水田土壤磷素流失的数量潜能及控制途径的研究
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摘要
水稻生产的任一个环节都有可能产生数量相当的农业磷素面源污染，特别
是在我国如太湖流域的水稻区，特别是在水田生产欠合理施用磷肥、任意性田
间排灌等情况下。本文结合当前杭嘉湖平原水稻生产的基本现状，通过田间试
验与室内模拟，研究了水田磷素面源污染的数量潜能及可控性途径。
在非植稻期，选取浙北的嘉善、余姚、德清、余杭等四个代表性稻区进行
了“土——水”磷素状况的调查研究，59～94kg P/ha的年均施磷措施造成了四
个被调查稻区土壤的富磷化倾向，这一结论在水稻田中长期磷肥田间定位试验
也得到了证实，且配施有机肥较有利于土壤富磷化进程。对于这四个稻区的土
壤，人们更应当关注的磷素的环境意义。稻区内各类农田水的磷素流失均可造
成水体富营养化隐患。
由于水田极有可能因暴雨而发生被迫排水，我们通过人工排水手段模拟这
种田间被迫排水，设计了四种施磷处理，研究了的四次被迫排水引起的磷素及
悬浮固体物的流失特征及规律。施磷水田首次排水的磷素流失形态主要为DP，
而后三次排水主要为PP。不施磷的水稻田所有排水流失的磷素形态主要以PP
为主，而施磷水田排水PP浓度的增加主要来源于肥料磷。在四次排水中，无
机磷肥配施有机肥的田表水，虽然在基肥施用后第1、2天其磷的浓度较单施化
肥的低，但随着时间的推移，稻田土壤向田表水释放溶解磷的能力及持续时间
较单施化肥强。四次排水导致了9～16％的磷肥表观流失率，其中DP占了
55～91％，且80％的总磷流失负荷发生在首次排水。排水中悬浮固体颗粒物流失
随排水发生次数而降低，施磷水平高低及施磷组成差异没有普遍性地影响悬浮
固形物浓度与负荷。
在水田人为灌溉条件下，选择安全排水时间是水田磷素流失控制的一个有
效手段。为此，针对性地建立了水田中长期磷肥田间定位试验，包括采用不同
的施磷方法、田间水分管理措施等，在多年动态研究田表水磷素浓度的变化特
征与规律的基础上，提出施磷水田的安全排水时间。研究发现，施磷提高了田
表水DP/TP比，随着磷肥用量的提高，田表水DP潜在的相对流失浓度也随之
提高。配施有机肥较单施化肥能够提高田表水磷素的流失潜能，特别是DP的
相对浓度及负荷。研究发现，与面施磷肥法相比，拌施磷肥法至少降低了田表
水磷素浓度一个数量级。在零排水管理下，面施磷肥水田表水TP、DP浓度随
时间动态下降的最佳拟合模式为乘幂型，施磷后田表水TP、DP首次下降一个
数量级所需时间约为61 天。以DP浓度小于0．25 p P／L为环境可接受的田
间安全排水标准，拌施磷肥法 53kg P／ha处理的田表水磷素安全排放时间为施后
7天；面施磷肥法、零排水管理下，53kg P儿a处理的田表水磷素安全排放时间
为施后12叶 天。
水田环境中广泛存在着土壤层间流，本文在余杭磷肥长期定位试验中设计
了水田层间流磷素流失的研究方案，作为水田层间流磷素面源研究的首次尝试。
研究发现，水田 SFT法土壤 5叶 层间流 MIU）平均浓度m．374刁．353 mg P／L）
大于SFT法土壤 10－20cm 层间流（0＊63－0＊86 mg P／L）、TSC法土壤 15－20cm
层间流门刀85－0．285 mg P几）一个数量级，而 SFTrk土壤 10－20cm层间流与
TSC ＆土壤 15－20cm层间流的 MIU）浓度具有显著性相关性，且数量相当。分
析原因认为：SfY法土壤 5叶 层间流的磷素 Mill，浓度受当季面施磷肥影响，
其流失潜能随施磷水平增加而提高，而SFT法土壤10《0cm层间流与TSC法
土壤 15《0cm层间流的磷素流失浓度与当季施磷不相关，与土壤富磷水平相一
，致。研究还发现水田土壤层间流磷素流失浓度与潜在负荷与配施有机肥无关。
采用原状土柱渗漏计研究水田土壤磷素淋溶液流失特征与规律发现：在添
加磷肥的处理条件下，耕层土壤OlsenP浓度与淋溶排水磷素的流失浓度之间
不是简单的线性关系，但随着排水次数的增加，两者同时兼有线性与指数拟合
＿特征。通过双速率函数联立法，获得了以耕层土壤OlsenF表征的水田40cm淋
－溶排水磷索浓度的“转折点”。与un相关的“转折点”的平均值为OlsenI 62
＿土gmp P／kg，与 TP相关的“转折点”的平均值为 OlsenI 58上10mg P／kg。土
壤剖面优势性渗流可能是水田磷素淋溶流失的最主要的途径。就水田磷素面源
。污染最小化控制而言，与水田淋溶排水磷素流失潜能相关的土壤OIsenF浓度
＿表征的“转折点＼ 其预警意义在于确认土壤磷水平大于“转折点”以上的田间
；应当作为水田磷素淋溶流失控制的关键地块（CAS ）o
制备具有富磷梯度的模拟水稻土，采用土壤OlsenI法、土壤0刀125M
，CaCI。P法表征模拟水田土壤磷素的流失潜能。两种不同质地的水稻土，土壤
In the course of rice production in China, there is much likelihood that considerable quantity
of phosphorus loss from rice field, particularly in the intensive rice production area of Taihuo
Lake Basin, under the condition of unrealizable P application or arbitrary management of field
irrigation-drainage. Combined with the essence status of current rice production in Hangjianhou
Plain, the study focused on quantitative potential and controllable measurement of phosphorus
loss from rice field was carried out through paddy field experiments and indoor simulation studies.
Phosphorus (P) loss potential and its environmental impact from soil and water were surveyed
in Jiasha,Yuyao,Deqing and Yuhang, named main rice-yield areas in Northern Zhejiang province
China. High P input (59?4 kg P/ha) has resulted in soil P accumulation, which is similar to the
founding from the long-term field experiment on P loss potential in Yuhang. There is significant
evidence that the integrated application of mineral-P and manure would be propitious for P build-
up. The role of P in paddy soils is of environment rather than agronomic concerning in the process
of soil P build-up in these areas. P concentrations in the various water in the four rice-yield areas
are over the critical values associated with accelerated waters eutrophication.
A special experiment was designed and conducted to elucidate the mechanisms and
characteristics of P loss from rice fields. The experiment tested the effects of inorganic fertilizer-P~
at two rates, and inorganic-P plus manure-Pg at one rate, on the amount of P lost in drainage water
when the plots were subjected to four successive simulated rainfall flooding (or drainage) events.
In these P applied plots, dissoluble P (DP) is the main form in the first drainage event (48h after P
application) and particulate P (PP) thereafter become the dominating one in the subsequent events.
However, in the no P applied plots the dominating P form in the four successive drainage events is
PP The elevated PP in drainage events was due to P application. Over the four drainage events,
the apparent percentage losses of superphosphate or inorganic-P plus manure-P~ in form of TF~
varied between 9 and 16%, of which DP comprised between 55 and 91% of the loss. About 80%
of the total P loss occurred in the first drainage event. The total amount of P lost from the plots
treated with fertilizer plus manure-P was the same to that of treatment with an equivalent rate of P
as chemical fertilizer alone. However, the rate of P release was slower and the critical risk period
for P loss longer, on this combined fertilizer plus manure treatment than on the treatments
receiving inorganic-P alone.
Iv
P loss potential from paddy soil and surface drainage in rice field fertilized with
superphosphate or manure P was carried out in the long-term field experiment in Yuhang. The
concentrations of TP and DP in field surface water was increased by the application of P fertilizer
and declined as the time followed. Both P applications by broadcasting and incorporating with
topsoil have resulted in the increasing ratio of DP/TP in rice field compared with control treatment,
and the proportion of DP loss potential was increased with the increasing rate of P application.
Integrated application of mineral-P and manure could increase P loss potential in rice field
compared with superphsophate application alone, pa
是在我国如太湖流域的水稻区，特别是在水田生产欠合理施用磷肥、任意性田
间排灌等情况下。本文结合当前杭嘉湖平原水稻生产的基本现状，通过田间试
验与室内模拟，研究了水田磷素面源污染的数量潜能及可控性途径。
在非植稻期，选取浙北的嘉善、余姚、德清、余杭等四个代表性稻区进行
了“土——水”磷素状况的调查研究，59～94kg P/ha的年均施磷措施造成了四
个被调查稻区土壤的富磷化倾向，这一结论在水稻田中长期磷肥田间定位试验
也得到了证实，且配施有机肥较有利于土壤富磷化进程。对于这四个稻区的土
壤，人们更应当关注的磷素的环境意义。稻区内各类农田水的磷素流失均可造
成水体富营养化隐患。
由于水田极有可能因暴雨而发生被迫排水，我们通过人工排水手段模拟这
种田间被迫排水，设计了四种施磷处理，研究了的四次被迫排水引起的磷素及
悬浮固体物的流失特征及规律。施磷水田首次排水的磷素流失形态主要为DP，
而后三次排水主要为PP。不施磷的水稻田所有排水流失的磷素形态主要以PP
为主，而施磷水田排水PP浓度的增加主要来源于肥料磷。在四次排水中，无
机磷肥配施有机肥的田表水，虽然在基肥施用后第1、2天其磷的浓度较单施化
肥的低，但随着时间的推移，稻田土壤向田表水释放溶解磷的能力及持续时间
较单施化肥强。四次排水导致了9～16％的磷肥表观流失率，其中DP占了
55～91％，且80％的总磷流失负荷发生在首次排水。排水中悬浮固体颗粒物流失
随排水发生次数而降低，施磷水平高低及施磷组成差异没有普遍性地影响悬浮
固形物浓度与负荷。
在水田人为灌溉条件下，选择安全排水时间是水田磷素流失控制的一个有
效手段。为此，针对性地建立了水田中长期磷肥田间定位试验，包括采用不同
的施磷方法、田间水分管理措施等，在多年动态研究田表水磷素浓度的变化特
征与规律的基础上，提出施磷水田的安全排水时间。研究发现，施磷提高了田
表水DP/TP比，随着磷肥用量的提高，田表水DP潜在的相对流失浓度也随之
提高。配施有机肥较单施化肥能够提高田表水磷素的流失潜能，特别是DP的
相对浓度及负荷。研究发现，与面施磷肥法相比，拌施磷肥法至少降低了田表
水磷素浓度一个数量级。在零排水管理下，面施磷肥水田表水TP、DP浓度随
时间动态下降的最佳拟合模式为乘幂型，施磷后田表水TP、DP首次下降一个
数量级所需时间约为61 天。以DP浓度小于0．25 p P／L为环境可接受的田
间安全排水标准，拌施磷肥法 53kg P／ha处理的田表水磷素安全排放时间为施后
7天；面施磷肥法、零排水管理下，53kg P儿a处理的田表水磷素安全排放时间
为施后12叶 天。
水田环境中广泛存在着土壤层间流，本文在余杭磷肥长期定位试验中设计
了水田层间流磷素流失的研究方案，作为水田层间流磷素面源研究的首次尝试。
研究发现，水田 SFT法土壤 5叶 层间流 MIU）平均浓度m．374刁．353 mg P／L）
大于SFT法土壤 10－20cm 层间流（0＊63－0＊86 mg P／L）、TSC法土壤 15－20cm
层间流门刀85－0．285 mg P几）一个数量级，而 SFTrk土壤 10－20cm层间流与
TSC ＆土壤 15－20cm层间流的 MIU）浓度具有显著性相关性，且数量相当。分
析原因认为：SfY法土壤 5叶 层间流的磷素 Mill，浓度受当季面施磷肥影响，
其流失潜能随施磷水平增加而提高，而SFT法土壤10《0cm层间流与TSC法
土壤 15《0cm层间流的磷素流失浓度与当季施磷不相关，与土壤富磷水平相一
，致。研究还发现水田土壤层间流磷素流失浓度与潜在负荷与配施有机肥无关。
采用原状土柱渗漏计研究水田土壤磷素淋溶液流失特征与规律发现：在添
加磷肥的处理条件下，耕层土壤OlsenP浓度与淋溶排水磷素的流失浓度之间
不是简单的线性关系，但随着排水次数的增加，两者同时兼有线性与指数拟合
＿特征。通过双速率函数联立法，获得了以耕层土壤OlsenF表征的水田40cm淋
－溶排水磷索浓度的“转折点”。与un相关的“转折点”的平均值为OlsenI 62
＿土gmp P／kg，与 TP相关的“转折点”的平均值为 OlsenI 58上10mg P／kg。土
壤剖面优势性渗流可能是水田磷素淋溶流失的最主要的途径。就水田磷素面源
。污染最小化控制而言，与水田淋溶排水磷素流失潜能相关的土壤OIsenF浓度
＿表征的“转折点＼ 其预警意义在于确认土壤磷水平大于“转折点”以上的田间
；应当作为水田磷素淋溶流失控制的关键地块（CAS ）o
制备具有富磷梯度的模拟水稻土，采用土壤OlsenI法、土壤0刀125M
，CaCI。P法表征模拟水田土壤磷素的流失潜能。两种不同质地的水稻土，土壤
In the course of rice production in China, there is much likelihood that considerable quantity
of phosphorus loss from rice field, particularly in the intensive rice production area of Taihuo
Lake Basin, under the condition of unrealizable P application or arbitrary management of field
irrigation-drainage. Combined with the essence status of current rice production in Hangjianhou
Plain, the study focused on quantitative potential and controllable measurement of phosphorus
loss from rice field was carried out through paddy field experiments and indoor simulation studies.
Phosphorus (P) loss potential and its environmental impact from soil and water were surveyed
in Jiasha,Yuyao,Deqing and Yuhang, named main rice-yield areas in Northern Zhejiang province
China. High P input (59?4 kg P/ha) has resulted in soil P accumulation, which is similar to the
founding from the long-term field experiment on P loss potential in Yuhang. There is significant
evidence that the integrated application of mineral-P and manure would be propitious for P build-
up. The role of P in paddy soils is of environment rather than agronomic concerning in the process
of soil P build-up in these areas. P concentrations in the various water in the four rice-yield areas
are over the critical values associated with accelerated waters eutrophication.
A special experiment was designed and conducted to elucidate the mechanisms and
characteristics of P loss from rice fields. The experiment tested the effects of inorganic fertilizer-P~
at two rates, and inorganic-P plus manure-Pg at one rate, on the amount of P lost in drainage water
when the plots were subjected to four successive simulated rainfall flooding (or drainage) events.
In these P applied plots, dissoluble P (DP) is the main form in the first drainage event (48h after P
application) and particulate P (PP) thereafter become the dominating one in the subsequent events.
However, in the no P applied plots the dominating P form in the four successive drainage events is
PP The elevated PP in drainage events was due to P application. Over the four drainage events,
the apparent percentage losses of superphosphate or inorganic-P plus manure-P~ in form of TF~
varied between 9 and 16%, of which DP comprised between 55 and 91% of the loss. About 80%
of the total P loss occurred in the first drainage event. The total amount of P lost from the plots
treated with fertilizer plus manure-P was the same to that of treatment with an equivalent rate of P
as chemical fertilizer alone. However, the rate of P release was slower and the critical risk period
for P loss longer, on this combined fertilizer plus manure treatment than on the treatments
receiving inorganic-P alone.
Iv
P loss potential from paddy soil and surface drainage in rice field fertilized with
superphosphate or manure P was carried out in the long-term field experiment in Yuhang. The
concentrations of TP and DP in field surface water was increased by the application of P fertilizer
and declined as the time followed. Both P applications by broadcasting and incorporating with
topsoil have resulted in the increasing ratio of DP/TP in rice field compared with control treatment,
and the proportion of DP loss potential was increased with the increasing rate of P application.
Integrated application of mineral-P and manure could increase P loss potential in rice field
compared with superphsophate application alone, pa
引文
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