直流线路继电保护解析分析方法与新型保护原理研究
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摘要
直流线路是直流输电系统的核心元件之一，长期以来一直存在故障率高、保护正确动作率低的问题，给直流输电系统以及整个电网的安全稳定运行带来重大影响。一方面，与传统交流继电保护不同，直流线路保护与直流控制强相关，并且受行波色散、边界条件等影响，尚未建立完备的分析方法体系。目前，直流线路保护分析主要基于数值仿真采用反复试验的研究模式进行，保护动作边界、关键因素作用机理等淹没于海量的数值仿真之中，不利于保护动作性能的评估与优化。另一方面，直流线路保护存在固有性能缺陷，主保护易受过渡电阻影响、后备保护动作延时过长，大量的高阻接地故障由控制系统动作造成直流闭锁。本文密切结合我国直流输电工程安全稳定的重大需求，在直流线路故障计算与保护分析的解析方法、直流线路新型保护原理等方面展开研究。
本文主要工作包括：
（1）提出了直流输电系统线路故障的解析计算方法。在分析直流输电系统线路故障暂态过程的基础上，推导了单极和双极直流输电系统的线路故障解析模型。由于直流线路参数的频变特性、直流控制作用的强非线性，难以对直流线路故障解析模型进行精确的时域求解。因此，研究了故障行波的衰减和畸变特征，提出采用惯性环节对解析模型中的行波色散进行等值；研究了直流控制对线路故障的响应规律，提出采用比例积分环节对解析模型中直流控制进行等值。基于行波色散和直流控制等值，对直流线路末端短路、平波电抗器阀侧短路等典型故障情况下的故障电气量进行时域解析，并与数值仿真结果进行比对，验证了解析计算方法的有效性。
（2）提出了直流线路保护的解析分析方法。基于直流线路故障时域解析，分析了直流线路保护的实现原理，推导得到了保护特征量的时域解析函数。在区外故障情况下，求取解析函数的最大值，得到保护特征量的区外边界；在区内故障情况下，通过对解析函数与给定宽度标尺进行对标，得到保护特征量的区内边界。基于保护特征量变化边界，通过引入可靠系数、灵敏系数等，提出了行波保护的电压变化率判据、电压变化量判据、电流变化量判据的整定计算方法。对南方电网直流输电系统的线路保护进行了整定计算，并与实际工程定值进行比对，实现了保护动作性能的定量评估。
（3）提出了基于高频采样的新型直流线路行波保护方案，通过提高保护采样频率充分利用暂态故障信息构成保护判据保证了保护的灵敏性，采用行波保护的电压变化率理念以保证保护的速动性。提出了检测电流首峰值时间的直流线路保护新原理，将易受过渡电阻影响的电气量检测问题转换为不易受过渡电阻影响的时间检测问题从而提高保护的灵敏性，仅在线路末端故障时需要对端信息保证了保护的速动性。本文的新型直流线路保护方案有效解决直流线路保护速动性和灵敏性的矛盾，
（4）为解决直流线路行波测距中波速选择带来的测距结果精确度较低、对运行工况和故障条件适应性差的问题，提出了基于宽频信息的直流线路故障测距方案。研究了故障行波变波速特性与宽频故障信息、故障特征之间的内在联系，提出了基于宽频故障信息的行波测距变波速处理方案，有效提高了现有测距算法的测距精度。将该方案与模量传输时间差原理相结合，提出了无需检测故障行波第二波头的新型单端测距算法。将基于宽频信息的故障测距方案应用于天广直流输电系统线路故障测距之中，测距结果验证了所提方法的有效性和实用性。
本文得到国家高技术研究发展计划项目（“863计划”）（项目编号：2012AA050209）以及国家自然科学基金项目（项目编号：51077055）的资助。部分研究成果已经南方电网实际直流工程中得到应用，并获得南方电网公司科学技术进步二等奖，取得了良好的技术和经济效益，验证了本文工作的正确性和有效性。
Dc (direct current) transmission line, as one of the core components of HVDC (HighVoltage Direct Current) systems, is always concerned as a result of its poor protectionperformance. Dc line protection is a kind of transient protection closely related to travellingwave dispersion and HVDC control. It cannot utilize the traditional analysis methods of ac(alternating current) power frequency protection. At present, dc line protection is mainlystudied based on digital simulation using trial and error type studies. The protection boundaryand the effect of main factors are easily swamped with massive simulation data, which goagainst the performance evaluation and optimization. Besides, the present dc line protectionhas some inherent drawbacks; that is to say, the main protection is effected by fault resistanceand the back-up protection has a long time delay. To solve the problems, this paper devotes tothe analytical calculation of dc line faults, the analytical analysis of dc line protections and theproposal of novel protection principles.
The work is summarized as following:
(1) The analytical model of HVDC system is derived for dc line faults. It is very difficult,if not impossible, to obtain the accurate time-domain solutions because the dc line parameteris frequency dependent and the pole control system has non-linear responses. Therefore, afirst-order system transfer function is introduced to represent the dispersion and attenuation oftravelling waves, and a proportional-integral system transfer function is introduced torepresent the effect of the pole control. Based on the equivalents, the time-domain expressionsare derived for the faults at the end of dc line and at the converter side of smoothing reactor.The analytical curves are compared with the simulation curves obtained in PSCAD/EMTDC,and the results verify the validity of the analytical method.
(2) An analytical method is proposed, as a complement and alternative to digitalsimulation, for the analysis of dc line protection. The analytical expression of the discreterelaying quantity is calculated referring to the realization principle of the dc line protection.Under the condition of out-zone fault, the maximum value of the analytical function iscalculated as the variation boundary of the relaying quantity. Under the condition of in-zonefault, a given-width ruler is used to cut the analytical function curve by moving the ruler until the two terminals intersected the function curve. Then, a few pairs of intersection will beobtained, and the maximum value of the intersections is calculated as the variation boundaryof the relaying quantity. With the boundaries, reliability coefficient and sensitivity coefficientare further introduced to determine the thresholds of du/dt criterion, u criterion and icriterion. The analytical method is applied to calculating and analyzing the travelling waveprotection threshold in CSG (China Southern Power Grid), and the results show that themethod makes it possible to quantitatively evaluate and optimize the protection performance.
(3) In allusion to the defect that the high-speed and high-sensitivity performances areincompatible for the current dc line protections, two novel protection schemes for dc lines isput forward. One protection scheme performs by using a startup and two auxiliary criteriawith high sampling rates to ensure the sensitivity of fault detection; the scheme is able toachieve an excellent high-speed performance because it acts only based on the first waveformfollowing a fault. Another protection scheme is based on the detection of the first peak time offault current. The scheme transforms the detection of electrical quantity to the detection oftime quantity and, as a result, eliminates the effect of fault resistance and guarantees theprotection sensitivity performance; the scheme is able to achieve an excellent high-speedperformance because it mainly uses the local fault information only when the fault occurs atthe end of the dc line.
(4) The existed HVDC travelling wave fault location methods commonly have badaccuracy and can’t adapt to different working and fault conditions. To solve the problem, thispaper presents a novel fault location method based on broadband travelling wave information.Firstly, a deep research is made on the travelling wave speed variation characteristic and itsinherent relationship with the broadband information, pointing out how it impacts on faultlocating results. Then, to deal with the variant speed properly, a complete wave speedtreatment scheme is carried out based on the broadband information，significantly improvingthe accuracy of the excited fault location algorithms. Furthermore, applying the scheme intoone terminal fault location, a novel one terminal algorithm is proposed, which does not needdetect the second wavefront of the fault travelling wave and hence considerably reliable. Theproposed method is applied to detecting dc line faults of Tian-Guang HVDC system, and theresults verify the correctness and feasibility of the method.
This paper is supported by the National High Technology Research and DevelopmentProgram (“863” Program) of China (2012AA050209) and the National Science Foundation ofChina (51077055). Some of the research results have been applied in CSG, and the economicbenefits and technical advantages verify the correctness and feasibility of the work.
本文主要工作包括：
（1）提出了直流输电系统线路故障的解析计算方法。在分析直流输电系统线路故障暂态过程的基础上，推导了单极和双极直流输电系统的线路故障解析模型。由于直流线路参数的频变特性、直流控制作用的强非线性，难以对直流线路故障解析模型进行精确的时域求解。因此，研究了故障行波的衰减和畸变特征，提出采用惯性环节对解析模型中的行波色散进行等值；研究了直流控制对线路故障的响应规律，提出采用比例积分环节对解析模型中直流控制进行等值。基于行波色散和直流控制等值，对直流线路末端短路、平波电抗器阀侧短路等典型故障情况下的故障电气量进行时域解析，并与数值仿真结果进行比对，验证了解析计算方法的有效性。
（2）提出了直流线路保护的解析分析方法。基于直流线路故障时域解析，分析了直流线路保护的实现原理，推导得到了保护特征量的时域解析函数。在区外故障情况下，求取解析函数的最大值，得到保护特征量的区外边界；在区内故障情况下，通过对解析函数与给定宽度标尺进行对标，得到保护特征量的区内边界。基于保护特征量变化边界，通过引入可靠系数、灵敏系数等，提出了行波保护的电压变化率判据、电压变化量判据、电流变化量判据的整定计算方法。对南方电网直流输电系统的线路保护进行了整定计算，并与实际工程定值进行比对，实现了保护动作性能的定量评估。
（3）提出了基于高频采样的新型直流线路行波保护方案，通过提高保护采样频率充分利用暂态故障信息构成保护判据保证了保护的灵敏性，采用行波保护的电压变化率理念以保证保护的速动性。提出了检测电流首峰值时间的直流线路保护新原理，将易受过渡电阻影响的电气量检测问题转换为不易受过渡电阻影响的时间检测问题从而提高保护的灵敏性，仅在线路末端故障时需要对端信息保证了保护的速动性。本文的新型直流线路保护方案有效解决直流线路保护速动性和灵敏性的矛盾，
（4）为解决直流线路行波测距中波速选择带来的测距结果精确度较低、对运行工况和故障条件适应性差的问题，提出了基于宽频信息的直流线路故障测距方案。研究了故障行波变波速特性与宽频故障信息、故障特征之间的内在联系，提出了基于宽频故障信息的行波测距变波速处理方案，有效提高了现有测距算法的测距精度。将该方案与模量传输时间差原理相结合，提出了无需检测故障行波第二波头的新型单端测距算法。将基于宽频信息的故障测距方案应用于天广直流输电系统线路故障测距之中，测距结果验证了所提方法的有效性和实用性。
本文得到国家高技术研究发展计划项目（“863计划”）（项目编号：2012AA050209）以及国家自然科学基金项目（项目编号：51077055）的资助。部分研究成果已经南方电网实际直流工程中得到应用，并获得南方电网公司科学技术进步二等奖，取得了良好的技术和经济效益，验证了本文工作的正确性和有效性。
Dc (direct current) transmission line, as one of the core components of HVDC (HighVoltage Direct Current) systems, is always concerned as a result of its poor protectionperformance. Dc line protection is a kind of transient protection closely related to travellingwave dispersion and HVDC control. It cannot utilize the traditional analysis methods of ac(alternating current) power frequency protection. At present, dc line protection is mainlystudied based on digital simulation using trial and error type studies. The protection boundaryand the effect of main factors are easily swamped with massive simulation data, which goagainst the performance evaluation and optimization. Besides, the present dc line protectionhas some inherent drawbacks; that is to say, the main protection is effected by fault resistanceand the back-up protection has a long time delay. To solve the problems, this paper devotes tothe analytical calculation of dc line faults, the analytical analysis of dc line protections and theproposal of novel protection principles.
The work is summarized as following:
(1) The analytical model of HVDC system is derived for dc line faults. It is very difficult,if not impossible, to obtain the accurate time-domain solutions because the dc line parameteris frequency dependent and the pole control system has non-linear responses. Therefore, afirst-order system transfer function is introduced to represent the dispersion and attenuation oftravelling waves, and a proportional-integral system transfer function is introduced torepresent the effect of the pole control. Based on the equivalents, the time-domain expressionsare derived for the faults at the end of dc line and at the converter side of smoothing reactor.The analytical curves are compared with the simulation curves obtained in PSCAD/EMTDC,and the results verify the validity of the analytical method.
(2) An analytical method is proposed, as a complement and alternative to digitalsimulation, for the analysis of dc line protection. The analytical expression of the discreterelaying quantity is calculated referring to the realization principle of the dc line protection.Under the condition of out-zone fault, the maximum value of the analytical function iscalculated as the variation boundary of the relaying quantity. Under the condition of in-zonefault, a given-width ruler is used to cut the analytical function curve by moving the ruler until the two terminals intersected the function curve. Then, a few pairs of intersection will beobtained, and the maximum value of the intersections is calculated as the variation boundaryof the relaying quantity. With the boundaries, reliability coefficient and sensitivity coefficientare further introduced to determine the thresholds of du/dt criterion, u criterion and icriterion. The analytical method is applied to calculating and analyzing the travelling waveprotection threshold in CSG (China Southern Power Grid), and the results show that themethod makes it possible to quantitatively evaluate and optimize the protection performance.
(3) In allusion to the defect that the high-speed and high-sensitivity performances areincompatible for the current dc line protections, two novel protection schemes for dc lines isput forward. One protection scheme performs by using a startup and two auxiliary criteriawith high sampling rates to ensure the sensitivity of fault detection; the scheme is able toachieve an excellent high-speed performance because it acts only based on the first waveformfollowing a fault. Another protection scheme is based on the detection of the first peak time offault current. The scheme transforms the detection of electrical quantity to the detection oftime quantity and, as a result, eliminates the effect of fault resistance and guarantees theprotection sensitivity performance; the scheme is able to achieve an excellent high-speedperformance because it mainly uses the local fault information only when the fault occurs atthe end of the dc line.
(4) The existed HVDC travelling wave fault location methods commonly have badaccuracy and can’t adapt to different working and fault conditions. To solve the problem, thispaper presents a novel fault location method based on broadband travelling wave information.Firstly, a deep research is made on the travelling wave speed variation characteristic and itsinherent relationship with the broadband information, pointing out how it impacts on faultlocating results. Then, to deal with the variant speed properly, a complete wave speedtreatment scheme is carried out based on the broadband information，significantly improvingthe accuracy of the excited fault location algorithms. Furthermore, applying the scheme intoone terminal fault location, a novel one terminal algorithm is proposed, which does not needdetect the second wavefront of the fault travelling wave and hence considerably reliable. Theproposed method is applied to detecting dc line faults of Tian-Guang HVDC system, and theresults verify the correctness and feasibility of the method.
This paper is supported by the National High Technology Research and DevelopmentProgram (“863” Program) of China (2012AA050209) and the National Science Foundation ofChina (51077055). Some of the research results have been applied in CSG, and the economicbenefits and technical advantages verify the correctness and feasibility of the work.
引文
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