基于MATLAB的小型风力机设计及其外流特性分析
摘要
在传统能源日益紧张的环境下,新能源开发利用越来越引起重视,其中风能倍受关注。风力机叶片是风能转换为动能的“心脏”部件,其气动设计优化方法,高效大功率、风力机专用翼型以及风力机噪声预测等是国内外技术研究人员关注的核心问题。目前设计中,由于风力机的尺寸大,运行环境条件复杂,给开发研究高效风力机样机带来不少困难。因此,本文将传统的风力设计方法与近年来快速发展的CFD优化技术结合,通过具有强大数学计算功能的MATLAB软件,建立一种设计分析系统,这对缩短风力机的设计开发周期具有现实意义。
本文结合小型风力机结构特点,通过对比Glaurt设计法与Wilson设计法,给出了考虑叶尖损失的Wilson法基本设计思路,分析了Wilson法求解过程,给出了用MATLAB语言实现小型风力机叶片设计的流程图,并编写了采用MATLAB语言叶片设计程序。该程序克服了手工设计繁琐的不足,具有快速、方便的特点,同时能生成三维的叶片模型数据,采用本该程序设计了一台三叶片10KW小型风力机,旨在为以后设计提供参考依据。
CFD分析使用FLUENT商业软件,控制方程基于求解三维雷诺平均守恒型定常Navier-Stokes方程,选用SST K-ω两方程湍流模型,使用混合平面法作为内流域与外流域接触面的数据处理方法,对三叶片10KW小型风力机机外流场进行了单流道三维定常数值模拟,详细给出了外流场的分布,并对外部性能进行预测,预测结果与实验数据对比,误差在5%以内。显示所用的数值模拟方法可行,为优化提供了一定依据。文中着重从不同风速对功率系数的影响,使用数值模拟结果结合小型风力机外流特点,分析了小型风力机效率特点,得出风力机适合运行范围。同时,结合叶片表面压力特征,得出了叶片表面压力系数分布规律。从对叶片截面速度矢量图的分析,得出了风力机叶片失速特点。
最后结合风力机外流的CFD分析结果和现状,提出了深入研究的方向和方法。
Because the traditional resources are getting less and less, lots of countries focus on new resources and the wind resource is favorite. Blades decide efficiency of wind turbine as the“heart”of energy transforming of wind turbine. High efficiency and power, special aerofoil for wind turbine and noise were focused on by the researchers. However the steps of wind turbine design were very complex and their sizes were very large, so it was very hard for high efficiency wind turbines design. In this paper, the traditional design methods and the fast developing CFD methods were combined, and a good designing system was set up by good computation soft——MATLAB. This had good meaning for shorting wind turbine design.
Compared and analyzed Glaurt method with Wilson method considering the characteristics of wind turbine, a Wilson method design theory considering the tip loss was showed; the solving steps of Wilson method were analyzed; a programmer was written with MATLAB language .The complex problem of hand-design was avoided by this programmer, and it was very quick and useful using this programmer. And a three blades 10KW miniature wind turbine was design in this paper for some reference in the future research.
Numerical simulation using FLUENT software based on solving 3d Reynolds average steady Navier-Stocks equations with SST K-ωturbulent model and mixing plane was used for the contact planes. Compared numerical results with the experiments Performance, the numerical error was in 5%, proving the validity of the calculation.
The different inlet velocities impacting power factor were using to study the out performances of wind turbine. And the good running area was given by analyzing the numerical results and the characteristics of wind turbine. At the same time, the pressure coefficient distributing rule and blade stalling characteristics were shown.
In the end, the directions and methods of profound research through the CFD analytical result and present state of wind turbine were pointed out.
本文结合小型风力机结构特点,通过对比Glaurt设计法与Wilson设计法,给出了考虑叶尖损失的Wilson法基本设计思路,分析了Wilson法求解过程,给出了用MATLAB语言实现小型风力机叶片设计的流程图,并编写了采用MATLAB语言叶片设计程序。该程序克服了手工设计繁琐的不足,具有快速、方便的特点,同时能生成三维的叶片模型数据,采用本该程序设计了一台三叶片10KW小型风力机,旨在为以后设计提供参考依据。
CFD分析使用FLUENT商业软件,控制方程基于求解三维雷诺平均守恒型定常Navier-Stokes方程,选用SST K-ω两方程湍流模型,使用混合平面法作为内流域与外流域接触面的数据处理方法,对三叶片10KW小型风力机机外流场进行了单流道三维定常数值模拟,详细给出了外流场的分布,并对外部性能进行预测,预测结果与实验数据对比,误差在5%以内。显示所用的数值模拟方法可行,为优化提供了一定依据。文中着重从不同风速对功率系数的影响,使用数值模拟结果结合小型风力机外流特点,分析了小型风力机效率特点,得出风力机适合运行范围。同时,结合叶片表面压力特征,得出了叶片表面压力系数分布规律。从对叶片截面速度矢量图的分析,得出了风力机叶片失速特点。
最后结合风力机外流的CFD分析结果和现状,提出了深入研究的方向和方法。
Because the traditional resources are getting less and less, lots of countries focus on new resources and the wind resource is favorite. Blades decide efficiency of wind turbine as the“heart”of energy transforming of wind turbine. High efficiency and power, special aerofoil for wind turbine and noise were focused on by the researchers. However the steps of wind turbine design were very complex and their sizes were very large, so it was very hard for high efficiency wind turbines design. In this paper, the traditional design methods and the fast developing CFD methods were combined, and a good designing system was set up by good computation soft——MATLAB. This had good meaning for shorting wind turbine design.
Compared and analyzed Glaurt method with Wilson method considering the characteristics of wind turbine, a Wilson method design theory considering the tip loss was showed; the solving steps of Wilson method were analyzed; a programmer was written with MATLAB language .The complex problem of hand-design was avoided by this programmer, and it was very quick and useful using this programmer. And a three blades 10KW miniature wind turbine was design in this paper for some reference in the future research.
Numerical simulation using FLUENT software based on solving 3d Reynolds average steady Navier-Stocks equations with SST K-ωturbulent model and mixing plane was used for the contact planes. Compared numerical results with the experiments Performance, the numerical error was in 5%, proving the validity of the calculation.
The different inlet velocities impacting power factor were using to study the out performances of wind turbine. And the good running area was given by analyzing the numerical results and the characteristics of wind turbine. At the same time, the pressure coefficient distributing rule and blade stalling characteristics were shown.
In the end, the directions and methods of profound research through the CFD analytical result and present state of wind turbine were pointed out.
引文
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[2] Paul Migliore, Stefan Oerlemans, Wind Tunnel Aeroacoustics Tests of Six Airfoils for Use on Small Wind Turbines, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2004,Vol.126,PP974-985.
[3]伍艳,王同光,三维旋转效应对叶片非定常气动特性的影响,南京航空航天大学学报,April 2005,Vol.37,PP178-182.
[4]刘雄,陈严,叶枝全,风力机桨叶总体优化设计的复合形法,太阳能学报,April 2001,Vol.22,PP157-163.
[5] WeiJun Zhu, Nicolai Heilskov, Wen Zhong Shen, Jens N?rk?r S?rensen, Modeling of Aerodynamically Generated Noise From Wind Turbines, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2005,Vol.127,PP517-528.
[6] Tor Anders Nygaard. Three-Dimensional Euler Flow-Field Computations Through a Wind Turbine Rotor. In: 1999 European Wind Energy Conference. Nice: 1999. PP117~120
[7]曹人靖,刘霞,基于时域积分的水平轴风力机风轮噪声预测理论及应用,太阳能学报,December 2002,Vol.23,PP738-742.
[8]叶枝全,黄继雄,陈严,包能胜,霍福鹏,适用于风力机的新翼型气动性能的实验研究,太阳能学报,August 2003,Vol.24,PP548-554.
[9]汪建文,孙科,辛士红,吴克启,风力机扩散放大器的数值分析与风洞实验研究,华中科技大学学报,December 2005,Vol.33,PP37-40.
[10] Van Bussel, G.J.W, Use of The Asymptotic Acceleration Potential Method for Horizontal Axis wind turbine Rotor Aerodynamics, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics v 39 n 1-3 May 1992. PP161-172.
[11] N.N. S?rensen, J. A. Michelsen, Drag Prediction for Blades at High Angle of Attack Using CFD, ASME, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, November 2004,Vol.126,PP1011-1016.
[12] Xabier Munduate, Frank N.Coton, Roderick A.McD. Galbraith, An Investigation ofthe Aerodynamic Response of a Wind Turbine Blade to Tower Shadow, ASME, November 2004, Vol.126, PP1034-1040.
[13] Shikha Singh1,T. S. Bhatti, D. P. Kothari, A Review of Wind-Resource-Assessment Technology, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, April 2006, PP8-14.
[14] Wouter Haans, Tonio Sant, Gijs van Kuik, Gerard van Bussel, Measurement of Tip Vortex Paths in the Wake of a HAWT Under Yawed Flow Conditions, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2005,Vol.127,PP456-463.
[15]徐燕飞,席德科,田彬,孙刚,“风力机设计与数值模拟分析”,机械设计与制造,2006年第7期,PP18-21.
[16] Thomas Buhl,Mac Gaunaa, Christian Bak , Potential Load Reduction Using Airfoils with Variable Trailing Edge Geometry, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2005,Vol.127,PP503-516.
[17] Kyle K. Wetzel, Utility Scale Twist-Flap Coupled Blade Design, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2005, Vol.127, PP529-537.
[18] Don W. Lobitz, Parameter Sensitivities Affecting the Flutter Speed of a MW-Sized Blade, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2005,Vol.127,PP538-543.
[19] Korn Saranyasoontorn, Lance Manuel, Low-Dimensional Representations of Inflow Turbulence and Wind Turbine Response Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2005,Vol.127, PP553-562.
[20]张智维,李军,董文华,风力机叶片设优化的探讨,风力发电,2003年第2期,PP9-11.
[21] Michael S. Selig, Bryan D. McGranahan Wind Tunnel Aerodynamic Tests of Six Airfoils for Use on Small Wind Turbines, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2004,Vol.126,PP986-1001.
[22] Peter Fuglsang, Christian Bak, Mac Gaunaa, Ioannis Antoniou, Design and Verification of the Ris?-B1 Airfoil Family for Wind Turbines, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2004,Vol.126,PP1002-1010.
[23] Korn Saranyasoontorn, Lance Manuel, A Comparison of Wind Turbine Design Loads in Different Environments Using Inverse Reliability Techniques, ASME, Journal of Energy Engineering, November 2004,Vol.126, PP1060-1068.
[24]贾要勤,风力发电实验用模拟风力机,太阳能学报,December 2004,Vol.25,PP735-739.
[25]刘虎平,廖明夫,失速型和变距型风力机的性能比较,机械设计与制造,August,2005,PP42-43.
[26]陈坤,贺德馨,风力机尾流数学模型及尾流对风力机性能的影响研究,流体力学实验与测量,March 2003,Vol.17,PP84-87.
[27]胡士山,陈严,叶枝全,风力机优化设计的DSFD方法,太阳能学报,April 1997,Vol.18,PP152-156.
[28]刘学箐,田俊梅,国外兆瓦级风力机,太阳能,2005年第3期,PP41-43.
[29]曹人靖,刘霞,马昊冥,基于压力表示法的水平轴风力机风轮气动弹性稳定性模型及应用,太阳能学报,April 2003,Vol.24,PP227-231.
[30]陈严,王楠,水平轴风力机极限载荷预测方法的研究,汕头大学学报,February 2005,Vol.20,PP43-47.
[31]汪建文,贾瑞博,吴克启,王军,小翼对风力机叶片表面压力分布的影响,工程热物理学报,Sep.2006,Vol.24,NO.5,PP760-762.
[32]霍福鹏,刘红,陈佐一,提高水平轴风力机叶型升力的实验研究,工程热物理学报,March 2003,Vol.24,PP220-223.
[33]朱春建,胡丹梅,杜朝辉,水平轴风力机三维气动特性实验,能源技术,June 2005,Vol.26,PP93-96.
[34]韩占忠,王敬,兰小平.流体工程仿真计算实例与应用.北京理工大学出版社,2004
[35]陈矛章,粘性流体动力学基础,第一版,高等教育出版社,1993.
[36]陶文铨,数值传热学,第一版,西安交通大学出版社,1988.
[37]陶文铨,计算传热学的近代进展,第一版,北京:科学出版社,2000.
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