路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基的荷载传递性状与变形规律研究
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摘要
以CFG桩、PTC管桩为代表的刚性桩在国内高速公路软土地基处理中正得到越来越广泛的应用,对其承载机理以及变形规律的研究也在逐渐深入的展开,且已取得众多有益的研究成果,本文在综合前人已有成果的基础上,采用现场试验、数值模拟以及理论分析的手段继续对该类型桩体复合地基在路堤荷载下的性状进行了深入细致的分析,所做的主要工作可归纳为以下几个方面:
(1)回顾了刚性桩复合地基在国内外的应用现状,对非排土施工工艺下刚性桩的挤土效应问题进行了系统归纳,总结了该类型桩体复合地基在路堤荷载下的承载及变形计算的相关研究成果,指出了尚需进一步解决的问题及深化研究的方向。
(2)通过现场沉桩试验的分析,研究了非排土施工工艺下刚性桩单桩及群桩施工对桩周土的扰动影响,现场数据表明群桩的挤土效应是各单桩施工的综合影响的结果。成桩后不同休止期的桩周土静力触探试验的结果表明,桩周土强度瞬间降低很多,但随着时间的增长逐渐恢复,群桩的扰动影响远甚于单桩。对填土卸载前后的桩周土强度分析后认为,经过填土加载后,桩周土强度提高,土体的各项物理力学指标均得到显著改善。
(3)采用平面有限元的分析手段,深入研究了路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基的承载机理,重点探讨了土拱效应、拉膜效应以及桩体应力集中比等量值的影响因素,分析了桩帽在刚性桩复合地基体系中作用。同时借助带帽单桩等效处理范围内的计算模型,提出了一桩土应力比计算公式,通过算例和参数分析以及与有限元计算结果的对比,认为该公式是具有一定合理性的。
(4)采用平面有限元的分析手段,继续对路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基的沉降规律进行了较为系统的探讨,重点研究了各组成材料的模量及桩长、桩间距、桩帽等因素变化时,复合地基沉降的响应情况,并着重探讨了有无桩帽对沉降的影响,结果表明下卧层模量较低的情况下改变桩帽或调节桩间距对总沉降影响不大,此时应主要通过改变桩长来实现对工后沉降的控制,下卧层模量大时则无论调节桩帽尺寸或桩间距还是桩长都会对总沉降产生明显影响,只是在桩长增大到一定程度后影响就不在显著。
(5)对刚性桩复合地基沉降计算方法进行了初步的探讨,重点研究了已有复合模量法、桩间土应力两种计算方法在该类型复合地基中的适应性问题,通过与现场实测以及数值模拟结果对比后认为,两种方法均具有一定的适应性,但对CFG桩,后一种计算方法更接近实际结果。
(6)对连盐高速公路CFG桩和PTC管桩两个刚性桩试验段现场观测成果进行了分析,进而对两个试验段刚性桩复合地基的加固效果进行了评价以及对比分析,结果认为由于众多原因使得PTC管桩的加固效果要优于CFG桩。
(7)刚性桩复合地基承载力可由面积比法或应力比法计算,通过对CFG桩试验段的单桩复合地基静载试验结果与使用以上方法计算的面积比法结果对比,发现该法是有一定精度的;另外通过面积比法的计算结果或复合地基静载试验成果可从应力比法计算公式中反算极限填土高度或极限桩土应力比,供初步设计参考。
Rigid piles have been widely applied in the soft ground improvement of highway engineering in china. The bearing mechanism and deformation rule of rigid pile composite foundation have also been deeply discussed, and abundant achievements have been obtained, Based on these research, this paper aims at analyzing the characteristics of rigid pile composite ground under embankment by field experiments ,numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:
(1)The state of rigid pile composite ground is reviewed. Driven effect of non-displacement construction techniques is summarized, many relative studies on bearing capacity and deformation for the kind of pile under embankment are summed up, then the problems that should be further solved and the next research goal are introduced.
(2) By the analysis of field experiment during pile driven, the disturbance of rigid pile construction on soils around piles under non-displacement are investigated for single pile and pile group, the observed data show that pile group’s driven effect is a comprehensive result of every single pile. Static penetration tests at different time show that the soil strength around pile has a great decline, but gradual elevation with the development of time, pile group’s disturbance effect is more notable than the single pile’s. With the embankment added and removed, soil strength around pile is enhanced; the characteristics of physics and mechanics get a remarkable improvement.
(3) Plane finite element method (FEM) is introduced to investigate bearing mechanism of rigid pile composite ground under embankment. Soil arching effect, membrane effect and pile stress concentration are highlighted, and the role of pile cap in the composite ground is analyzed. by the equivalent treatment area of single pile with pile cap, an equation computing the stress ratio between pile and soil is introduced, the contrast between the parameter analysis and FEM result show such an equation has its rationality.
(4) By the means of plane FEM ,the settlement rule of rigid pile composite ground is discussed, the settlement responses of the ground under the different parameters are studied ,these parameters are comprised by every material module, pile cap size, pile distance, pile length and so on, meanwhile ,pile with cap or without are analyzed, the results show that total settlement only has a more or less variety under a lower module of sublayer soil by the change of pile cap or pile distance, In this case, embankment settlement after construction should be mainly controlled by pile length ,when the sublayer has a great module, the adjustment of pile cap , pile distance and pile length all have a significant influence on the total embankment settlement.
(5) A primary discussion on the settlement calculation for rigid pile composite ground under embankment is put forward, two calculation methods are analyzed, namely composite module method and the method of subsoil stress around pile. By contrast with field observation and FEM, the result shows that both methods have flexibility, but the latter is better closed to actual result.
(6) The observed results from two experiment areas are analyzed, including CFG pile and PTC pile with pile cap, the effect of reinforcement on these areas are evaluated and compared, and the results suggest that the reinforcement effect of PTC pile is better than CFG pile.
(7) The methods of calculating bearing capacity for rigid pile composite ground presented in the paper are area ratio method and stress ratio method. By contrast with static load experiment of single pile composite ground for CFG pile, both methods have some precision. In addition, harnessing the result of stress ratio method, an ultimate embankment height can be computed, only if the ultimate bearing capacity of subsoil could be known by static load experiment or area ratio method.
(1)回顾了刚性桩复合地基在国内外的应用现状,对非排土施工工艺下刚性桩的挤土效应问题进行了系统归纳,总结了该类型桩体复合地基在路堤荷载下的承载及变形计算的相关研究成果,指出了尚需进一步解决的问题及深化研究的方向。
(2)通过现场沉桩试验的分析,研究了非排土施工工艺下刚性桩单桩及群桩施工对桩周土的扰动影响,现场数据表明群桩的挤土效应是各单桩施工的综合影响的结果。成桩后不同休止期的桩周土静力触探试验的结果表明,桩周土强度瞬间降低很多,但随着时间的增长逐渐恢复,群桩的扰动影响远甚于单桩。对填土卸载前后的桩周土强度分析后认为,经过填土加载后,桩周土强度提高,土体的各项物理力学指标均得到显著改善。
(3)采用平面有限元的分析手段,深入研究了路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基的承载机理,重点探讨了土拱效应、拉膜效应以及桩体应力集中比等量值的影响因素,分析了桩帽在刚性桩复合地基体系中作用。同时借助带帽单桩等效处理范围内的计算模型,提出了一桩土应力比计算公式,通过算例和参数分析以及与有限元计算结果的对比,认为该公式是具有一定合理性的。
(4)采用平面有限元的分析手段,继续对路堤荷载下刚性桩复合地基的沉降规律进行了较为系统的探讨,重点研究了各组成材料的模量及桩长、桩间距、桩帽等因素变化时,复合地基沉降的响应情况,并着重探讨了有无桩帽对沉降的影响,结果表明下卧层模量较低的情况下改变桩帽或调节桩间距对总沉降影响不大,此时应主要通过改变桩长来实现对工后沉降的控制,下卧层模量大时则无论调节桩帽尺寸或桩间距还是桩长都会对总沉降产生明显影响,只是在桩长增大到一定程度后影响就不在显著。
(5)对刚性桩复合地基沉降计算方法进行了初步的探讨,重点研究了已有复合模量法、桩间土应力两种计算方法在该类型复合地基中的适应性问题,通过与现场实测以及数值模拟结果对比后认为,两种方法均具有一定的适应性,但对CFG桩,后一种计算方法更接近实际结果。
(6)对连盐高速公路CFG桩和PTC管桩两个刚性桩试验段现场观测成果进行了分析,进而对两个试验段刚性桩复合地基的加固效果进行了评价以及对比分析,结果认为由于众多原因使得PTC管桩的加固效果要优于CFG桩。
(7)刚性桩复合地基承载力可由面积比法或应力比法计算,通过对CFG桩试验段的单桩复合地基静载试验结果与使用以上方法计算的面积比法结果对比,发现该法是有一定精度的;另外通过面积比法的计算结果或复合地基静载试验成果可从应力比法计算公式中反算极限填土高度或极限桩土应力比,供初步设计参考。
Rigid piles have been widely applied in the soft ground improvement of highway engineering in china. The bearing mechanism and deformation rule of rigid pile composite foundation have also been deeply discussed, and abundant achievements have been obtained, Based on these research, this paper aims at analyzing the characteristics of rigid pile composite ground under embankment by field experiments ,numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:
(1)The state of rigid pile composite ground is reviewed. Driven effect of non-displacement construction techniques is summarized, many relative studies on bearing capacity and deformation for the kind of pile under embankment are summed up, then the problems that should be further solved and the next research goal are introduced.
(2) By the analysis of field experiment during pile driven, the disturbance of rigid pile construction on soils around piles under non-displacement are investigated for single pile and pile group, the observed data show that pile group’s driven effect is a comprehensive result of every single pile. Static penetration tests at different time show that the soil strength around pile has a great decline, but gradual elevation with the development of time, pile group’s disturbance effect is more notable than the single pile’s. With the embankment added and removed, soil strength around pile is enhanced; the characteristics of physics and mechanics get a remarkable improvement.
(3) Plane finite element method (FEM) is introduced to investigate bearing mechanism of rigid pile composite ground under embankment. Soil arching effect, membrane effect and pile stress concentration are highlighted, and the role of pile cap in the composite ground is analyzed. by the equivalent treatment area of single pile with pile cap, an equation computing the stress ratio between pile and soil is introduced, the contrast between the parameter analysis and FEM result show such an equation has its rationality.
(4) By the means of plane FEM ,the settlement rule of rigid pile composite ground is discussed, the settlement responses of the ground under the different parameters are studied ,these parameters are comprised by every material module, pile cap size, pile distance, pile length and so on, meanwhile ,pile with cap or without are analyzed, the results show that total settlement only has a more or less variety under a lower module of sublayer soil by the change of pile cap or pile distance, In this case, embankment settlement after construction should be mainly controlled by pile length ,when the sublayer has a great module, the adjustment of pile cap , pile distance and pile length all have a significant influence on the total embankment settlement.
(5) A primary discussion on the settlement calculation for rigid pile composite ground under embankment is put forward, two calculation methods are analyzed, namely composite module method and the method of subsoil stress around pile. By contrast with field observation and FEM, the result shows that both methods have flexibility, but the latter is better closed to actual result.
(6) The observed results from two experiment areas are analyzed, including CFG pile and PTC pile with pile cap, the effect of reinforcement on these areas are evaluated and compared, and the results suggest that the reinforcement effect of PTC pile is better than CFG pile.
(7) The methods of calculating bearing capacity for rigid pile composite ground presented in the paper are area ratio method and stress ratio method. By contrast with static load experiment of single pile composite ground for CFG pile, both methods have some precision. In addition, harnessing the result of stress ratio method, an ultimate embankment height can be computed, only if the ultimate bearing capacity of subsoil could be known by static load experiment or area ratio method.
引文
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