趋同与中国地区经济差距实证研究
|
摘要
地区经济差距是长期以来我国宏观调控着力解决的历史性课题。由于地区经济差距在我国地区经济发展过程中的客观存在,因而我们需要探索地区经济差距发生和演变的原因和规律,评估其对国民经济和社会发展的影响,预测其未来的走向及演变轨迹,进而为国家的区域经济政策的制定和调整提供合理的依据。
对地区经济差距问题,国内外已有不少研究,但结合经济增长理论中引申出的趋同来研究我国地区经济差距的文献还不多见。论文从趋同的概念出发,分三个部分对中国地区经济差距进行了较为系统的研究。第一部分为理论阐述,主要总结了经济增长理论中趋同的导出,并就趋同的不同定义和相应检验方法进行了较为系统的归纳,进而提出了本文进行中国经济增长趋同检验所依据的定义和检验方法;第二部分为实证分析部分,着重考察了中国地区经济增长中的趋同和中国地区经济差距的演变,在此基础上通过增长核算分析了地区经济差距的来源,它是整个论文的中心部分;第三部分针对实证分析结论提出了有关政策建议。
在引入趋同检验所依据的定义和检验方法的基础上,论文对1952-2004年和1978-2004年两个样本期中国经济增长的趋同进行了检验。分析结果表明,在这两个样本期中,条件趋同在全国范围内不存在,但俱乐部趋同现象明显。无论是从全国来看,还是东北、东部、中部、西部四大区域各自作为一个整体来看,我国经济增长不但不存在条件趋同,而且表现为一种经济增长分异的过程。这表明,我国经济作为一个整体,自身并不能达到新古典经济增长理论所预言的稳定状态,同时,当将各区域视为一个整体时,东北、东部、中部、西部这四大区域也没有朝着新古典增长理论所预言的稳态方向发展的趋势。这实际上说明,如果任凭经济按其固有路径发展,我国区域经济差距的现状不但难以得到有效的改观,而且还有继续扩大的可能。同时,研究表明,我国经济增长在区域内部存在俱乐部趋同的现象,这与许多研究文献的结论相吻合。当采用区域人均GDP作为经济发展共同趋势的衡量指标时,1952-2004年间,中部与西部这两大区域均存在条件趋同,其它地区则表现为经济发展的趋异;1978—2004年间,除了中部外,东部、西部、东北都存在区域内部的条件趋同,这可以视为俱乐部趋同。俱乐部趋同的存在,表明各区域内部经济发展在规模和产业结构上存在较大的相似性,这同时也表明,相邻的省份比相距较远的省份更有可能具有相似的社会和经济条件,从而具有相似的发展路径。
在对中国的地区经济差距进行分析的过程中,通过运用泰尔指数进行衡量,论文发现:中国的地区经济差距在不断拉大,但自西部大开发战略实施以来,地区经济差距发生了一定的变化。1952-2004年,中国总地区经济差距经历了三个发展阶段:第一个阶段是建国初期至1978年,在这时期当中,总地区经济差距的波动性相当大,同时,总地区经济差距值在不断扩大,其中1960年的泰尔指数达到0.3273,为建国以来的最高值;第二个阶段是1978至1990年的改革开放时期,80年代初期,总地区经济差距下降趋势较为明显,由1978年的0.2990下降到改革开放以来的最低值,即1990年的0.2432;第三个阶段是1990年到现在,这一时期的总地区差距又在慢慢扩大,直至西部大开发战略实施之后,这种扩大趋势才得到遏制。西部大开发实施以后,总地区经济差距有所缩小,这表明政府政策的实施达到了一定的效果,舒缓了地区经济差距过大给社会造成的压力,但需要注意的是,近年来西部地区的经济增长,在相当程度上是依靠国债投资和中央预算内的基本建设投资拉动的,未来要继续保持和促进西部的发展,需要政府采取更为有力的政策措施,以形成促进西部经济持续发展的体制和机制。
特别地,通过运用二阶段嵌套泰尔指数分解法,论文所用的现有数据显示,中国地区经济差距的主要来源是省内经济差距,而非区域间经济差距。从各类收入差距泰尔指数值来看,省内收入差距泰尔指数的值最大,而且大于省间收入差距泰尔指数和区域间收入差距泰尔指数值两者之和。因此,从区域间收入差距、省间收入差距及省内收入差距对总体收入差距的贡献度来看,省内收入差距的作用最大,1984至2003年间的绝大多数年份中其都占到了总体收入差距贡献度的一半以上。
通过增长核算,论文得出了各地区的物质资本、劳动力、人力资本的产出弹性系数,在此基础上具体分析了生产要素和全要素生产率在地区经济增长和地区经济差距形成过程中的作用。从物质资本、劳动力与人力资本对经济增长的贡献来看,各类生产要素在生产中的地位各不相同,但在地区经济差距形成的过程中,资本投入和全要素生产率发挥了关键性的作用,因而,各地区可以依据其规模报酬的表现形式及区域经济的具体特征采取适应于区域资源禀赋的生产方式,使地区经济协调发展。最后,论文提出了一些相关的缩小地区经济差距的政策建议,并就研究中存在的问题和后续研究方向进行了说明。
Regional disparity is one of the most important tasks that macroeconomic adjustment seeking to solve. For the regional disparity has been in existence for a long time during the regional economic development in China, we need to investigate the reasons and rules of the occurrence and evolution of it, so as to evaluate its impact on the development of economy and society and predict its trend of evolution, as well as puts up appropriate regional economic policies.
There are many researches on China’s regional disparity, but few of them link it with the convergence theory to discuss. Based on the convergence theory, the paper carefully studies the regional disparity in China. Firstly, the paper sums up the different definitions and testing measures of convergence, especially the origin of convergence in the economic growth theory. Secondly, it tests the convergence of China’s economic growth and reviews the evolution of China’s regional disparity, and analyzes the sources of regional disparity through growth accounting. In conclusion, the paper puts up relevant policies.
Based on an introduction to the particular definition and testing measure of convergence, the paper investigates the convergence of China’s economic growth over the sample period 1952-2004 and 1978-2004. It concludes that there is no conditional convergence in China as a whole, but there exists club convergence indeed. Whether for the whole country, or the four regions of China, such as the Northeast Region, the Eastern Region, the Center Region and the Western Region as a whole alone, there exists divergence instead of conditional convergence. It indicates that China’s economy, as a whole can’t reach the stead state predicted by the neoclassical economic theory, and that if we let the economy goes without any policy interventions, the regional disparity in China will become more and more serious in future; at the same time, the paper finds that there exists club convergence in the three regions for the four regions in China, which in accordance with many researches in existence. During the period 1952-2004,there exists club convergence in the Center Region and the Western region, while the other regions are divergent; during the period 1978-2004,there exist club convergences in the Eastern region, the Western region and the Northeast Region except the Center Region. The existence of club convergences shows that there are many similarities in the scale and industrial structures of the economy inside the regions, which also indicates that the neighboring provinces tend to have similar social and economic environment and similar path of economic development.
By applying the Theil index to analyze the regional disparity in China, the paper finds that the regional disparity is widening, but there is a turn since the carrying out of the strategy of developing the Western Region. There are three stages of development of regional disparity in China during the period 1952-2004.In the first stage, which started from 1952 to 1978,there were many fluctuations in the regional disparity, and the regional disparity was continuously widened. And the value of the Theil index was 0.3273,which was the biggest since the foundation of the PRC. From 1978 to 1990,which is the period of China’s Reform and Opening to the outside world, the Theil index declined a lot in the 1980s,which is from 0.2990 in 1978 to 0.2432 in 1990,and the latter is the lowest value since 1978.Since 1990,the regional disparity slowly goes up, which ceased from the initiative of the strategy of developing the Western Region. But we should be watchful that the economic growth the Western Region is pushed by the investment in infrastructure from government securities and central budgetary appropriation. As an answer, the government should take efficient measures to establish systems and mechanisms that can make the economic growth sustainable.
In particular, by applying the two-stage nested Theil decomposition method, which is an extension of the ordinary one-stage Theil decomposition method, the paper finds that the main sources of China’s regional disparity are within-province inequalities instead of between-region inequalities. The contribution of within-province inequalities to the overall regional inequalities is bigger than the sum of the between-province inequalities and the between-province inequalities.
By applying the growth accounting method, the paper presents the output elasticity of the physical capital, labor and human capital in each region, on which the paper analyzes the effects of the factors on the patterns of the regional disparity. And the paper finds that the main sources of the regional disparity are the input of physical capital and the Total Factor Productivity.
In conclusion, the paper puts up some relevant policies to reduce the regional disparity, and presents some issues that can be further studied in future.
对地区经济差距问题,国内外已有不少研究,但结合经济增长理论中引申出的趋同来研究我国地区经济差距的文献还不多见。论文从趋同的概念出发,分三个部分对中国地区经济差距进行了较为系统的研究。第一部分为理论阐述,主要总结了经济增长理论中趋同的导出,并就趋同的不同定义和相应检验方法进行了较为系统的归纳,进而提出了本文进行中国经济增长趋同检验所依据的定义和检验方法;第二部分为实证分析部分,着重考察了中国地区经济增长中的趋同和中国地区经济差距的演变,在此基础上通过增长核算分析了地区经济差距的来源,它是整个论文的中心部分;第三部分针对实证分析结论提出了有关政策建议。
在引入趋同检验所依据的定义和检验方法的基础上,论文对1952-2004年和1978-2004年两个样本期中国经济增长的趋同进行了检验。分析结果表明,在这两个样本期中,条件趋同在全国范围内不存在,但俱乐部趋同现象明显。无论是从全国来看,还是东北、东部、中部、西部四大区域各自作为一个整体来看,我国经济增长不但不存在条件趋同,而且表现为一种经济增长分异的过程。这表明,我国经济作为一个整体,自身并不能达到新古典经济增长理论所预言的稳定状态,同时,当将各区域视为一个整体时,东北、东部、中部、西部这四大区域也没有朝着新古典增长理论所预言的稳态方向发展的趋势。这实际上说明,如果任凭经济按其固有路径发展,我国区域经济差距的现状不但难以得到有效的改观,而且还有继续扩大的可能。同时,研究表明,我国经济增长在区域内部存在俱乐部趋同的现象,这与许多研究文献的结论相吻合。当采用区域人均GDP作为经济发展共同趋势的衡量指标时,1952-2004年间,中部与西部这两大区域均存在条件趋同,其它地区则表现为经济发展的趋异;1978—2004年间,除了中部外,东部、西部、东北都存在区域内部的条件趋同,这可以视为俱乐部趋同。俱乐部趋同的存在,表明各区域内部经济发展在规模和产业结构上存在较大的相似性,这同时也表明,相邻的省份比相距较远的省份更有可能具有相似的社会和经济条件,从而具有相似的发展路径。
在对中国的地区经济差距进行分析的过程中,通过运用泰尔指数进行衡量,论文发现:中国的地区经济差距在不断拉大,但自西部大开发战略实施以来,地区经济差距发生了一定的变化。1952-2004年,中国总地区经济差距经历了三个发展阶段:第一个阶段是建国初期至1978年,在这时期当中,总地区经济差距的波动性相当大,同时,总地区经济差距值在不断扩大,其中1960年的泰尔指数达到0.3273,为建国以来的最高值;第二个阶段是1978至1990年的改革开放时期,80年代初期,总地区经济差距下降趋势较为明显,由1978年的0.2990下降到改革开放以来的最低值,即1990年的0.2432;第三个阶段是1990年到现在,这一时期的总地区差距又在慢慢扩大,直至西部大开发战略实施之后,这种扩大趋势才得到遏制。西部大开发实施以后,总地区经济差距有所缩小,这表明政府政策的实施达到了一定的效果,舒缓了地区经济差距过大给社会造成的压力,但需要注意的是,近年来西部地区的经济增长,在相当程度上是依靠国债投资和中央预算内的基本建设投资拉动的,未来要继续保持和促进西部的发展,需要政府采取更为有力的政策措施,以形成促进西部经济持续发展的体制和机制。
特别地,通过运用二阶段嵌套泰尔指数分解法,论文所用的现有数据显示,中国地区经济差距的主要来源是省内经济差距,而非区域间经济差距。从各类收入差距泰尔指数值来看,省内收入差距泰尔指数的值最大,而且大于省间收入差距泰尔指数和区域间收入差距泰尔指数值两者之和。因此,从区域间收入差距、省间收入差距及省内收入差距对总体收入差距的贡献度来看,省内收入差距的作用最大,1984至2003年间的绝大多数年份中其都占到了总体收入差距贡献度的一半以上。
通过增长核算,论文得出了各地区的物质资本、劳动力、人力资本的产出弹性系数,在此基础上具体分析了生产要素和全要素生产率在地区经济增长和地区经济差距形成过程中的作用。从物质资本、劳动力与人力资本对经济增长的贡献来看,各类生产要素在生产中的地位各不相同,但在地区经济差距形成的过程中,资本投入和全要素生产率发挥了关键性的作用,因而,各地区可以依据其规模报酬的表现形式及区域经济的具体特征采取适应于区域资源禀赋的生产方式,使地区经济协调发展。最后,论文提出了一些相关的缩小地区经济差距的政策建议,并就研究中存在的问题和后续研究方向进行了说明。
Regional disparity is one of the most important tasks that macroeconomic adjustment seeking to solve. For the regional disparity has been in existence for a long time during the regional economic development in China, we need to investigate the reasons and rules of the occurrence and evolution of it, so as to evaluate its impact on the development of economy and society and predict its trend of evolution, as well as puts up appropriate regional economic policies.
There are many researches on China’s regional disparity, but few of them link it with the convergence theory to discuss. Based on the convergence theory, the paper carefully studies the regional disparity in China. Firstly, the paper sums up the different definitions and testing measures of convergence, especially the origin of convergence in the economic growth theory. Secondly, it tests the convergence of China’s economic growth and reviews the evolution of China’s regional disparity, and analyzes the sources of regional disparity through growth accounting. In conclusion, the paper puts up relevant policies.
Based on an introduction to the particular definition and testing measure of convergence, the paper investigates the convergence of China’s economic growth over the sample period 1952-2004 and 1978-2004. It concludes that there is no conditional convergence in China as a whole, but there exists club convergence indeed. Whether for the whole country, or the four regions of China, such as the Northeast Region, the Eastern Region, the Center Region and the Western Region as a whole alone, there exists divergence instead of conditional convergence. It indicates that China’s economy, as a whole can’t reach the stead state predicted by the neoclassical economic theory, and that if we let the economy goes without any policy interventions, the regional disparity in China will become more and more serious in future; at the same time, the paper finds that there exists club convergence in the three regions for the four regions in China, which in accordance with many researches in existence. During the period 1952-2004,there exists club convergence in the Center Region and the Western region, while the other regions are divergent; during the period 1978-2004,there exist club convergences in the Eastern region, the Western region and the Northeast Region except the Center Region. The existence of club convergences shows that there are many similarities in the scale and industrial structures of the economy inside the regions, which also indicates that the neighboring provinces tend to have similar social and economic environment and similar path of economic development.
By applying the Theil index to analyze the regional disparity in China, the paper finds that the regional disparity is widening, but there is a turn since the carrying out of the strategy of developing the Western Region. There are three stages of development of regional disparity in China during the period 1952-2004.In the first stage, which started from 1952 to 1978,there were many fluctuations in the regional disparity, and the regional disparity was continuously widened. And the value of the Theil index was 0.3273,which was the biggest since the foundation of the PRC. From 1978 to 1990,which is the period of China’s Reform and Opening to the outside world, the Theil index declined a lot in the 1980s,which is from 0.2990 in 1978 to 0.2432 in 1990,and the latter is the lowest value since 1978.Since 1990,the regional disparity slowly goes up, which ceased from the initiative of the strategy of developing the Western Region. But we should be watchful that the economic growth the Western Region is pushed by the investment in infrastructure from government securities and central budgetary appropriation. As an answer, the government should take efficient measures to establish systems and mechanisms that can make the economic growth sustainable.
In particular, by applying the two-stage nested Theil decomposition method, which is an extension of the ordinary one-stage Theil decomposition method, the paper finds that the main sources of China’s regional disparity are within-province inequalities instead of between-region inequalities. The contribution of within-province inequalities to the overall regional inequalities is bigger than the sum of the between-province inequalities and the between-province inequalities.
By applying the growth accounting method, the paper presents the output elasticity of the physical capital, labor and human capital in each region, on which the paper analyzes the effects of the factors on the patterns of the regional disparity. And the paper finds that the main sources of the regional disparity are the input of physical capital and the Total Factor Productivity.
In conclusion, the paper puts up some relevant policies to reduce the regional disparity, and presents some issues that can be further studied in future.
引文
[1] Abramovitz M. Catching Up,Forging Ahead,and Falling Behind,Journal of Economic History,1986,46: 385-406
[2] Aghion P., Howitt P. and Mayer-Foulkes.The effect of Financial Development on Convergence: Theory and Evidence.The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2005, 120: 173-222
[3] Aghion,P. and Howitt,P.A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, 1992,60(2): 323-351
[4] Akita Takahiro. Decomposing Regional Income Inequality in China and Indonesia Using Two-Stage Nested Theil Decomposition Method. Regional Science, 2003,37: 55-77
[5] Arrow,K.J.The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing.Reviews of Economic Studies, 1962,29: 155-173
[6] Azariadis Costas and Allan Drazen.Threshold Externalities in Economic Development. Quarterly Journal of Economics1990, 105: 501-526
[7] Barro, R.J.and Lee. Sources of Economic Growth. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 1994,40: 1-57
[8] Barro, Robert J and Xavier Sala-i-Martin.Convergence across States and Regions. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1991,no.1: 107-182
[9] Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 1992,100: 223-251
[10] Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin.Economic Growth. McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1995
[11] Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin.Technological Diffusion , Con- vergence, and Growth.Journal of Economic Growth, 1997,2: 1-27
[12] Barro, Robert J.Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991,106(2): 407-433
[13] Baumol, William J.Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: What the Long Run Data Show? American Economic Review,1986, 76: 1072-1085
[14] Benhabib and Spiegel.Human Capital and Technology Diffusion. In Philippe Aghionand Steven N. Durlauf, eds.,Handbook of Economics Growth (Amsterdam: Elsevier,2005), 2005
[15] Bernard, A.B., Durlauf, S.N.Convergence in International Output. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 1995,10: 97–108
[16] Bernard, Andrew and Steven N. Durlauf. Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of Econometrics1996, 71: 161-173
[17] Bernard, Andrew and Steven N. Durlauf.Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of Econometrics, 1996, 71: 161-173
[18] Binder, M.and Pesaran.Stochastic Growth Models and Their Econometric Implications.Journal of Economic Growth, 1999,4: 139-183
[19] Carlino, G. A. and L. O. Mills.Are the US Regional Incomes Converging? A Time Series Analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics 1993,32: 335-346
[20] Carlino, Gerald A. and Leonard Mills.Are U.S. Regional Incomes Converging? A Time Series Amalysis.Journal of Monetary Economics, 1993, 32: 335-346
[21] Cass, David.Optimum Growth in Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation. Review of Economic Studies, 1965, 32: 233-340
[22] Chen,B-L.,Lin,J. and Yang,X.Empirical Evidence for the Endogenous Growth Generated by Evolution in Division of Labor. Development Discussion Paper, No.671, Harvard Institute for International Development, 1999
[23] Cho-Young Choi.A Reexamination of Output Convergence in the U.S. States: Towards Which Level(s) Are They Converging?. Journal of Regional Science, 2004, 44: 713-741
[24] Dayal-Gulati,A, and Husain,A.M.Centripetal Forces in China’s Economic Take-off.IMF Working Paper, 2000, 00/86
[25] De Long, Bradford J. Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: A Comment. American Economic Review1988,78 :1138-54
[26] Demuger,S. Sachs,J. D. and Woo, W. T.et al.Geography,Economic Policy and Regional Development in China.CID Working Paper, 2001,no.77
[27] Denison E. F.Trends in American Economic Growth: 1929-1982. Washing- ton D. C.,Brookings Institution, 1985
[28] Desdoigts, Alain. Patterns of Economic Development and the Formation of Clubs.Journal of Economic Growth 1999,4:305-330
[29] Dollar, David and Edward Wolff. Capital Intensity and TFP Convergence in Manufacturing, 1963-1985, in William J. Baumol, Richard R. Nelson, and Edward N. Wolff, eds., Convergence of Productivity: Cross National Studies and Historical Evidence. New York, Oxford University Press, 1994
[30] Dormar,E.Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment. Econo- metrica, 1946,14:137-147
[31] Dougherty, Chrys and Dale W. Jorgenson .International Comparison of Sources of Growth. American Economic Review 1996,86: 25-29
[32] Dougherty, Chrys and Dale W. Jorgenson. There is No Silver Bullet: Investment andGrowth in the G7. National Institute Economic Review, 1997,162: 57-74
[33] Duncan,R. and Tian,X.W.China’s Inter-provincial Disparities:An Explanation.Communist and Post-Communist Studies,1999,32:211-224
[34] Durlauf, Steven. and Paul A. Johnson .Multiple Regimes and Cross-Country Growth Behavior. Journal of Applied Econometrics 1995,10: 365-384
[35] Evans, Paul and Georgios Karras.Convergence Revisited. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1996,37: 249-265
[36] Evans, Paul.Using Cross-country Variances to Evaluate Growth Theories. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 1996,20: 1027-1049
[37] Evans, Paul.Using Cross-country Variances to Evaluate Growth Theories. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 1996,20: 1027-1049
[38] Friedman Milton.Do Old Fallacies Ever Die? Journal of Economic Literature 1994,30: 2129-2132
[39] Galor Oded .Convergence? Inference from Theoretical Models. Economic Journal, 1996,106: 1056-1069
[40] Grier, Kevin B. and Gordon Tullock.An Empirical Analysis of Cross-National Economic Growth, 1951–1980. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1989,24: 259-276
[41] Harrod,R.F.An Essay in Dynamic Theory. Economic Journal, 1939,49: 14-33
[42] Holtz-Eakin, Douglas.Solow and the States: Capital Accumulation, Productivity, and Economic Growth. National Tax Journal, 1993,46: 425-439
[43] Howitt&Mayer-Foulkes.R&D, Implimentation and Stagnation: A Schumpeter Theoryof Convergence Clubs.NBER Working Paper No.9104, 2002
[44] Islam, Nazrul.Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995,110: 1127-1170
[45] Jian, T.L., Sachs, J. D. and Warner, A.M.Trends in Regional Inequality in China.China Economic Review, 1996,7(1): 1-21
[46] Jian, T.L., Sachs, J.D., and Warner, A.M.Trends in Regional Inequality in China, China Economy Review, 1996,7(1): 1-21
[47] Jorgenson, Dale W. and M. Nishimizu.US and Japanese Economic Growth, 1952-1974. Economic Journal 1978,88: 707-726
[48] Kocherlakota, N.R.Comment on R.J.Barro, Inflation and Growth. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 1996,78: 170-172
[49] Koopmans, T.C.On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth. in the Econometric Approach to Development Planning,Amsterdam,North Holland, 1965
[50] Kormendi, Roger C. and Philip G. Meguire.Macroeconomic Determinants of Growth: Cross-country Evidence. Journal of Monetary Economics 1985,16: 141-163
[51] Lands,D.The Wealth and Poverty of Nations.W.W.Norton&Company,1998.戴维·兰德斯. 国富国穷. 北京: 新华出版社, 门洪华等译, 2001
[52] Lee Kevin, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Ron Smith.Growth and Convergence: A Multicountry Empirical Analysis of the Solow Growth Model. Journal of Applied Econometrics1997, 12: 357-392
[53] Lee, J.Ch.Regional Income Inequality Variations in China.Journal of Economci Development, 1995,20(2): 99-118
[54] Levin, A. and C. F. Lin.Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: New Results, Working paper no.93-56, Dec. (University of California, San Diego, CA), 1993
[55] Levine, R. and Renelt, D.A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-country Growth Regressions.Amercian Economic Review, 1992,82: 218-223
[56] Li, Qing and David Papell.Convergence of International Output: Time Series Evidence for 16 OECD Countries. International Review of Economics and Finance 1999,8: 267-280
[57] Litchenberg, Frank R.Testing the Convergence Hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1994,76: 576-579
[58] Lowey, Michael B. and David H. Papell.Are US Regional Incomes Converging? Some Further Evidence. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1996,38: 587-598
[59] Lucus, R.E.Jr.On the Mechanics of Economic Development.Journal of Monetary Economics, 1988,22:3-42
[60] Maddison, Angus.Phases of Capitalist Development, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982
[61] Mankiw, N. Gregory, Romer, David, and David Weil.A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1992,107: 407-437
[62] Nordhaus, W. D. Invention, Growth and Welfare.1969, Cambridge, Mass: Mit Press
[63] Pedroni, P.Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogenous Panels with Multiple Regressors.Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1999(61): 653-670
[64] Prescott, Edward C. Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity. International Economic Review, 1998,39: 525-551
[65] Pritchett, L.Divergence, Big Time. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1997, 11(3): 3-17
[66] Quah, Danny.Empirical Cross-Section Dynamics in Economic Growth. European Economic Review, 1993b, 37: 426-434
[67] Quah, Danny.Empirics for Economic Growth and Convergence. European Economic Review 1996a, 40: 1353-1375
[68] Quah, Danny.Galton ’ s Fallacy and Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 1993a, 95: 427-443
[69] Quah, Danny.Twin Peaks: Growth and Convergence in Models of Distribution Dynamics. Economic Journal 1996b, 106: 1045-1055
[70] Ramsey, F.A Mathematical Theory of Saving.Economic Journal, 1928, 38:543-559
[71] Rebelo, S.Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth.Journal of Political Economy, 1991,99(3): 500-521
[72] Romer, P.Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth.Journal of Political Economy, 1986,94(5): 1002-1037
[73] Romer, D.Advanced Macroeconomics.(second edition).Mc Graw Hill,2001
[74] Romer, P.M.Endogenous Technical Change.Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98: S71-S102
[75] Sala-i-Martin, Xavier.Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence. European Economic Review 1996, 40: 1325-1352
[76] Sala-i-Martin.,X.I Just Run Two Million Regressions. American Economic Review Association Papers and Proceedings, 1997,87(2): 178-183
[77] Shell, K.Inventive Activity, Industrical Organization and Economic Activity. In J. Mirrlees and N. Stern, eds, Models of Economic Growth London: Macmillan
[78] Sheshinski, E.Optimal Accumulation with Learning by Doingz.in Karl Shell, ed. Essays on the Theory of Optimal Economic Grwoth, Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 31-52
[79] Sims, C.A.Comment on R.J.Barro, Inflation and Growth. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 1996,78: 173-178
[80] Solow,R.A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growt.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1956,1: 65-94
[81] Swan, T. W. Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation. Economic Record, 1956,32: 327-368
[82] Theil.Principles of econometrics, New York: John Wiley&Sons, 1971
[83] Tsui,K. Y. China’s Regional Inequality: 1952-1985. Journal of Comparative Economics, 1991, 17: 1-21
[84] Uzawa, H.Optimum Technical Change in an Aggregative Model of Economic Growth. International Economic Review, 1965,6: 18-31
[85] Wolff, E. N.Capital Fromation and Productivity Convergence. American Economic Review 1991,81: 565-579
[86] World Bank. China 2020:Development Challenges in the New Century. Washingtons, DC: World Bank, 1997
[87] Young, A.The Razor’s Edge: Distortions and Incremental Reform in the People’s public of China.2000, CXV: 1091-1135
[88] Young, A.The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting the Statistical Realities of the East Asian Experience.Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995,110(3): 641-680
[89] Young, Allyn.Increasing Returns and Economic Progress. Economic Journal, 1928, 38: 527-542
[90] 蔡昉, 都阳.中国地区经济增长的趋同与趋异-对西部开发战略的启示.经济研究,2000,10: 30-37
[91] 陈安平, 李安平. 中国地区经济增长的收敛性: 时间序列的经验研究.数量经济技术研究, 2004, 11: 31-35
[92] 大卫·李嘉图. 政治经济学及赋税原理.(第一版). 北京: 商务印书馆, 1962
[93] 邓翔. 经济趋同理论与中国地区经济差距的实证研究. (第一版).四川: 西南财经大学出版社, 2003
[94] 董先安. 浅释中国地区收入差距: 1952-2002.经济研究, 2004, 9: 48-59
[95] 樊纲, 王小鲁. 中国市场化指数-各地区市场化相对进程 2004 年度报告.(第一版).北京: 经济科学出版社, 2004
[96] 费歇尔. 利息理论. (第一版). 上海: 上海人民出版社, 1999
[97] 耿庆武. 中国不平衡经济发展.(第一版).北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2005
[98] 胡永平, 张宗益. 中国地区经济增长差距的成因分析. 当代财经, 2004, 9: 80-83
[99] 李忠民. 人力资本——个理论框架及其对中国一些问题的解释.北京: 经济科学出版社, 1999
[100] 林毅夫, 蔡昉, 李周. 中国经济转型的地区差距分析.经济研究, 1998, 10: 35-41
[101] 林毅夫, 刘培林. 中国的经济发展战略与地区收入差距.经济研究, 2003, 3: 19-25
[102] 刘强. 中国经济增长的收敛性分析. 经济研究, 2001,6: 70-77
[103] 刘夏明, 魏英琪, 李国平.收敛还是发散?中国区域经济发展争论的文献综述.经济研究, 2004, 7: 70-81
[104] 彭国华. 中国地区收入差距、全要素生产率及其收敛性分析.经济研究, 2005, 9: 19-29
[105] 瑟尔沃 A.P..增长与发展(.第六版). 郭熙保译.北京: 中国财政经济出版社, 2001
[106] 沈坤荣, 马俊. 中国经济增长的“俱乐部收敛”特征及其成因研究. 经济研究, 2002, 1:33-39
[107] 沈利生, 朱运发. 人力资源开放与经济增长关系的定量研究. 数量经济技术经济研究, 1997, (12): 9-13
[108] 王金营. 人力资本与经济增长理论与实证. (第一版). 北京: 中国财政经济出版社, 2001
[109] 王绍光, 胡鞍钢. 中国: 不平衡发展的政治经济学.(第一版).北京: 中国计划出版社, 1999
[110] 王小鲁, 樊纲. 中国地区差距: 20 年变化趋势和影响因素.(第一版).北京: 经济科学出版社, 2004
[111] 王小鲁, 樊纲. 中国经济增长的可持续性(.第一版). 北京: 经济科学出版社, 2000
[112] 魏后凯. 中国地区经济增长及其收敛性. 中国工业经济, 1997,3: 31-37
[113] 徐现祥, 李郇. 中国城市经济增长的趋同分析.经济研究, 2004, 5: 40-48
[114] 徐现祥, 舒元. 物质资本、人力资本与中国地区双峰趋同. 世界经济, 2005, 1: 47-57
[115] 亚当·斯密. 国民财富的性质和原因的研究.(第一版). 北京: 商务印书馆, 1979
[116] 杨小凯. 发展经济学-超边际与边际分析(.第一版). 张定胜, 张永生译.北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2003
[117] 约瑟夫·熊彼特. 经济发展理论.(第一版).北京: 商务印书馆, 1990
[118] 张焕明. 扩展的 Solow 模型的应用: 我国经济增长的地区性差异分析, 经济学(季刊), 2004, 3(3): 605-618
[119] 张焕明. 我国经济增长的地区趋同性及其路径分析.财经研究, 2005, 6: 16-27
[120] 张军, 吴桂英, 张吉鹏. 中国省际物质资本存量估算: 1952-2000.经济研究, 2004,10: 35-44
[121] 中国科技发展战略研究小组. 中国区域创新能力报告 2003.(第一版). 北京: 经济管理出版社, 2004
[2] Aghion P., Howitt P. and Mayer-Foulkes.The effect of Financial Development on Convergence: Theory and Evidence.The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2005, 120: 173-222
[3] Aghion,P. and Howitt,P.A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, 1992,60(2): 323-351
[4] Akita Takahiro. Decomposing Regional Income Inequality in China and Indonesia Using Two-Stage Nested Theil Decomposition Method. Regional Science, 2003,37: 55-77
[5] Arrow,K.J.The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing.Reviews of Economic Studies, 1962,29: 155-173
[6] Azariadis Costas and Allan Drazen.Threshold Externalities in Economic Development. Quarterly Journal of Economics1990, 105: 501-526
[7] Barro, R.J.and Lee. Sources of Economic Growth. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 1994,40: 1-57
[8] Barro, Robert J and Xavier Sala-i-Martin.Convergence across States and Regions. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1991,no.1: 107-182
[9] Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 1992,100: 223-251
[10] Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin.Economic Growth. McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1995
[11] Barro, Robert J. and Xavier Sala-i-Martin.Technological Diffusion , Con- vergence, and Growth.Journal of Economic Growth, 1997,2: 1-27
[12] Barro, Robert J.Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1991,106(2): 407-433
[13] Baumol, William J.Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: What the Long Run Data Show? American Economic Review,1986, 76: 1072-1085
[14] Benhabib and Spiegel.Human Capital and Technology Diffusion. In Philippe Aghionand Steven N. Durlauf, eds.,Handbook of Economics Growth (Amsterdam: Elsevier,2005), 2005
[15] Bernard, A.B., Durlauf, S.N.Convergence in International Output. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 1995,10: 97–108
[16] Bernard, Andrew and Steven N. Durlauf. Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of Econometrics1996, 71: 161-173
[17] Bernard, Andrew and Steven N. Durlauf.Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of Econometrics, 1996, 71: 161-173
[18] Binder, M.and Pesaran.Stochastic Growth Models and Their Econometric Implications.Journal of Economic Growth, 1999,4: 139-183
[19] Carlino, G. A. and L. O. Mills.Are the US Regional Incomes Converging? A Time Series Analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics 1993,32: 335-346
[20] Carlino, Gerald A. and Leonard Mills.Are U.S. Regional Incomes Converging? A Time Series Amalysis.Journal of Monetary Economics, 1993, 32: 335-346
[21] Cass, David.Optimum Growth in Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation. Review of Economic Studies, 1965, 32: 233-340
[22] Chen,B-L.,Lin,J. and Yang,X.Empirical Evidence for the Endogenous Growth Generated by Evolution in Division of Labor. Development Discussion Paper, No.671, Harvard Institute for International Development, 1999
[23] Cho-Young Choi.A Reexamination of Output Convergence in the U.S. States: Towards Which Level(s) Are They Converging?. Journal of Regional Science, 2004, 44: 713-741
[24] Dayal-Gulati,A, and Husain,A.M.Centripetal Forces in China’s Economic Take-off.IMF Working Paper, 2000, 00/86
[25] De Long, Bradford J. Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: A Comment. American Economic Review1988,78 :1138-54
[26] Demuger,S. Sachs,J. D. and Woo, W. T.et al.Geography,Economic Policy and Regional Development in China.CID Working Paper, 2001,no.77
[27] Denison E. F.Trends in American Economic Growth: 1929-1982. Washing- ton D. C.,Brookings Institution, 1985
[28] Desdoigts, Alain. Patterns of Economic Development and the Formation of Clubs.Journal of Economic Growth 1999,4:305-330
[29] Dollar, David and Edward Wolff. Capital Intensity and TFP Convergence in Manufacturing, 1963-1985, in William J. Baumol, Richard R. Nelson, and Edward N. Wolff, eds., Convergence of Productivity: Cross National Studies and Historical Evidence. New York, Oxford University Press, 1994
[30] Dormar,E.Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment. Econo- metrica, 1946,14:137-147
[31] Dougherty, Chrys and Dale W. Jorgenson .International Comparison of Sources of Growth. American Economic Review 1996,86: 25-29
[32] Dougherty, Chrys and Dale W. Jorgenson. There is No Silver Bullet: Investment andGrowth in the G7. National Institute Economic Review, 1997,162: 57-74
[33] Duncan,R. and Tian,X.W.China’s Inter-provincial Disparities:An Explanation.Communist and Post-Communist Studies,1999,32:211-224
[34] Durlauf, Steven. and Paul A. Johnson .Multiple Regimes and Cross-Country Growth Behavior. Journal of Applied Econometrics 1995,10: 365-384
[35] Evans, Paul and Georgios Karras.Convergence Revisited. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1996,37: 249-265
[36] Evans, Paul.Using Cross-country Variances to Evaluate Growth Theories. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 1996,20: 1027-1049
[37] Evans, Paul.Using Cross-country Variances to Evaluate Growth Theories. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 1996,20: 1027-1049
[38] Friedman Milton.Do Old Fallacies Ever Die? Journal of Economic Literature 1994,30: 2129-2132
[39] Galor Oded .Convergence? Inference from Theoretical Models. Economic Journal, 1996,106: 1056-1069
[40] Grier, Kevin B. and Gordon Tullock.An Empirical Analysis of Cross-National Economic Growth, 1951–1980. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1989,24: 259-276
[41] Harrod,R.F.An Essay in Dynamic Theory. Economic Journal, 1939,49: 14-33
[42] Holtz-Eakin, Douglas.Solow and the States: Capital Accumulation, Productivity, and Economic Growth. National Tax Journal, 1993,46: 425-439
[43] Howitt&Mayer-Foulkes.R&D, Implimentation and Stagnation: A Schumpeter Theoryof Convergence Clubs.NBER Working Paper No.9104, 2002
[44] Islam, Nazrul.Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995,110: 1127-1170
[45] Jian, T.L., Sachs, J. D. and Warner, A.M.Trends in Regional Inequality in China.China Economic Review, 1996,7(1): 1-21
[46] Jian, T.L., Sachs, J.D., and Warner, A.M.Trends in Regional Inequality in China, China Economy Review, 1996,7(1): 1-21
[47] Jorgenson, Dale W. and M. Nishimizu.US and Japanese Economic Growth, 1952-1974. Economic Journal 1978,88: 707-726
[48] Kocherlakota, N.R.Comment on R.J.Barro, Inflation and Growth. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 1996,78: 170-172
[49] Koopmans, T.C.On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth. in the Econometric Approach to Development Planning,Amsterdam,North Holland, 1965
[50] Kormendi, Roger C. and Philip G. Meguire.Macroeconomic Determinants of Growth: Cross-country Evidence. Journal of Monetary Economics 1985,16: 141-163
[51] Lands,D.The Wealth and Poverty of Nations.W.W.Norton&Company,1998.戴维·兰德斯. 国富国穷. 北京: 新华出版社, 门洪华等译, 2001
[52] Lee Kevin, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Ron Smith.Growth and Convergence: A Multicountry Empirical Analysis of the Solow Growth Model. Journal of Applied Econometrics1997, 12: 357-392
[53] Lee, J.Ch.Regional Income Inequality Variations in China.Journal of Economci Development, 1995,20(2): 99-118
[54] Levin, A. and C. F. Lin.Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: New Results, Working paper no.93-56, Dec. (University of California, San Diego, CA), 1993
[55] Levine, R. and Renelt, D.A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-country Growth Regressions.Amercian Economic Review, 1992,82: 218-223
[56] Li, Qing and David Papell.Convergence of International Output: Time Series Evidence for 16 OECD Countries. International Review of Economics and Finance 1999,8: 267-280
[57] Litchenberg, Frank R.Testing the Convergence Hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 1994,76: 576-579
[58] Lowey, Michael B. and David H. Papell.Are US Regional Incomes Converging? Some Further Evidence. Journal of Monetary Economics, 1996,38: 587-598
[59] Lucus, R.E.Jr.On the Mechanics of Economic Development.Journal of Monetary Economics, 1988,22:3-42
[60] Maddison, Angus.Phases of Capitalist Development, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1982
[61] Mankiw, N. Gregory, Romer, David, and David Weil.A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1992,107: 407-437
[62] Nordhaus, W. D. Invention, Growth and Welfare.1969, Cambridge, Mass: Mit Press
[63] Pedroni, P.Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heterogenous Panels with Multiple Regressors.Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 1999(61): 653-670
[64] Prescott, Edward C. Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity. International Economic Review, 1998,39: 525-551
[65] Pritchett, L.Divergence, Big Time. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1997, 11(3): 3-17
[66] Quah, Danny.Empirical Cross-Section Dynamics in Economic Growth. European Economic Review, 1993b, 37: 426-434
[67] Quah, Danny.Empirics for Economic Growth and Convergence. European Economic Review 1996a, 40: 1353-1375
[68] Quah, Danny.Galton ’ s Fallacy and Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 1993a, 95: 427-443
[69] Quah, Danny.Twin Peaks: Growth and Convergence in Models of Distribution Dynamics. Economic Journal 1996b, 106: 1045-1055
[70] Ramsey, F.A Mathematical Theory of Saving.Economic Journal, 1928, 38:543-559
[71] Rebelo, S.Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth.Journal of Political Economy, 1991,99(3): 500-521
[72] Romer, P.Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth.Journal of Political Economy, 1986,94(5): 1002-1037
[73] Romer, D.Advanced Macroeconomics.(second edition).Mc Graw Hill,2001
[74] Romer, P.M.Endogenous Technical Change.Journal of Political Economy, 1990, 98: S71-S102
[75] Sala-i-Martin, Xavier.Regional Cohesion: Evidence and Theories of Regional Growth and Convergence. European Economic Review 1996, 40: 1325-1352
[76] Sala-i-Martin.,X.I Just Run Two Million Regressions. American Economic Review Association Papers and Proceedings, 1997,87(2): 178-183
[77] Shell, K.Inventive Activity, Industrical Organization and Economic Activity. In J. Mirrlees and N. Stern, eds, Models of Economic Growth London: Macmillan
[78] Sheshinski, E.Optimal Accumulation with Learning by Doingz.in Karl Shell, ed. Essays on the Theory of Optimal Economic Grwoth, Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 31-52
[79] Sims, C.A.Comment on R.J.Barro, Inflation and Growth. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 1996,78: 173-178
[80] Solow,R.A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growt.Quarterly Journal of Economics,1956,1: 65-94
[81] Swan, T. W. Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation. Economic Record, 1956,32: 327-368
[82] Theil.Principles of econometrics, New York: John Wiley&Sons, 1971
[83] Tsui,K. Y. China’s Regional Inequality: 1952-1985. Journal of Comparative Economics, 1991, 17: 1-21
[84] Uzawa, H.Optimum Technical Change in an Aggregative Model of Economic Growth. International Economic Review, 1965,6: 18-31
[85] Wolff, E. N.Capital Fromation and Productivity Convergence. American Economic Review 1991,81: 565-579
[86] World Bank. China 2020:Development Challenges in the New Century. Washingtons, DC: World Bank, 1997
[87] Young, A.The Razor’s Edge: Distortions and Incremental Reform in the People’s public of China.2000, CXV: 1091-1135
[88] Young, A.The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting the Statistical Realities of the East Asian Experience.Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995,110(3): 641-680
[89] Young, Allyn.Increasing Returns and Economic Progress. Economic Journal, 1928, 38: 527-542
[90] 蔡昉, 都阳.中国地区经济增长的趋同与趋异-对西部开发战略的启示.经济研究,2000,10: 30-37
[91] 陈安平, 李安平. 中国地区经济增长的收敛性: 时间序列的经验研究.数量经济技术研究, 2004, 11: 31-35
[92] 大卫·李嘉图. 政治经济学及赋税原理.(第一版). 北京: 商务印书馆, 1962
[93] 邓翔. 经济趋同理论与中国地区经济差距的实证研究. (第一版).四川: 西南财经大学出版社, 2003
[94] 董先安. 浅释中国地区收入差距: 1952-2002.经济研究, 2004, 9: 48-59
[95] 樊纲, 王小鲁. 中国市场化指数-各地区市场化相对进程 2004 年度报告.(第一版).北京: 经济科学出版社, 2004
[96] 费歇尔. 利息理论. (第一版). 上海: 上海人民出版社, 1999
[97] 耿庆武. 中国不平衡经济发展.(第一版).北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2005
[98] 胡永平, 张宗益. 中国地区经济增长差距的成因分析. 当代财经, 2004, 9: 80-83
[99] 李忠民. 人力资本——个理论框架及其对中国一些问题的解释.北京: 经济科学出版社, 1999
[100] 林毅夫, 蔡昉, 李周. 中国经济转型的地区差距分析.经济研究, 1998, 10: 35-41
[101] 林毅夫, 刘培林. 中国的经济发展战略与地区收入差距.经济研究, 2003, 3: 19-25
[102] 刘强. 中国经济增长的收敛性分析. 经济研究, 2001,6: 70-77
[103] 刘夏明, 魏英琪, 李国平.收敛还是发散?中国区域经济发展争论的文献综述.经济研究, 2004, 7: 70-81
[104] 彭国华. 中国地区收入差距、全要素生产率及其收敛性分析.经济研究, 2005, 9: 19-29
[105] 瑟尔沃 A.P..增长与发展(.第六版). 郭熙保译.北京: 中国财政经济出版社, 2001
[106] 沈坤荣, 马俊. 中国经济增长的“俱乐部收敛”特征及其成因研究. 经济研究, 2002, 1:33-39
[107] 沈利生, 朱运发. 人力资源开放与经济增长关系的定量研究. 数量经济技术经济研究, 1997, (12): 9-13
[108] 王金营. 人力资本与经济增长理论与实证. (第一版). 北京: 中国财政经济出版社, 2001
[109] 王绍光, 胡鞍钢. 中国: 不平衡发展的政治经济学.(第一版).北京: 中国计划出版社, 1999
[110] 王小鲁, 樊纲. 中国地区差距: 20 年变化趋势和影响因素.(第一版).北京: 经济科学出版社, 2004
[111] 王小鲁, 樊纲. 中国经济增长的可持续性(.第一版). 北京: 经济科学出版社, 2000
[112] 魏后凯. 中国地区经济增长及其收敛性. 中国工业经济, 1997,3: 31-37
[113] 徐现祥, 李郇. 中国城市经济增长的趋同分析.经济研究, 2004, 5: 40-48
[114] 徐现祥, 舒元. 物质资本、人力资本与中国地区双峰趋同. 世界经济, 2005, 1: 47-57
[115] 亚当·斯密. 国民财富的性质和原因的研究.(第一版). 北京: 商务印书馆, 1979
[116] 杨小凯. 发展经济学-超边际与边际分析(.第一版). 张定胜, 张永生译.北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2003
[117] 约瑟夫·熊彼特. 经济发展理论.(第一版).北京: 商务印书馆, 1990
[118] 张焕明. 扩展的 Solow 模型的应用: 我国经济增长的地区性差异分析, 经济学(季刊), 2004, 3(3): 605-618
[119] 张焕明. 我国经济增长的地区趋同性及其路径分析.财经研究, 2005, 6: 16-27
[120] 张军, 吴桂英, 张吉鹏. 中国省际物质资本存量估算: 1952-2000.经济研究, 2004,10: 35-44
[121] 中国科技发展战略研究小组. 中国区域创新能力报告 2003.(第一版). 北京: 经济管理出版社, 2004
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |