消声器性能三维有限元计算方法的探讨
摘要
汽车工业发展迅速，使得汽车噪声污染日益严重。减小排气噪声是降低汽车噪声的关键，目前在排气系统中安装排气消声器是减少排气噪声的主要方法。因此准确计算和预估排气消声器的性能具有很重要的意义，本文在此方面做了一些研究。
本文讨论了运用ANSYS分析软件对抗性消声器性能进行三维有限元计算的方法，建立了消声器内部声学有限元方程的数学模型，推导了消声器插入损失和传递损失的计算公式。在此基础上使用精度较高的声学单元FLUID30和FLUID130作为建模单元，在静态条件下建立了两种类型消声器的有限元模型。利用声传递矩阵的理论对两种类型消声器进行了直接模拟和间接模拟，计算出了消声器的四端网络参数、插入损失和传递损失。计算结果和试验结果进行比较，取得了比较一致的良好效果。从而表明ANSYS有限元分析软件计算消声器声学性能可行方便。
本文的研究内容，概括了消声器理论、有限元理论与计算、ANSYS软件应用、双传声随机激励技术等。并且对许多关键性问题，如有限元单元网格的划分、有限元模型的建立、软件后处理的数据分析技巧与注意事项等都进行了探讨。因此本文对以后消声器的性能预测、计算提供了重要的理论参考和工程实例。
Automobile industry has been developing very fast. And at the same time, automobile noise pollution has been severer than before. The reduction of exhaust system noise is the key to the reduction of automobile noise. At present, the main method to reduce exhaust noise is by setting muffler in automobile exhaust system. So calculating and predicting the performance of the muffler is of great significance and the work of this thesis is a practice in this aspect.
With the FE software ANSYS, the performance of reactive muffler is calculated by the 3-D FEM (Finite Element method) in this thesis. The mathematical model of inner acoustic FE equation is established and the calculation formulas about TL (transmission loss) and IL (insertion loss) of muffler are deduced. On this basis, with highly-precise acoustic elements FLUID30 and FLUID 130, the FE model of two kinds of mufflers are developed under static state working condition. By means of acoustic transmission matrix, the muffler is being simulated directly and indirectly. The foul-terminal network parameter, TL and IL are calculated, too. In the end, through comparing simulation results and experiment results, it shows that calculated values coincide well with measured values. The simulation method is proved to be correct and calculation of acoustic performance of muffler by ANSYS FE analysis software is also proved to be practical and expedient.
Muffler theory, FEM theory, ANSYS application, double-propagation haphazard stimulation technology are included in this thesis. Some key factors such as FE mesh demarcation, establishment of FEM model and post-processor of ANSYS are also discussed in this thesis. So, important theory and project example of the performance of muffler prediction are provided by this thesis.
本文讨论了运用ANSYS分析软件对抗性消声器性能进行三维有限元计算的方法，建立了消声器内部声学有限元方程的数学模型，推导了消声器插入损失和传递损失的计算公式。在此基础上使用精度较高的声学单元FLUID30和FLUID130作为建模单元，在静态条件下建立了两种类型消声器的有限元模型。利用声传递矩阵的理论对两种类型消声器进行了直接模拟和间接模拟，计算出了消声器的四端网络参数、插入损失和传递损失。计算结果和试验结果进行比较，取得了比较一致的良好效果。从而表明ANSYS有限元分析软件计算消声器声学性能可行方便。
本文的研究内容，概括了消声器理论、有限元理论与计算、ANSYS软件应用、双传声随机激励技术等。并且对许多关键性问题，如有限元单元网格的划分、有限元模型的建立、软件后处理的数据分析技巧与注意事项等都进行了探讨。因此本文对以后消声器的性能预测、计算提供了重要的理论参考和工程实例。
Automobile industry has been developing very fast. And at the same time, automobile noise pollution has been severer than before. The reduction of exhaust system noise is the key to the reduction of automobile noise. At present, the main method to reduce exhaust noise is by setting muffler in automobile exhaust system. So calculating and predicting the performance of the muffler is of great significance and the work of this thesis is a practice in this aspect.
With the FE software ANSYS, the performance of reactive muffler is calculated by the 3-D FEM (Finite Element method) in this thesis. The mathematical model of inner acoustic FE equation is established and the calculation formulas about TL (transmission loss) and IL (insertion loss) of muffler are deduced. On this basis, with highly-precise acoustic elements FLUID30 and FLUID 130, the FE model of two kinds of mufflers are developed under static state working condition. By means of acoustic transmission matrix, the muffler is being simulated directly and indirectly. The foul-terminal network parameter, TL and IL are calculated, too. In the end, through comparing simulation results and experiment results, it shows that calculated values coincide well with measured values. The simulation method is proved to be correct and calculation of acoustic performance of muffler by ANSYS FE analysis software is also proved to be practical and expedient.
Muffler theory, FEM theory, ANSYS application, double-propagation haphazard stimulation technology are included in this thesis. Some key factors such as FE mesh demarcation, establishment of FEM model and post-processor of ANSYS are also discussed in this thesis. So, important theory and project example of the performance of muffler prediction are provided by this thesis.
引文
[1] 杨庆佛．《内燃机噪声控制》．山西人民出版社，1985
[2] 黎志勤，黎苏．《汽车排气系统噪声与消声器设计》．中国环境出版社，1991
[3] 周勇麟，李树根．《汽车噪声原理与控制》．中国环境出版社，1992
[4] [日]福田基一著，张成译．《噪声控制与消声设计》．国防工业出版社，1982
[5] A.D. Jones. "Modelling of the exhaust noise radiated from reciprocating internal combustion engine—A literature review" Noise Control Engineering Journal. 23(1) 1984
[6] M.G..Prassad,Malcolm.J.Crocker. "Evaluation of four—pole parameters for a straight pipe with a mean flow and liner temperature gradient". J.Acoust. Soc.Am.69(4), April 1981
[7] M.G..Prassad,Malcolm. J.Crocker. "Insertion loss studies on models of automotive exhaust systems." J.Acoust. Soc.Am. 70 1981
[8] M.G..Prassad,Malcolm. J.Crocker. "A scheme to predict the sound pressure radiated from an automotive exhaust system." J.Acoust. Soc. Am. 70(5) 1981.
[9] 黄其柏．“穿孔声管消声器消声性能研究”．《农业机械化学报》，1990．3
[10] 黄其柏，师汉民．“计及气流和线性温度梯度的内燃机穿孔声管排气消声器研究” 《内燃机学报》，vol(11)1993．1
[11] 盛胜我．“抗性消声器设计的研究”．《声学技术》，5卷1期(1986)
[12] 姜哲，郭烨．“内燃机排气消声器插入损失的探讨”．《内燃机工程》，vol 14 1993 Nol
[13] Desantes "Hybrid liner/nonliner methed for exhaust noise prediction." SAE 950545
[14] 马强，季振林．“边界元法与特征线法联合用于内燃机排气噪声预报及消声器声学性能分析”．《内燃机学报》，vol．15．1997 No 1
[15] 季振林 “用特征线法和传递矩阵法解析预报柴油机排气噪声”．《内燃机学报》1990．11
[16] Benson. R.S 《Thermodynamics and gas dynamics in I.C.engines》London Oxford
University Press. 1982
[17] S.W. Coates and G.P. Blair. "Furthe studies of noise characteristics of internal combustion engine exhaust system." SAE 740713
[18] Giancarlo Ferrari. "Computer predictions and experimental tests of exhaust noise in a single cylinder internal combustion engine." Noise Control Engineering Journal. 1985 vo124 No2
[19] 姚小刚，程昌圻．“内燃机排气噪声谱的模拟研究” 《北京工业学院学报》 vol 8 No 3
[20] 姚小刚，程昌圻．“排气消声器不稳定流动模拟与试验”．《内燃机学报》，(900018) 1990 No2
[21] 姚小刚，程昌圻．“排气消声器不稳定流动模拟的应用研究”．《内燃机工程》，1991 vol 12 No12
[22] Xiaogang Yao,Changqi Cheng "Gas dynamic modelling and experiment validation for the exhaust muffler of a spark ignition engine." SAE941732
[23] Young Crocker "Prediction of transmission loss in mufflers by the finite—element method." J.Acoust. Soc. Am. vo157 Nol January 1975
[24] Craggs.A "The use of simple Three—Dimensional acoustic finite elements for determing the natural modes and frequencies of complex shaped enclosures" J. Sound. Vib. 23(3) (331-339) 1972
[25] Joppa. P.D and Fyfe. I.M "A finite element analysis of the impedence properties of irregular shaped cavities". J.Sound.Vib. 56(1) (61-69) 1978
[26] Young Crocker "Finite element analysis of complex muffler systems with and without wall vibrations" Noise Control Engry 9 (86-93) 1977
[27] Craggs. A "A finite element method for damped acoustic systems: an application to evaluate the performance of reactive mufflers." J.Sound.Vib. 48(3) (377-392) 1976
[28] Craggs.A "A finite element method for modelling dissipation mufflers with a locally reactive lining." J.Sound. Vib. 54(2) (285-296) 1977
[29] Kagawa. Y Yamabuchi and Mori.A "Finite element simulation of an axis-symmetric acoustic transmission system with a sound absorbing wall." J.Sound. Vib. 53(3) (357-374) 1977
[30] Ross.D.F "A finite element analysis of parallel-coupled acoustic systems".J.Sound. Vib. 69(4) (509-518) 1980
[31] Eversman. W, Cook. E.L and Beckemeyer "A method of weighted residuals for the investigation of sound transmission." J.Sound. Vib. 38(1) (105-123) 1975
[32] Astley. R.J and Eversman. W "Acoustic transmission in non-uniform ducts with mean flow—Part Ⅱ :the finite element method." J.Sound. Vib. 74(1) (103-121) 1981
[33] Astley. R.J and Eversman. W "A finite element method for transmission in non-uniform ducts without flow:comparison with method of weighted residuals." J. Sound. Vib. 57(3) (367-388)1978
[34] Astley. R. J and Eversman. W "Acoustic transmission in non-uniform ducts with mean flow—Part Ⅰ:the method of weighted residuals." J.Sound. Vib. 74(1) (89-101) 1981
[35] Ross. D.F "A finite element analysis of perforated component acoustic systems." J.Sound. Vib. 79(1) (133-143)1981
[36] Peat. K.S "Evaluation of four-pole parameters for ducts with flow by the finite element method." J. Sound. Vib. 84(3) (389-395) 1982
[37] R.J.Bernhard "A finite element method for systhesis of acoustical shapes." J.Sound. Vib. 1985
[38] 蔡超，宫镇．“存在气流时轴对称抗性消声器传声损失的有限元法求解”．《汽车工程》，1994．5
[39] 蔡超，宫镇．“轴对称抗性消声器四端子参数有限单元法求解”．《江苏工学院学报》vol7 No3 1986
[40] 黎志勤，黎苏．“内燃机排气消声器声学边界元模型的建立及其应用”．《汽车工程》，1991．2
[41] 黎苏．“抗性消声器的三维声学边界元模型及其应用”．《内燃机学报》，vol10 No2 1992
[42] A.D. Sahsrabudhe "Matrix condensation and transfer matrix techniques in the 3-D analysis of expansion chamber mufflers" J. Sound. Vib. 147(3) (371-394) 1991
[43] 季振林，沙家正．“气流管道有源消声器声学性能分析”．《南京大学学报》，vol31
No4 1995
[44] S.M. Hutching, H. Weltens and P. Krause "Advanced design of automotive exhaust silencer system." SAE 922088
[45] 宋进桂，刘友发．“先进的排气消声技术”．《国外内燃机》，vol10 No．2 1992
[46] 王佩兰．“汽车排气噪声控制的发展动向”．《汽车技术》，1993．3
[47] 仪垂杰．“发动机排气噪声有源控制技术的研究与应用”．《汽车工程》，1993(15卷)4
[48] 蔡超，宫镇．“抗性消声器声学特性的试验研究”．《振动工程学报》，vol．7 No．2 1994
[49] 赵剑．《拖拉机排气消声器性能研究及CAD》．江苏工学院硕士论文，1989
[50] 诸圣国．《存在气流时轴对称抗性消声器的伽辽金有限元研究》．江苏工学院硕士论文，1990
[51] 蔡超．《轴对称抗性消声器四端子参数有限元法求解》．江苏工学院硕士论文，1982
[52] 许焕然等．《工程中的有限单元方法》．吉林工业大学出版社，1985(274—285)
[53] [美]K．H．侯伯纳著，邹十践译．《工程师用有限元素法》．机械工业出版社，1981
[54] D.F. Ross "A finite analysis of parrallel-coupled acoustic systems using subsystems" J. Sound. Vib. 69(4)(509-518)1980
[55] 王国强．《实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的实践》．西北工业大学出版社，1999．8
[56] 夸克工作室．《有限元分析基础篇——ANSYS与Mathematica》．清华大学出版社，2002．7
[57] 刘国庆，杨庆东．《ANSYS工程应用教程——机械篇》．中国铁路出版社，北京 2003．1
[58] Prasad, M.G.,and Crocker M.J. Acoustical Source Characterization Studies on a multi-Cylinder engine exhaust system. J. Sound. Vib, 90(4)(479-490)1983
[59] 王一伟．《新有限元法在轴对称抗性消声器优化设计中的应用》．上海交通大学硕士论文，1991
[2] 黎志勤，黎苏．《汽车排气系统噪声与消声器设计》．中国环境出版社，1991
[3] 周勇麟，李树根．《汽车噪声原理与控制》．中国环境出版社，1992
[4] [日]福田基一著，张成译．《噪声控制与消声设计》．国防工业出版社，1982
[5] A.D. Jones. "Modelling of the exhaust noise radiated from reciprocating internal combustion engine—A literature review" Noise Control Engineering Journal. 23(1) 1984
[6] M.G..Prassad,Malcolm.J.Crocker. "Evaluation of four—pole parameters for a straight pipe with a mean flow and liner temperature gradient". J.Acoust. Soc.Am.69(4), April 1981
[7] M.G..Prassad,Malcolm. J.Crocker. "Insertion loss studies on models of automotive exhaust systems." J.Acoust. Soc.Am. 70 1981
[8] M.G..Prassad,Malcolm. J.Crocker. "A scheme to predict the sound pressure radiated from an automotive exhaust system." J.Acoust. Soc. Am. 70(5) 1981.
[9] 黄其柏．“穿孔声管消声器消声性能研究”．《农业机械化学报》，1990．3
[10] 黄其柏，师汉民．“计及气流和线性温度梯度的内燃机穿孔声管排气消声器研究” 《内燃机学报》，vol(11)1993．1
[11] 盛胜我．“抗性消声器设计的研究”．《声学技术》，5卷1期(1986)
[12] 姜哲，郭烨．“内燃机排气消声器插入损失的探讨”．《内燃机工程》，vol 14 1993 Nol
[13] Desantes "Hybrid liner/nonliner methed for exhaust noise prediction." SAE 950545
[14] 马强，季振林．“边界元法与特征线法联合用于内燃机排气噪声预报及消声器声学性能分析”．《内燃机学报》，vol．15．1997 No 1
[15] 季振林 “用特征线法和传递矩阵法解析预报柴油机排气噪声”．《内燃机学报》1990．11
[16] Benson. R.S 《Thermodynamics and gas dynamics in I.C.engines》London Oxford
University Press. 1982
[17] S.W. Coates and G.P. Blair. "Furthe studies of noise characteristics of internal combustion engine exhaust system." SAE 740713
[18] Giancarlo Ferrari. "Computer predictions and experimental tests of exhaust noise in a single cylinder internal combustion engine." Noise Control Engineering Journal. 1985 vo124 No2
[19] 姚小刚，程昌圻．“内燃机排气噪声谱的模拟研究” 《北京工业学院学报》 vol 8 No 3
[20] 姚小刚，程昌圻．“排气消声器不稳定流动模拟与试验”．《内燃机学报》，(900018) 1990 No2
[21] 姚小刚，程昌圻．“排气消声器不稳定流动模拟的应用研究”．《内燃机工程》，1991 vol 12 No12
[22] Xiaogang Yao,Changqi Cheng "Gas dynamic modelling and experiment validation for the exhaust muffler of a spark ignition engine." SAE941732
[23] Young Crocker "Prediction of transmission loss in mufflers by the finite—element method." J.Acoust. Soc. Am. vo157 Nol January 1975
[24] Craggs.A "The use of simple Three—Dimensional acoustic finite elements for determing the natural modes and frequencies of complex shaped enclosures" J. Sound. Vib. 23(3) (331-339) 1972
[25] Joppa. P.D and Fyfe. I.M "A finite element analysis of the impedence properties of irregular shaped cavities". J.Sound.Vib. 56(1) (61-69) 1978
[26] Young Crocker "Finite element analysis of complex muffler systems with and without wall vibrations" Noise Control Engry 9 (86-93) 1977
[27] Craggs. A "A finite element method for damped acoustic systems: an application to evaluate the performance of reactive mufflers." J.Sound.Vib. 48(3) (377-392) 1976
[28] Craggs.A "A finite element method for modelling dissipation mufflers with a locally reactive lining." J.Sound. Vib. 54(2) (285-296) 1977
[29] Kagawa. Y Yamabuchi and Mori.A "Finite element simulation of an axis-symmetric acoustic transmission system with a sound absorbing wall." J.Sound. Vib. 53(3) (357-374) 1977
[30] Ross.D.F "A finite element analysis of parallel-coupled acoustic systems".J.Sound. Vib. 69(4) (509-518) 1980
[31] Eversman. W, Cook. E.L and Beckemeyer "A method of weighted residuals for the investigation of sound transmission." J.Sound. Vib. 38(1) (105-123) 1975
[32] Astley. R.J and Eversman. W "Acoustic transmission in non-uniform ducts with mean flow—Part Ⅱ :the finite element method." J.Sound. Vib. 74(1) (103-121) 1981
[33] Astley. R.J and Eversman. W "A finite element method for transmission in non-uniform ducts without flow:comparison with method of weighted residuals." J. Sound. Vib. 57(3) (367-388)1978
[34] Astley. R. J and Eversman. W "Acoustic transmission in non-uniform ducts with mean flow—Part Ⅰ:the method of weighted residuals." J.Sound. Vib. 74(1) (89-101) 1981
[35] Ross. D.F "A finite element analysis of perforated component acoustic systems." J.Sound. Vib. 79(1) (133-143)1981
[36] Peat. K.S "Evaluation of four-pole parameters for ducts with flow by the finite element method." J. Sound. Vib. 84(3) (389-395) 1982
[37] R.J.Bernhard "A finite element method for systhesis of acoustical shapes." J.Sound. Vib. 1985
[38] 蔡超，宫镇．“存在气流时轴对称抗性消声器传声损失的有限元法求解”．《汽车工程》，1994．5
[39] 蔡超，宫镇．“轴对称抗性消声器四端子参数有限单元法求解”．《江苏工学院学报》vol7 No3 1986
[40] 黎志勤，黎苏．“内燃机排气消声器声学边界元模型的建立及其应用”．《汽车工程》，1991．2
[41] 黎苏．“抗性消声器的三维声学边界元模型及其应用”．《内燃机学报》，vol10 No2 1992
[42] A.D. Sahsrabudhe "Matrix condensation and transfer matrix techniques in the 3-D analysis of expansion chamber mufflers" J. Sound. Vib. 147(3) (371-394) 1991
[43] 季振林，沙家正．“气流管道有源消声器声学性能分析”．《南京大学学报》，vol31
No4 1995
[44] S.M. Hutching, H. Weltens and P. Krause "Advanced design of automotive exhaust silencer system." SAE 922088
[45] 宋进桂，刘友发．“先进的排气消声技术”．《国外内燃机》，vol10 No．2 1992
[46] 王佩兰．“汽车排气噪声控制的发展动向”．《汽车技术》，1993．3
[47] 仪垂杰．“发动机排气噪声有源控制技术的研究与应用”．《汽车工程》，1993(15卷)4
[48] 蔡超，宫镇．“抗性消声器声学特性的试验研究”．《振动工程学报》，vol．7 No．2 1994
[49] 赵剑．《拖拉机排气消声器性能研究及CAD》．江苏工学院硕士论文，1989
[50] 诸圣国．《存在气流时轴对称抗性消声器的伽辽金有限元研究》．江苏工学院硕士论文，1990
[51] 蔡超．《轴对称抗性消声器四端子参数有限元法求解》．江苏工学院硕士论文，1982
[52] 许焕然等．《工程中的有限单元方法》．吉林工业大学出版社，1985(274—285)
[53] [美]K．H．侯伯纳著，邹十践译．《工程师用有限元素法》．机械工业出版社，1981
[54] D.F. Ross "A finite analysis of parrallel-coupled acoustic systems using subsystems" J. Sound. Vib. 69(4)(509-518)1980
[55] 王国强．《实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的实践》．西北工业大学出版社，1999．8
[56] 夸克工作室．《有限元分析基础篇——ANSYS与Mathematica》．清华大学出版社，2002．7
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