船用排气消声器阻力特性研究
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摘要
船用排气消声器的结构和气动性能是柴油机装船技术研究的一个重要组成部分。一方面，它要求流经排气消声器的气流压力损失要尽量小，以免造成整个动力装置的效率降低；另一方面，要求排气消声器的结构尺寸在保证要求的前提下尽量小，有利于机舱的布置。本文即是针对这两方面的要求，进行船用排气消声器阻力特性数值模拟，为设计制造高性能的船用排气消声器提供可靠的依据。
依靠传统的实验方法来了解不同的排气消声器的流场特性，既需要耗费大量的人力物力，也需要较长的时间周期。因此本文采用了数值模拟的方法来对排气消声器进行研究设计。在对原有型式排气消声器流场数值模拟结果进行分析后，以消声器外形结构尺寸保持不变为原则，对其内部局部阻力大的部位进行了多方案的结构调整，确定了排气消声器的改进结构，从而得到气动性能较好的排气消声器。其压力损失比原型消声器降低了27％。按照所确定的结构制作了几何比为1：2.5的实验模型，模型实验结果表明，本文的数值模拟方案具有令人满意的精度，对于船用排气消声器阻力特性预估是非常有效的。
The structure and the aerodynamics performance of marine exhaust muffler is one of the important aspects when the diesel engine is installed on the ship. It requires less pressure loss. At the same time, the dimension of the marine exhaust muffler must be as small as possible, so that the diesel engine can work well. In order to offer reliable basis, in this article some numerical simulations of the resistance characteristics on the exhaust muffler are carried on according to the requirements mentioned above.
In this article the numerical simulation is used in stead of the traditional research method of experimentation because the latter one consumes a lot of material resources and financial resources. The results of numerical simulation of flow fields of the archetype of exhaust muffler were analyzed and a remodelled exhaust muffler was finalized the design. For region of high resistance, the structure of inside of the archetype of exhaust muffler was adjusted with multi-scheme, but the shape was kept. According to the characteristics of the flow fields, unreasonable structures have been improved to obtain the exhaust muffler with the better performance.The pressure loss of remodelled exhaust muffler was decreased by 27% as compared with that of original one. The experiment model that scale is 1 to 2.5 was made. Model experiment results show that numerical simulation scheme has gratifying precision and is very effective for forecast of resistance characteristics of marine exhaust mufflers.
依靠传统的实验方法来了解不同的排气消声器的流场特性，既需要耗费大量的人力物力，也需要较长的时间周期。因此本文采用了数值模拟的方法来对排气消声器进行研究设计。在对原有型式排气消声器流场数值模拟结果进行分析后，以消声器外形结构尺寸保持不变为原则，对其内部局部阻力大的部位进行了多方案的结构调整，确定了排气消声器的改进结构，从而得到气动性能较好的排气消声器。其压力损失比原型消声器降低了27％。按照所确定的结构制作了几何比为1：2.5的实验模型，模型实验结果表明，本文的数值模拟方案具有令人满意的精度，对于船用排气消声器阻力特性预估是非常有效的。
The structure and the aerodynamics performance of marine exhaust muffler is one of the important aspects when the diesel engine is installed on the ship. It requires less pressure loss. At the same time, the dimension of the marine exhaust muffler must be as small as possible, so that the diesel engine can work well. In order to offer reliable basis, in this article some numerical simulations of the resistance characteristics on the exhaust muffler are carried on according to the requirements mentioned above.
In this article the numerical simulation is used in stead of the traditional research method of experimentation because the latter one consumes a lot of material resources and financial resources. The results of numerical simulation of flow fields of the archetype of exhaust muffler were analyzed and a remodelled exhaust muffler was finalized the design. For region of high resistance, the structure of inside of the archetype of exhaust muffler was adjusted with multi-scheme, but the shape was kept. According to the characteristics of the flow fields, unreasonable structures have been improved to obtain the exhaust muffler with the better performance.The pressure loss of remodelled exhaust muffler was decreased by 27% as compared with that of original one. The experiment model that scale is 1 to 2.5 was made. Model experiment results show that numerical simulation scheme has gratifying precision and is very effective for forecast of resistance characteristics of marine exhaust mufflers.
引文
[1] 盛美萍，王敏庆，孙进才．噪声与振动控制技术基础．科学出版社，2001：146-152页
[2] 陶文铨．计算传热学的近代进展．科学出版社，2000：6-7页，，12-15页，19-22页，209-213页，43-44页，64-66页，71-74页，192-200页
[3] Rizzi A, Enquist B. Selected Topics in the theory and practice of Computational Fluid Dynamics. J. of Computional Physics, 1987, 72: 1-69P
[4] Courant R, Friedrichs K O and hewy H. On the Partial difference equations of Mathematical Physics. IBM Journal, March, 1967:215-234P
[5] 罗奇 P J．计算流体动力学．科学出版社，1983：368-383页
[6] Lax P D, Wendroff B. Systems of Conservation Laws. Communication on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 1960,13:217-237P
[7] Lax P D, Wendroff B. Difference Schemes with Order of Accuracy for Solving Hyperbolic Equation. Communication on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 1964,17:381-398P
[8] 赵士杭．燃气轮机结构．清华大学出版社，1983：196-202页，281-284页
[9] 吴江航，韩庆书．计算流体力学的理论、方法及运用．科学出版社，1988：13-14页，16-20页
[10] 刘应中，缪国平．高等流体力学．上海交通大学出版社，2000：1-15页，148-188页
[11] 吴子牛．计算流体力学基本原理．科学出版社，2001：52-89页，128-163页，218-256页
[12] 赵坚行．热动力装置的排气污染与噪声．科学出版社，1995：266-274
页
[13]赵学瑞，廖其奠．粘性流体力学．机械工业出版社，1983：174-175页
[14]陶文铨．数值传热学．西安交通大学出版社，1988：422-424页
[15]周立行．湍流两相流动与燃烧的数值模拟．清华大学出版社，1991：9-12页，74-80页
[16]刘光宇．船舶燃气轮机装置原理与设计．哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社，1992：1-16页
[17]Thompso J F, WcatharilI N P. Aspects of numerical grid generation: current and art. AIAA 93-3539
[18]王承尧，王正华，杨晓辉．计算流体力学及其并行算法．国防科技大学出版社，2000：130-134页
[19]朱子强等．应用计算流体力学．北京航空航天大学出版社，1998：1-6页，43-45页，48-52页，127-162页
[20]Patankar S V. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. McGraw-Hill, 1980
[21]刘顺隆，郑群．计算流体力学．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1998：313-318页
[22]T. J. Barth, D. Jespersen. The design and application of upwind schemes on unstructured meshes. Technical Report AIAA-89-0366, AIAA 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, 1989.
[23]郭宽良，孔祥谦，陈善年编．计算传热学．中国科学技术出版社，1988：28-32页
[24]帕坦卡 S V．传热与流体流动的数值计算．张政译．科学出版社，1989．
[25]张谋进，黄灿明．用于粘性可压缩流动数值计算的SIMPLE方法．航空动力学报．1997，12(1)：46-50页
[26]林军，尚义．燃机排气装置扩压器的设计和试验研究．南京航空学院学报．1991，23(3)：79-85页
[27]周绍荣，陈汉平，杜朝辉，钟芳源．燃气轮机排气引射冷却系统的数学模型及其计算．上海交通大学学报．2000，34(9)：1162-1166页
[28]王晓岛．单喷管轴对称引射器／扩压器装置几何尺寸对性能的影响．上海机械学院学报．1994，16(4)：23-28页
[29]林维德，邢平平，张克然．数值模拟舰船排气引射装置的红外特性．红外与毫米波学报．1998，17(2)：107-112页
[30]刘学义，孙海鸥，郑洪涛等．舰用燃气轮机排气蜗壳流场数值模拟．热能动力工程．2000，15(3)：287-289页
[31]陈义良．湍流计算模型．中国科学技术大学出版社，1991．
[32]孙海鸥．船用气水分离器数值模拟及实验研究．哈尔滨工程大学博士学位论文．2000：14-19页
[33]G. K. Batchelor. An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1967.
[34]杨曜根．流体有限元．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1995：179-181页
[35]范维澄，万扶鹏．流动及燃烧的模型与计算．中国科技大学出版社，1992：208-232页
[36]Demirdzic I, Gosman A D, Issa R I, Peric M. A calculation procedure for turbulent flow in complex geometries. Compute Fluids, 1987, 15: 251-273P
[37]Wanik A, Scnell U. Some remarks on the PISO and SIMPLE algorithms for steady turbulent flow problems. Compute Fluids, 1989, 17: 535-570P
[38]Spalding D B. A general purpose computer program for multi-dimension one-and two-phase flow. Math Compute Simulation, 1981, 23: 267-276P
[39]吴振亚．从CHAM公司的建立与发展看CFD软件产业的兴起．见：陶文铨，林汉涛，李长发，易希朗编．传热学的研究与进展．高等教育出版社，1995：253-259页
[40]Patankar S V, Spalding D B. A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. Int J Heat Transfer, 1972, 15: 1787-1796P
[41]马铁犹．计算流体动力学．北京航空学院出版社，1986
[42]傅得薰．流体力学数值模拟．国防工业出版社，1993
[43]金忠青．N-S方程的数值解和紊流模型．河海大学出版社，1989
[44]苏铭德，黄素逸．计算流体力学基础．清华大学出版社，1997
[45]陈才侃．计算流体力学．重庆出版社，1992
[46]是勋刚．湍流．天津大学出版社，1992
[47]B.K. Shivamoggi.Theoretical fluid dynamics. Iohn Wiley &Sons, Inc., 1988
[48]Hauser J, Taylor C, eds. Numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics. The first International Conference. Swansea: Pineridge Press, 1986
[49]Sengupta S, Hauser J, Eiseman P R, Thompson J F, eds. Numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics-The Second International Conference. Swansea: Pineridge Press, 1988
[50]Arcilla A S, Hauser J, J, Eiseman P R, Thompson J F, eds. Numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics and related Fields-The third International Conference. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1991
[51]Weatherill N P, Eiseman P R, Hauser J, Thompson J F, eds. Numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics and related Fields- The Foueth International Conference. Swansea: Pineridge Press, 1994
[52]袁新．可压缩粘性流动中双方程湍流模型的选择．工程热物理学报．1998，19(4)：427-432页
[53]刘立军，徐忠．离心叶轮内部三流湍流流场的数值分析．工程热物理学报．1996，17(3)：296-300页
[54]张靖周，李立国，吴国钏．复杂流道内N-S方程的非交错网格数值求解．工程热物理学报．1993，14(2)：137-141页
[55]王尚锦，席光，苗永淼．复杂几何边界三维粘性内流问题的计算方法及算例．工程热物理学报．1991，12(3)：274-278页
[56]史锋，徐忠，苗永淼．复杂区域内粘性流动的数值计算．航空动力学
报．1991，6(3)：222-224页
[57] C.B. Hwang, C.A. hin. Improvedlow-Reynolds-numerber κ-ε model based on direct numerical simulation date. AIAA..1998,36: 38-43P
[2] 陶文铨．计算传热学的近代进展．科学出版社，2000：6-7页，，12-15页，19-22页，209-213页，43-44页，64-66页，71-74页，192-200页
[3] Rizzi A, Enquist B. Selected Topics in the theory and practice of Computational Fluid Dynamics. J. of Computional Physics, 1987, 72: 1-69P
[4] Courant R, Friedrichs K O and hewy H. On the Partial difference equations of Mathematical Physics. IBM Journal, March, 1967:215-234P
[5] 罗奇 P J．计算流体动力学．科学出版社，1983：368-383页
[6] Lax P D, Wendroff B. Systems of Conservation Laws. Communication on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 1960,13:217-237P
[7] Lax P D, Wendroff B. Difference Schemes with Order of Accuracy for Solving Hyperbolic Equation. Communication on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 1964,17:381-398P
[8] 赵士杭．燃气轮机结构．清华大学出版社，1983：196-202页，281-284页
[9] 吴江航，韩庆书．计算流体力学的理论、方法及运用．科学出版社，1988：13-14页，16-20页
[10] 刘应中，缪国平．高等流体力学．上海交通大学出版社，2000：1-15页，148-188页
[11] 吴子牛．计算流体力学基本原理．科学出版社，2001：52-89页，128-163页，218-256页
[12] 赵坚行．热动力装置的排气污染与噪声．科学出版社，1995：266-274
页
[13]赵学瑞，廖其奠．粘性流体力学．机械工业出版社，1983：174-175页
[14]陶文铨．数值传热学．西安交通大学出版社，1988：422-424页
[15]周立行．湍流两相流动与燃烧的数值模拟．清华大学出版社，1991：9-12页，74-80页
[16]刘光宇．船舶燃气轮机装置原理与设计．哈尔滨船舶工程学院出版社，1992：1-16页
[17]Thompso J F, WcatharilI N P. Aspects of numerical grid generation: current and art. AIAA 93-3539
[18]王承尧，王正华，杨晓辉．计算流体力学及其并行算法．国防科技大学出版社，2000：130-134页
[19]朱子强等．应用计算流体力学．北京航空航天大学出版社，1998：1-6页，43-45页，48-52页，127-162页
[20]Patankar S V. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. McGraw-Hill, 1980
[21]刘顺隆，郑群．计算流体力学．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1998：313-318页
[22]T. J. Barth, D. Jespersen. The design and application of upwind schemes on unstructured meshes. Technical Report AIAA-89-0366, AIAA 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, 1989.
[23]郭宽良，孔祥谦，陈善年编．计算传热学．中国科学技术出版社，1988：28-32页
[24]帕坦卡 S V．传热与流体流动的数值计算．张政译．科学出版社，1989．
[25]张谋进，黄灿明．用于粘性可压缩流动数值计算的SIMPLE方法．航空动力学报．1997，12(1)：46-50页
[26]林军，尚义．燃机排气装置扩压器的设计和试验研究．南京航空学院学报．1991，23(3)：79-85页
[27]周绍荣，陈汉平，杜朝辉，钟芳源．燃气轮机排气引射冷却系统的数学模型及其计算．上海交通大学学报．2000，34(9)：1162-1166页
[28]王晓岛．单喷管轴对称引射器／扩压器装置几何尺寸对性能的影响．上海机械学院学报．1994，16(4)：23-28页
[29]林维德，邢平平，张克然．数值模拟舰船排气引射装置的红外特性．红外与毫米波学报．1998，17(2)：107-112页
[30]刘学义，孙海鸥，郑洪涛等．舰用燃气轮机排气蜗壳流场数值模拟．热能动力工程．2000，15(3)：287-289页
[31]陈义良．湍流计算模型．中国科学技术大学出版社，1991．
[32]孙海鸥．船用气水分离器数值模拟及实验研究．哈尔滨工程大学博士学位论文．2000：14-19页
[33]G. K. Batchelor. An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England, 1967.
[34]杨曜根．流体有限元．哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1995：179-181页
[35]范维澄，万扶鹏．流动及燃烧的模型与计算．中国科技大学出版社，1992：208-232页
[36]Demirdzic I, Gosman A D, Issa R I, Peric M. A calculation procedure for turbulent flow in complex geometries. Compute Fluids, 1987, 15: 251-273P
[37]Wanik A, Scnell U. Some remarks on the PISO and SIMPLE algorithms for steady turbulent flow problems. Compute Fluids, 1989, 17: 535-570P
[38]Spalding D B. A general purpose computer program for multi-dimension one-and two-phase flow. Math Compute Simulation, 1981, 23: 267-276P
[39]吴振亚．从CHAM公司的建立与发展看CFD软件产业的兴起．见：陶文铨，林汉涛，李长发，易希朗编．传热学的研究与进展．高等教育出版社，1995：253-259页
[40]Patankar S V, Spalding D B. A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. Int J Heat Transfer, 1972, 15: 1787-1796P
[41]马铁犹．计算流体动力学．北京航空学院出版社，1986
[42]傅得薰．流体力学数值模拟．国防工业出版社，1993
[43]金忠青．N-S方程的数值解和紊流模型．河海大学出版社，1989
[44]苏铭德，黄素逸．计算流体力学基础．清华大学出版社，1997
[45]陈才侃．计算流体力学．重庆出版社，1992
[46]是勋刚．湍流．天津大学出版社，1992
[47]B.K. Shivamoggi.Theoretical fluid dynamics. Iohn Wiley &Sons, Inc., 1988
[48]Hauser J, Taylor C, eds. Numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics. The first International Conference. Swansea: Pineridge Press, 1986
[49]Sengupta S, Hauser J, Eiseman P R, Thompson J F, eds. Numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics-The Second International Conference. Swansea: Pineridge Press, 1988
[50]Arcilla A S, Hauser J, J, Eiseman P R, Thompson J F, eds. Numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics and related Fields-The third International Conference. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1991
[51]Weatherill N P, Eiseman P R, Hauser J, Thompson J F, eds. Numerical grid generation in computational fluid dynamics and related Fields- The Foueth International Conference. Swansea: Pineridge Press, 1994
[52]袁新．可压缩粘性流动中双方程湍流模型的选择．工程热物理学报．1998，19(4)：427-432页
[53]刘立军，徐忠．离心叶轮内部三流湍流流场的数值分析．工程热物理学报．1996，17(3)：296-300页
[54]张靖周，李立国，吴国钏．复杂流道内N-S方程的非交错网格数值求解．工程热物理学报．1993，14(2)：137-141页
[55]王尚锦，席光，苗永淼．复杂几何边界三维粘性内流问题的计算方法及算例．工程热物理学报．1991，12(3)：274-278页
[56]史锋，徐忠，苗永淼．复杂区域内粘性流动的数值计算．航空动力学
报．1991，6(3)：222-224页
[57] C.B. Hwang, C.A. hin. Improvedlow-Reynolds-numerber κ-ε model based on direct numerical simulation date. AIAA..1998,36: 38-43P