rep.209 Kerr大法官说道:“In a FOB contract,there is a range of ports then prima facie if nothing else is agreed and where there is no custom of trade and 110 surrounding circumstances from which a contrary intention can be inferred,the Port is at buyers'option”
23“Shelley”(1950)83 Lloyd's Rep.137
24吴百福主编,《进出口贸易实务教程》,上海人民出版社,2002年2月第14次印刷,第138页
25www.export911.com:“a shipment destined to a port or an interior point(location or depot)is best reached by connecting shipments)from other ports)and/or point(s).It is the unloading and reloading of cargo from one means of conveyance to another,in the same or different modes of transportation,during the course of carriage from the place of shipment to the place of destination stipulated in letter of credit.”
26王利明、崔建远著《合同法新论·总则》,中国政法大学出版社,1996年12月第一版,第110页
27杨良宜著《提单及其付运单证》,中国政法大学出版社,2001年6月第1版,第364页
28施米托夫著《国际贸易法文选》,赵秀文译,中国大百科全书出版社,1993年版,第468页
29William Tetley著,《海上货物索赔》,张永坚、胡正良译,大连海运学院出版社,1993年5月出版,第732-733页
30Berkshire[1974]1 Lloyd's Law Rep.185
31William Tetley著,《海上货物索赔》,张永坚、胡正良译,大连海运学院出版社,1993年5月出版,第733页
32第五十二条规定的合同无效的情形有以下五种:1.一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同,损害国家利益;2.恶意串通,损害国家、集体或者第三人利益:3.以合法形式掩盖非法目的;4.损害社会公共利益;5.违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。
33CA Van liewen v.Hollis Bros(1919)25 CC 83,Dunedin勋爵说:“reasonable must be reasonable under all the circumstances of the case
34Gill & Duffus v.Rionda(1994)2 Lloyd's Rep.67
35郭萍编著、司玉琢主审,《租船实务与法律》第二版,大连海事大学出版社,第201页
36杨良宜编著,《程租合约》,大连海事大学出版社,1998年7月第1版,第356页
37Ets.Soules v.Intertradex(1991)1 Lloyd's Rep.378
38聂开锦著,《(跟单信用证统一惯例)2007年修订版简介与评析》,《对外经贸实务》,2006年第12期
39陈安主编《国际海事法学》,北京大学出版社,1997年版
40樱井玲二,《汉堡规则的成立及其条文解释》张既义译,北京对外贸易出版社,1984年版,第40页
41樱井玲二,《汉堡规则的成立及其条文解释》张既义译,北京对外贸易出版社,1984年版
42陈安编著,《国际海事法学》,北京大学出版社,1997年版,第244页
43郑田卫著,《托运人概念的法律检讨与认识重构——兼论托运人的识别标准》,上海海事法院论文集,2003年,第70-93页)
44尹东年、郭瑜著,《海上货物运输法》,北京人民法院出版社,2000年版,第274页
45姚红秀、林晖著,《论我国(海商法)下托运人的认定》,《中国海商法年刊(1996年)》
46广州海事法院(1996)广海法深字第3s号民事判决书
47司玉琢主编,《中华人民共和国海商法问答》P80-81
48郭瑜著,《提单法律制度研究》,北京大学出版社,1997年版,第56页
49参见“朱曾杰信箱”,载《海事审判》,1997年第3期
50郭春风著,《论对中国海商法托运人定义及相关条款的修改》,海事审判,1998年第2期;翁子明著,《实际承运人和实际托运人的法定性》,中国海事审判年刊,1999年,第29页)
51司玉琢编著,《海商法专题研究》,大连海事大学出版社,2002年,第140页
52尹东年著,《当代海商法的理论与实践》,北京人民交通出版社,1999年版,第56页
53司玉琢著,《海商法专题研究》,大连海事大学出版社,2002年,第100页
54Dunlop V.Lamber[1839]9 C1.&F.600,626-627.
55WILLIAM TETLEY著《海上货物索赔》,大连海运学院出版社,1993年版
56《1916年美国联邦提单法》第10条
57(台)最高法院73年度台上字1897号民事判决
58刘文华主编,《新合同法条文精解与典型案例》,世界图书出版公司,1999年版,第82页
59梁慧星著,《民法总论》,法律出版社,2001年版,第75-79页
1江平.中华人民共和国合同法释义.北京:北京大学出版社,1999
2吴百福.进出口贸易实务教程.上海:上海人民出版社,2002
3杨良宜.国际货物买卖,北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
4杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则-英国合约法,北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000
5邓仁杰.谈装运港船上交货(FOB)的装卸费用承担.水运管理,2004年第2期
6赵常华.海洋运输中装卸费用分担问题.对外经贸实务,2002年第9期
7李大鹏.订好合同中的运输条款,促进我国出口贸易发展.对外经贸实务,2005年第4期
8王利明、崔建远.合同法新论·总则.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1996
9杨良宜.提单及其付运单证.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001
10(英)施米托夫著、赵秀文译.国际贸易法文选.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1994
11郭萍编著、司玉琢主审.租船实务与法律.第二版.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2000
12杨良宜.程租合约.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1998
13聂开锦.《跟单信用证统一惯例》2007年修订版简介与评析.对外经贸实务,2006年第12期
14陈安.国际海事法学.北京:北京大学出版社,1997
15(日)樱井玲二、张既义译.汉堡规则的成立及其条文解释,北京:对外贸易出版社,1984
16郑田卫.托运人概念的法律检讨与认识重构——兼论托运人的识别标准,上海海事法院论文集,2003
17尹东年、郭瑜.海上货物运输法.北京:北京人民法院出版社,2000
18姚红秀、林晖.论我国《海商法》下托运人的认定.中国海商法年刊.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1996
19郭瑜.提单法律制度研究。北京:北京大学出版社,1997
20郭春风.论对中国海商法托运人定义及相关条款的修改.海事审判,1998年第2期
21翁子明.实际承运人和实际托运人的法定性.中国海事审判年刊,1999
22司玉琢.海商法专题研究.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2002
23尹东年.当代海商法的理论与实践.北京:北京人民交通出版社,1999
24刘文华.新合同法条文精解与典型案例.北京:世界图书出版公司,1999
25梁慧星.民法总论.北京:法律出版社,2001
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