用户名: 密码: 验证码:
南天山库车坳陷西段新生代盐构造:构造分析和物理模拟
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
库车坳陷西段位于塔里木盆地北部,发育新生代厚皮压缩型盐构造。盐上覆层形成了多种盐构造样式,包括中国西部特有的盐底辟构造。盐下基底变形强烈,发现了多个大型气田。库车坳陷西段新生代盐构造研究是构造地质和油气勘探关注的热点。
     本文通过野外地质调查结果、钻测井资料和高精度地震反射剖面精细解析,对库车坳陷西段新生代盐构造分布及样式、变形期次及时代进行了研究,并结合物理模拟实验和前人的研究成果,探讨了盐构造变形机制。论文主要取得了以下几点认识:
     1.本文物理模拟实验证实挤压作用不能触发盐底辟构造,构造分析认为库车坳陷西段盐底辟构造发育于区域挤压作用之前,可能由上覆层沉积差异负载作用触发。前人研究认为库车坳陷西段盐底辟构造是在挤压作用下由盐背斜进一步发育而来的认识需要修正。
     2.挤压之前发育的盐构造是挤压作用下上覆层优先发生变形的位置,决定了库车坳陷西段北部克拉苏构造带和南部秋里塔格构造带的位置和构造走向。克拉苏构造带吐孜玛扎底辟位于基底构造上方,其几何学主要受盐底辟发育特征、基底差异抬升量和构造缩短量共同影响:1)盐底辟发育特征主要分为盐底辟出露地表和盐底辟隐伏地下两类,在后续挤压作用下变形特征不同。2)盐下基底呈从南往北逐渐抬升的台阶状,受基底差异抬升的影响盐底辟北翼垂向抬升量明显大于南翼。3)盐底辟具有分段差异变形特征,西段为隐伏于地下的盐墙,中段为出露地表的盐株,东段为被吐孜玛扎断层破坏的盐墙,形成盐脊和盐推覆构造。4)盐底辟分段差异变形主要形成于上新世晚期-现今,主控因素是上覆层受到的构造缩短量,它沿构造走向显著不同。秋里塔格构造带却勒盐丘为薄皮构造,其变形主要受控于区域挤压作用。
     3.库车坳陷西段盐岩主要聚集于北部克拉苏构造带、南部秋里塔格构造带和拜城凹陷东、西沉积中心之间,拜城凹陷东、西沉积中心下伏盐岩较薄,沉积差异负载在库车坳陷西段盐岩流形过程中发挥着重要作用,在挤压应力和沉积差异负载作用下,以拜城凹陷东、西沉积中心为圆心,盐岩向四周放射状流动。盐岩变形以沿挤压方向(N-S)流动为主,但剖面间(E-w)流动也很明显。
     4.库车坳陷西段盐构造分为3期:1)渐新世-中新世吉迪克期为构造平静期,发育盐底辟和盐撤凹陷;2)中新世康村期-上新世早期构造挤压微弱,发生早期褶皱变形,盐底辟构造持续发育;3)上新世晚期-现今发生大规模逆冲推覆,是褶皱-冲断带主要形成时期,主要发育大型盐撤凹陷、外来盐席、盐推覆构造和盐背斜。
     5.库车坳陷西段盐构造变形主要受控于3种因素:1)区域构造应力及其强度。2)上覆层沉积差异负载。3)盐底辟构造。
The Western Kuqa depression (WKD) located in the northern Tarim Basin and developed the Cenozoic thick-skinned contractional salt structures. In the overburden, various salt structural styles were formed, particularly salt diapirs, which are unique in the western China. Subsalt basement deformed strongly and several giant gas-fields have discovered. The study of the Cenozoic salt tectonics in the WKD is the key issue both for structural geology research and for oil-and-gas exploration.
     In this thesis, we combined field observation, well data and high-quality reflection seismic profiles to constrain the distribution and styles of salt structures, evolution of salt structures in the WKD. Based on physical modeling and previous studies, the mechanisms of salt structures were discussed. The main conclusions are summarized as follows:
     1. Physical modeling confirmed that only the regional compression can't trigger salt diapirs, structural analysis suggested that salt diapirs in the WKD were established prior to regional compression and would be triggered by differential sedimentary loading in the overburden.
     2. Under regional compression, pre-shortening salt diapirs located the deformation in overburden and controlled the strike of both Kelasu and Qiulitage structural belts. In the Kelasu structural belts, Tuzimaza diapir formed above strongly deformed basement structures, we suggested its geometry was affected by patterns of salt diapir, shortening in overburden and differential basement-uplift:1) Both emergent diapir and buried diapir formed before strong regional compression commenced on WKD.2) The north limb of diapir was uplifted higher than south limb.3) Buried salt wall, salt stock and thrusted salt diapir were formed in the western section, middle section, and eastern section, respectively.4) The structural segmentation of Tuzimaza diapir is mainly formed since late Pliocene and controlled by shortening in the overburden. Quele salt dome was a thin-skinned salt structure in Qiulitage structural belt and its deformation was controlled by regional compression.
     3. Salt accumulated mainly in the Kelasu and Qiulitage structural belts, and between western and eastern depocenters in Baicheng sag, while the thickness of salt layer below two depocenters is very thin. We suggested that differential sedimentary loading played an important role in the WKD:1) under bulk shortening and differential sedimentary loading, salt flow out of depocenter in three-dimensional and2) salt flow dominantly along the direction of regional compression (N-S) but also obvious along strike (E-W).
     4. Salt structures formed in three growth stages from Oligocene to present:1) during Oligocene to early Miocene, salt withdrawal minibasin and passive diapirs formed;2) from late Miocene to early Pliocene, early folding developed under weak regional compression, meanwhile, salt diapirs continue to growth passively; and (3) since late Pliocene to present, large-scale minibasins, allochthonous salt sheet, salt nappe, salt pillow, and salt anticline were formed. This is the major period of folding, thrusting, and squeezing diapirs in the WKD.
     5. The major controlling factors of salt structures in the WKD include regional tectonic stress and its strength, differential sedimentary loading and pre-shortening diapirs.
引文
安景生,杨志荣.2000.库车5.6级,拜城5.3级地震形变前兆异常.内陆地震,14(3):234-242.
    柏美祥,向志勇,胡军.2000.却勒塔格活动断裂带的某些特征.内陆地震,14(3):193-199.
    陈建波,沈军,杨继林,付长海,尹力峰,赵欣.2007.新疆阿克苏大石峡水电站附近活动断层的基本特征.内陆地震,21(1):50-57.
    陈建波,沈军,向志勇,李军,吴传勇,赵欣,曾宪伟.2008.新疆南天山库车坳陷区东秋里塔格断褶带构造特征及新活动性.新疆地质,26(2):137-141.
    陈书平,汤良杰,贾承造,皮学军,雷刚林.2004.秋立塔克构造带盐构造形成的传力方式的构造物理模拟.西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),19(1):6-10.
    付碧宏,贾营营.2010.南天山乌什前陆逆冲褶皱构造带的晚新生代构造地貌特征与地震活动.地质科学,45(4):917-929.
    高俊,龙灵利,钱青,黄德志,苏文,Klemd R.2006南天山:晚古生代还是三叠纪碰撞造山带?岩石学报,22(5):1049-1061.
    高俊,钱青,龙灵利,张喜,李继磊,苏文.2009.西天山的增生造山过程.地质通报,28(12):1804-1816.
    戈红星,Jackson M PA.1996盐构造与油气圈闭及其综合利用.南京大学学报,32(4):640-649.
    戈红星,Vendeville B, Jackson M P A.2004前陆褶皱冲断带厚皮缩短盐构造运动的物理模拟.高校地质学报,10(1):39-49.
    何登发,周新源,杨海军,雷刚林,马玉杰.2009.库车坳陷的地质结构及其对大油气田的控制作用.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):19-32.
    胡伟华,杨亚强.2000.1999年3月15日库车5.6级地震烈度及地震构造.内陆地震,14(1):51-57.
    贾承造,何登发,雷振宇等.2000.前陆冲断带油气勘探.北京:石油工业出版社,1-351.
    贾承造,卢华复等.2004.库车-柯坪再生前陆冲断带油气聚集和勘探.北京:科学出版社,1-132.
    管树巍,汪新,杨树锋,赵卫东,徐峰,雷刚林.2003a.南天山库车秋里塔格褶皱带三维构造分析.地质论评,49(5):464-473.
    管树巍,陈宁华,徐峰,雷刚林.2003b.库车坳陷秋里塔格褶皱带几何学和运动学特征与油气圈闭.石油学报,24(6):30-34.
    管树巍.2004.南天山前陆冲断褶皱带构造几何学和运动学定量研究.博士毕业论文.杭州:浙江大学,1-125.
    胡剑风,刘玉魁,杨明慧,郑多明,刘虎,雷刚林,周厉.2004.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造特征及其与油气的关系.地质科学,39(4):580-588.
    黄少英,王月然,魏红兴.2009.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造特征及形成演化.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):117-123.
    李世琴.2009.南天山库车前陆盆地中-西段挤压盐构造及同构造沉积地层研究.博士毕业论文.杭州:浙江大学,1-142.
    李日俊,杨海军,赵岩,罗俊成,郑多明,刘亚雷.2009.南天山区域大地构造与演化.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):94-104.
    李曰俊,张洪安,钱一雄,孟庆龙,赵岩,刘亚雷.2010.关于南天山碰撞造山时代的讨论.地质科学,45(1):57-65.
    刘洁,曲国胜,童晓光,宋惠珍,周庆,张宁.2004.库车坳陷深浅构造变形与地震关系浅析.地震地质,26(2):236-247.
    卢华复,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,贾承造.1999.库车新生代构造性质和变形时间.地学前缘,6(4):215-221.
    卢华复,陈楚铭,刘志宏,贾东,王国强,贾承造.2000.库车再生前陆逆冲带的构造特征与成因.石油学报,21(3):18-24.
    卢华复,贾承造,贾东,陈楚铭,刘志宏,王国强,王胜利.2001.库车再生前陆盆地冲断构造楔特征.高校地质学报,7(3):257-271.
    苗继军,贾承造,王招明,齐英敏,张君峰,赵恩宏.2005.塔里木盆地北部库车地区秋里塔格构造带地层结构及其对构造变形的制约.地质科学,40(4):558-569.
    齐英敏,苗继军,马全天,吴建国,张国伟,李毓丰,桑洪.2004.新疆库车地区秋里塔格构造带成因分析.地质科学,39(4):561-570.
    沈军,吴传勇,李军,向志勇,陈建波,谢天,宋正娜,王翠.2006.库车坳陷活动构造的基本特征.地震地质,28(2):269-278.
    时秀朋,李理,龚道好,雷永良.2007.构造物理模拟实验方法的发展与应用.地球物理学进展,22(6):1728-1735.
    汤良杰.1996.塔里木盆地演化和构造样式.北京:地质出版社,1-136.
    汤良杰,贾承造,皮学军,陈书平,王子煜,谢会文.2003a.库车前陆褶皱带盐相关构造样式.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),33(1):38-46.
    汤良杰,贾承造,金之钧,皮学军,陈书平,谢会文.2003b.塔里木盆地库车前陆褶皱带中段盐相关构造特征与油气聚集.地质论评,49(5):501-506.
    汤良杰,贾承造,金之钧,皮学军,陈书平,谢会文.2003c.库车前陆褶皱冲断带中段第三系盐枕构造.地质科学,38(3):281-290.
    汤良杰,金之钧,贾承造,皮学军,陈书平,谢会文,王子煜.2004.库车前陆褶皱—冲断带前缘大型盐推覆构造.地质学报,78(1):17-25.
    汤良杰,李京昌,余一欣,王清华,杨文静,谢会文,陈书平,彭更新.2006.库车前陆褶皱—冲断带盐构造差异变形和分段性特征探讨.地质学报,80(3):313-320.
    汤良杰,余一欣,陈书平,万桂梅,金文正.2005.含油气盆地盐构造研究进展.地学前缘,12(4):375-383.
    汤良杰,余一欣,杨文静,彭更新,雷刚林,马玉杰.2007.库车坳陷古隆起与盐构造特征及控油气作用.地质学报,81(2):143-150.
    唐鹏程,汪新,谢会文,雷刚林,黄少英.2010.库车坳陷却勒地区新生代盐构造特征、演化及变形控制因素.地质学报,84(12):1735-1745.
    唐鹏程,李世琴,雷刚林,黄少英.2012.库车褶皱-冲断带拜城凹陷盐构造特征与成因.地球科学(中国地质大学学报).(待刊)
    唐祥华.1990.世界含盐盆地中的油气资源.中国地质,(7):27-28.
    汪新,贾承造,杨树锋.2002a.南天山库车褶皱冲断带构造几何学和运动学.地质科学,37(3):372-384.
    汪新,贾承造,杨树锋,AureliaHubert-Ferrari, JohnSuppe.2002b南天山库车冲断褶皱带构造变形时间——以库车河地区为例.地质学报,76(1):55-63.
    汪新,唐鹏程,谢会文,雷刚林,黄少英.2009.库车坳陷西段新生代盐构造特征及演化.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):57-65.
    汪新,王招明,谢会文,李世琴,唐鹏程,尹宏伟,李勇,黄少英.2010.塔里木库车坳陷新生代盐构造解析及其变形模拟.中国科学:地球科学,40(12):1655-1668.
    王步清,黄智斌,马培领,潘正中,王乐立.2009.塔里木盆地构造单元划分标准、依据和原则的建立.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):86-93.
    王琪,丁国瑜,乔学军,王晓强,游新兆.2000.天山现今地壳快速缩短与南北地块的相对运动.科学通报,45(14):1543-1547.
    王清华,杨明慧,吕修祥.2004.库车褶皱冲断带秋里塔格构造带东、西分段构造特征与油气聚集.地质科学,39(4):523-531.
    王月然,魏红兴,蒋荣敏,黄少英.2009.库车坳陷中段盐相关构造形成控制因素.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):66-75.
    王子煜.2002.库车坳陷断层控制下的盐岩塑性流动及对上覆地层构造影响的沙箱模拟.石油实验地质,24(5):441-445.
    吴传勇,沈军,陈建波,李军,向志勇,谢天,宋正娜,王翠.2006.新疆南天山库车坳陷晚第四纪以来地壳缩短速率的初步研究.地震地质,28(2):279-288.
    吴传勇,沈军,陈建波,谢天,李军,向志勇,宋正娜,王翠.2007.库车坳陷东秋里塔格断裂晚第四纪活动和滑动速率.西北地震学报,29(2):129-132.
    邬光辉,刘玉魁,罗俊成,汪海,雷刚林,高辉.2003.库车坳陷盐构造特征及其对油气成藏的作用.地球学报,24(3):249-253.
    邬光辉,王招明,刘玉魁,张宝收.2004.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造运动学特征.地质论评,50(5):476-483.
    邬光辉,罗春树,胡太平,黄广建,席勤,李文华.2007.褶皱相关断层——以库车坳陷新生界盐上构造层为例.地质科学,42(3):496-505.
    徐杰,周本刚,杨晓平,汪祥余,周庆,陈国光,冉洪流,刘占坡.2003.1949年新 疆库车71/4级地震的地震构造条件.地震地质,25(3):450-459.
    徐向宏.2009.库车-拜城地区中强地震前异常的初步分析.高原地震,21(2):32-36.
    徐振平,李勇,马玉杰,吴超,杨宪彰,李青.2011.塔里木盆地库车坳陷中部构造单元划分新方案与天然气勘探方向.天然气工业,31(3):31-36.
    杨少敏,李杰,王琪.2008.GPS研究天山现今变形与断层活动.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),38(7):872-880.
    尹宏伟,王哲,汪新,吴珍云.2011.库车前陆盆地新生代盐构造特征及形成机制:物理模拟和讨论.高校地质学报,17(2):308-317.
    余一欣.2006.库车坳陷秋里塔格构造带盐相关构造及其形成机理.北京:中国石油大学,1-159.
    余一欣,汤良杰,李京昌,杨文静,金文正,彭更新,雷刚林,万桂梅.2006.库车前陆褶皱—冲断带基底断裂对盐构造形成的影响.地质学报,80(3):330-336.
    余一欣,汤良杰,杨文静,彭更新,雷刚林,金文正,万桂梅,马玉杰.2007.库车前陆褶皱—冲断带前缘盐构造分段差异变形特征.地质学报,81(2):166-173.
    余一欣,汤良杰,殷进垠,董立,王鹏万,万桂梅.2008.应用平衡剖面技术分析库车坳陷盐构造运动学特征.石油学报,29(3):378-382.
    余一欣,周心怀,彭文绪,魏刚,吕丁友.2011.盐构造研究进展述评.大地构造与成矿学,35(2):169-182.
    张朝军,田在艺.1998.塔里木盆地库车坳陷第三系盐构造与油气.石油学报,19(1):6-10.
    张光亚,薛良清.2002.中国中西部前陆盆地油气分布与勘探方向.石油勘探与开发,29(1):1-5.
    张立飞,艾永亮,李强,李旭平,宋述光,魏春景.2005.新疆西南天山超高压变质带的形成与演化.岩石学报,21(4):1029-1038.
    赵俊猛,李植纯,马宗晋.2003.天山分段性的地球物理学分析.地学前缘,10(S1):125-131.
    赵瑞斌,杨主恩,周伟新,郭芳.2000.天山南北两侧山前坳陷带中新生代构造特征与地震.地震地质,22(3):295-304.
    赵文智,许大丰,张朝军,张研.1998.库车坳陷构造变形层序划分及在油气勘探中的意义.石油学报,19(3):1-5.
    Adam J, Lohrmann J, Hoth S, Kukowski N and Oncken O.2002. Strain variation and partitioning in thrust wedges:high-resolution data from scaled sandbox experiments by 2D-3D PIV analysis. Bollettino di Geofisica teorica ed applicata 42 (1/2),123-126.
    Adam J, Urai J L, Wieneke B, Oncken O, Pfeiffer K, Kukowski N, Lohrmann J, Hoth S, van der Zee W and Schmatz J.2005. Shear localization and strain distribution during tectonic faulting-new insights from granular-flow experiments and high-resolution optical image correlation techniques. Journal of Structural Geology,27(2):283-301.
    Aftabi P, Roustaie M, Alsop G I and Talbot C J.2010. InSAR mapping and modelling of an active Iranian salt extrusion. Journal of the Geological Society,167(1): 155-170.
    Alavi M.2007. Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. American Journal of Science,307(9):1064-1095.
    Albertao G A, Mulder T and Eschard R.2011. Impact of salt-related palaeotopography on the distribution of turbidite reservoirs:Evidence from well-seismic analyses and structural restorations in the Brazilian offshore. Marine and Petroleum Geology,28(5):1023-1046.
    Albertz M and Beaumont C.2010. An investigation of salt tectonic structural styles in the Scotian Basin, offshore Atlantic Canada: 2. Comparison of observations with geometrically complex numerical models. Tectonics,29, TC4018, doi:10.1029/2009TC002540.
    Albertz M, Beaumont C, Shimeld J W, Ings S J and Gradmann S.2010. An investigation of salt tectonic structural styles in the Scotian Basin, offshore Atlantic Canada: 1. Comparison of observations with geometrically simple numerical models. Tectonics,29, TC4017, doi:10.1029/2009TC002539.
    Allen M B, Windley B F, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Wang G. Basin evolution within and adjacent to the Tien Shan range, NW China. Journal of the Geological Society, London,1991,148(2):369-378.
    Allen M B, Windley B F and Zhang C.1992. Palaeozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tien Shan, central Asia. Tectonophysics,220:89-115.
    Allen P A, Crampton S L and Sinclair H D.1991. The inception and early evolution of the North Alpine foreland basin, Switzerland. Basin Res.,3,143-163.
    Alsop G I and Marco S.2011. Soft-sediment deformation within seismogenic slumps of the Dead Sea Basin. Journal of Structural Geology,33(4):433-457.
    Al-Zoubi A and Ten Brink U S.2001. Salt diapirs in the Dead Sea basin and their relationship to Quaternary extensional tectonics. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 18(7):779-797.
    Avouac J-P, Tapponnier P, Bai M. Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tien Shan and late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative to Dzungaria and Kazakhstan. Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98:6755-6804.
    Bahroudi A and Koyi H A.2003. Effect of spatial distribution of Hormuz salt on deformation style in the Zagros fold and thrust belt: an analogue modelling approach. Journal of the Geological Society,160(5):719-733.
    Baikpour S, Zulauf G, Dehghani M and Bahroudi A.2010. InSAR maps and time series observations of surface displacements of rock salt extruded near Garmsar, northern Iran. Journal of the Geological Society,167(1):171.
    Bigi S, Di Paolo L, Vadacca L and Gambardella G.2010. Load and unload as interference factors on cyclical behavior and kinematics of Coulomb wedges: Insights from sandbox experiments. Journal of Structural Geology,32(1):28-44.
    Blanc E, Allen M B, Inger S and Hassani H.2003. Structural styles in the Zagros Simple Folded Zone, Iran. Journal of the Geological Society,160(3):401-412.
    Bordenave M L and Hegre J A.2010. Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems. Geological Society, London, Special Publications,330(1):291-353.
    Brookfield M E.2000. Geological development and Phanerozoic crustal accretion in the western segment of the southern Tien Shan (Kyrgystan, Uzbekistan and Kagikistan). Tectonophysics,328(1-2):1-14.
    Brun J P and Fort X.2004. Compressional salt tectonics (Angolan margin). Tectonophysics,382(3-4):129-150.
    Brun J and Fort X.2011. Salt tectonics at passive margins:Geology versus models. Marine and Petroleum Geology,28(6):1123-1145.Bruthans J, Filippi M, Asadi N, Zare M, Slechta S and Churackova Z.2009. Surficial deposits on salt diapirs (Zagros Mountains and Persian Gulf Platform, Iran):Characterization, evolution, erosion and the influence on landscape morphology. Geomorphology,107(3-4): 195-209.
    Burchfiel B, Brown E, Deng Q, Feng X, Li J, Peter M, Shi J, Wu Z, You H. Crustal Shortening on the Margins of the Tien Shan, Xinjiang, China. International Geology Review 41(8),1999,665-700, doi:10.1080/00206819909465164.
    Callot J P, Jahani S and Letouzey J.2007. The role of pre-existing diapirs in fold and thrust belt development. In:Olivier L, Jerome L, Francois R, et al, eds. Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins:From Fold Kinematics to Hydrocarbon Systems. Berlin:Springer,309-325.
    Canerot J, Hudec M R and Rockenbauch K.2005. Mesozoic diapirism in the Pyrenean orogen:Salt tectonics on a transform plate boundary. AAPG BULLETIN,89(2):211-229.
    Charreau J, Gilder S, Chen Y, Dominguez S, Avouac J P, Sen S, Jolivet M, Li Y G and Wang W M.2006. Magnetostratigraphy of the Yaha section, Tarim Basin (China): 11 Ma acceleration in erosion and uplift of the Tian Shan mountains. Geology, 34(3):181-184.
    Chen S P, Tang L J, Jin Z J, Jia C Z and Pi X J.2004. Thrust and fold tectonics and the role of evaporites in deformation in the Western Kuqa Foreland of Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Marine and Petroleum Geology,21(8):1027-1042.
    Choi S, Gotze H J, Meyer U and Group D.2011.3-D density modelling of underground structures and spatial distribution of salt diapirism in the Dead Sea Basin. Geophysical Journal International,184(3):1131-1146.
    Cobbold P R, Meisling K E and Mount V S.2001. Reactivation of an obliquely rifted margin, Campos and Santos basins, southeastern Brazil. AAPG BULLETIN, 85(11):1925-1944.
    Colletta B, Letouzey J, Pinedo R, Ballard J F and Bal E P.1991. Computerized X-ray tomography analysis of sandbox models:Examples of thin-skinned thrust systems. Geology,19(11):1063-1067.
    Contreras J, Zulke R, Bowman S and Bechstat T.2010. Seismic stratigraphy and subsidence analysis of the southern Brazilian margin (Campos, Santos and Pelotas basins). Marine and Petroleum Geology,27(9):1952-1980.
    Costa E and Vendeville B C.2002. Experimental insights on the geometry and kinematics of fold-and-thrust belts above weak, viscous evaporitic decollement. Journal of Structural Geology,24(11):1729-1739.
    Cotton J T and Koyi H A.2000. Modeling of thrust fronts above ductile and frictional detachments:Application to structures in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Geological Society of America Bulletin,112(3):351-363.
    Coward M and Stewart S.1995. Salt-influenced structures in the Mesozoic-Tertiary cover of the southern North Sea, U.K. In:Jackson M P A, Roberts, D G, Snelson S, eds., Salt Tectonics:a Global Perspective. AAPG Memoir,65,229-250.
    Cramez C and Jackson M P A.2000. Superposed deformation straddling the continental-oceanic transition in deep-water Angola. Marine and Petroleum Geology,17(10):1095-1109.
    Cruden A R, Nasseri M B and Pysklywec R N.2006. Surface topography and internal strain variation in wide hot orogens from three-dimensional analogue and two-dimensional numerical vise models, in Analogue and Numerical Modelling of Crustal-Scale Processes, edited by Buiter S J H and Schreurs G, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ.,253,79-104.
    Cruz L, Teyssier C, Perg L, Take A and Fayon A.2008. Deformation, exhumation, and topography of experimental doubly-vergent orogenic wedges subjected to asymmetric erosion. Journal of Structural Geology,30(1):98-115.
    Davison I.2007. Geology and tectonics of the South Atlantic Brazilian salt basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications,272(1):345-359.
    Davy P and Cobbold P R.1991. Experiments on shortening of a 4-layer model of the continental lithosphere. Tectonophysics,188(1-2):1-25.
    Dixon J M and Summers J M.1985. Recent developments in centrifuge modelling of tectonic processes:equipment, model construction techniques and rheology of model materials. Journal of Structural Geology,7(1):83-102.
    Dixon J M and Liu S.1992. Centrifuge modelling of the propagation of thrust faults. Thrust tectonics:53-69.
    Dombradi E, Sokoutis D, Bada G, Cloetingh S and Horvath F.2010. Modelling recent deformation of the Pannonian lithosphere:Lithospheric folding and tectonic topography. Tectonophysics,484(1-4):103-118.
    Dooley T P, Jackson M and Hudec M R.2007. Initiation and growth of salt-based thrust belts on passive margins:results from physical models. Basin Res.,19(1): 165-177.
    Duerto L and McClay K.2009. The role of syntectonic sedimentation in the evolution of doubly vergent thrust wedges and foreland folds. Marine and Petroleum Geology,26(7):1051-1069.
    Dumitru T A, Zhou D, Chang E Z, Graham S A, Hendrix M S, Sobel E R, Carroll A R, Hendrix M S and Davis G A.2001. Uplift, exhumation, and deformation in the Chinese Tian Shan, in Hendrix, M.S., and Davis, G.A., eds., Paleozoic and Mesozoic tectonic evolution of central Asia: From continental assembly to intracontinental deformation:Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 194:71-99.
    Dutton D M and Trudgill B D.2009. Four-dimensional analysis of the Sembo relay system, offshore Angola:Implications for fault growth in salt-detached settings. AAPG BULLETIN,93(6):763-794.
    Eisenstadt G, Vendeville B C and Withjack M O.1995. Introduction to experimental modeling of tectonic processes. GSA Continuing Education Course Notes, unpaginated.
    Esmaeil Zadeh A, Ardejani F D, Ziaii M and Khorasani M M.2010. Investigation of salt plugs intrusion into Dehnow anticline using image processing and geophysical magnetotelluric methods. Russ. J. Earth Sci,11, ES3008, doi:10.2205/2009ES000375.
    Farzipour-Saein A, Yassaghi A, Sherkati S and Koyi H.2009. Basin evolution of the lurestan region in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt, Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology,32(1):5-19.
    Fernando J S S D, Valeria C F B and Joao B C S.2008. Adaptive learning gravity inversion for 3D salt body imaging. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, 27(1):746-750.
    Fetter M.2009. The role of basement tectonic reactivation on the structural evolution of Campos Basin, offshore Brazil:Evidence from 3D seismic analysis and section restoration. Marine and Petroleum Geology,26(6):873-886.
    Fiduk J C, Trudgill B D, Rowan M G, Weimer P, Gale P E, Korn B E, Phair R L, Gafford W T, Roberts G R, Dobbs S W, Guu C K, Anonymous, Rowan M G, Villamil T, Flemings P B and Weimer P.1996. Allochthonous salt surrounding Alaminos Canyon, northwestern deep Gulf of Mexico; Use of cross-section restoration to determine paleobathymetry and sea-floor paleotopography in the Gulf of Mexico basin. AAPG Bulletin,80(9):1501-1502.
    Fort X, Brun J P and Chauvel F.2004a. Contraction induced by block rotation above salt (Angolan margin). Marine and Petroleum Geology,21(10):1281-1294.
    Fort X, Brun J P and Chauvel F.2004b. Salt tectonics on the Angolan margin, synsedimentary deformation processes. AAPG BULLETIN,88(11):1523-1544.
    Frumkin A.1996. Uplift rate relative to base-levels of a salt diapir (Dead Sea Basin, Israel) as indicated by cave levels. Geological Society, London, Special Publications,100(1):41-47.
    Gao J, Li M, Xiao X, Tang Y and He G.1998. Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan orogeny, northwestern China. Tectonophysics,287:213-231.
    Gao J, Long L, Klemd R, Qian Q, Liu D, Xiong X, Su W, Liu W, Wang Y and Yang F. 2009. Tectonic evolution of the South Tianshan orogen and adjacent regions, NW China: geochemical and age constraints of granitoid rocks. International Journal of Earth Sciences,98(6):1221-1238.
    Gaullier V and Vendeville B C.2005. Salt tectonics driven by sediment progradation: Part II—Radial spreading of sedimentary lobes prograding above salt. AAPG BULLETIN,89(8):1081-1089.
    Ge H X, Jackson M P A and Vendeville B C.1997. Kinematics and dynamics of salt tectonics driven by progradation. AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS,81(3):398-423.
    Gee M and Gawthorpe R L.2006. Submarine channels controlled by salt tectonics: Examples from 3D seismic data offshore Angola. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 23(4):443-458.
    Gemmer L, Ings S J, Medvedev S and Beaumont C.2004. Salt tectonics driven by differential sediment loading:stability analysis and finite-element experiments. Basin Research,16(2):199-218.
    Gemmer L, Beaumont C and Ings S J.2005. Dynamic modelling of passive margin salt tectonics:effects of water loading, sediment properties and sedimentation patterns. Basin Research,17(3):383-402.
    Giles K A and Lawton T F.2002. Halokinetic sequence stratigraphy adjacent to the El Papalote diapir, northeastern Mexico. AAPG bulletin,86(5):823-840.
    Gradmann S, Beaumont C and Albertz M.2009. Factors controlling the evolution of the Perdido Fold Belt, northwestern Gulf of Mexico, determined from numerical models. Tectonics,28, TC2002, doi:10.1029/2008TC002326
    Graveleau F.2008. Interactions Tectonique, Erosion, Sedimentation dans les avant-pays de chaines:modelisation analogique et etude des piemonts de l'est du Tian Shan (Asie Centrale). Universite Montpellier II, Montpellier.1-487.
    Graveleau F, Malavieille J and Dominguez S.2012. Experimental modelling of relief dynamics in convergent settings:A review of set-ups, techniques and results. Tectonophysics (in press).
    Guglielmo G, Jackson M P A and Vendeville B C.1997. Three-dimensional visualization of salt walls and associated fault systems. AAPG BULLETIN-AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS,81(1):46-61.
    Guglielmo G, Vendeville B C and Jackson M P A.1999. Isochores and 3-D visualization of rising and falling slat diapirs. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 16(8):849-861.
    Guglielmo G, Vendeville B C and Jackson M P A.2000.3-D visualization and. isochore analysis of extensional diapirs overprinted by compression. AAPG BULLETIN,84(8):1095-1108.
    Guiraud M, Buta-Neto A and Quesne D.2010. Segmentation and differential post-rift uplift at the Angola margin as recorded by the transform-rifted Benguela and oblique-to-orthogonal-rifted Kwanza basins. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 27(5):1040-1068.
    Hall, J.1815. On the vertical position and convolutions of certain strata and their relationship with granite. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,7, 79-108.
    Hall S H.2002. The role of autochthonous salt inflation and deflation in the northern Gulf of Mexico (vol 19, pg 649,2002). Marine and Petroleum Geology,19(8): 649-682.
    Hamdi-Nasr I, Hedi Inoubli M, Ben Salem A, Tlig S and Mansouri A.2009. Gravity contributions to the understanding of salt tectonics from the Jebel Cheid area (dome zone, Northern Tunisia). Geophysical Prospecting,57(4):719-728.
    Hampel A, Adam J and Kukowski N.2004. Response of the tectonically erosive south Peruvian forearc to subduction of the Nazca Ridge:analysis of three-dimensional analogue experiments. Tectonics,23, TC5003, doi:10.1029/2003TC001585.
    Hanna M C, McGrandle A, Jeager J and Houghton P.1998. Case history: Using gravity modeling to enhance salt interpretation, improve pre-stack depth migration and reduce exploration costs. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,17(1):698-698.
    Hansen M B, Scheck-Wenderoth M, Hubscher C, Lykke-Andersen H, Dehghani A, Hell B and Gajewski D.2007. Basin evolution of the northern part of the Northeast German Basin--Insights from a 3D structural model. Tectonophysics, 437(1-4):1-16.
    Haq S S B and Davis D M.2008. Extension during active collision in thin-skinned wedges:Insights from laboratory experiments. Geology,36(6):475-478.
    Haq S S B and Davis D M.2009. Interpreting finite strain:Analysis of deformation in analog models. Journal of Structural Geology,31(7):654-661.
    Hardy S and Poblet J.1994. Geometric and numerical model of progressive limb rotation in detachment folds. Geology,22(4):371-374.
    Harrison J C.1995. Tectonics and kinematics of a foreland folded belt influenced by salt, Arctic Canada. In:Jackson M P A, Roberts, D G, Snelson S, eds., Salt Tectonics:a Global Perspective. AAPG Memoir,65,379-412.
    Hendrix M S. Evolution of Mesozoic sandstone compositions, southern Junggar, northern Tarim, and western Turpan basins, northwest China: a detrital record of the ancestral Tian Shan. Journal of Sedimentary Research,2000,70(3):520-532.
    Hooper R J and More C.1995. Evaluation of some salt-related overburden structures in the U.K. southern North Sea. In:Jackson M P A, Roberts, D G, Snelson S, eds., Salt Tectonics:a Global Perspective. AAPG Memoir,65,251-259.
    Hossack, J.,1995. Geometric rules of section balancing for salt structures. In:Jackson M P A, Roberts, D G, Snelson S, eds., Salt tectonics:a global perspective. AAPG Memoir,65:29-40.
    Hoth S, Hoffmann-Rothe A and Kukowski N.2007. Frontal accretion:an internal clock for bivergent wedge deformation and surface uplift. Journal of geophysical research,112, B06408, doi:10.1029/2006JB004357.
    Hoversten G M, Constable S C and Morrison H F.2000. Marine magnetotellurics for base-of-salt mapping: Gulf of Mexico field test at the Gemini structure. Geophysics,65(5):1476.
    Huang B C, Piper J D A, Peng S T, Liu T, Li Z, Wang Q C, Zhu R X. Magnetostratigraphic and rock magnetic constraints on the history of Cenozoic uplift of the Chinese Tian Shan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,251 (3-4):346-364.
    Hubbert, M K.1937. Theory of scale models as applied to the study of geologic structures, Geological Society of America Bulletin,48,1459-1520.
    Hubbert, M K.1951. Mechanical basis for certain familiar geologic structures, Geological Society of America Bulletin,62,355-372.
    Hubert-Ferrari A, Suppe J, Van der Woerd J, Wang X and Lu H F.2005. Irregular earthquake cycle along the southern Tianshan front, Aksu area, China. Journal of Geophysical Research,110, B06402, doi:10.1029/2003JB002603.
    Hubert-Ferrari A, Suppe J, Gonzalez-Mieres R, and Wang X. Mechanisms of active folding of the landscape (southern Tian Shan, China). Journal of Geophysical Research,2007,112, B03S09, dio:10.1029/2006JB004362.
    Hudec M R and Jackson M P A.2002. Structural segmentation, inversion, and salt tectonics on a passive margin:Evolution of the Inner Kwanza Basin, Angola. Geological Society of America Bulletin,114(10):1222-1244.
    Hudec M R and Jackson M P A.2004. Regional restoration across the Kwanza Basin, Angola: Salt tectonics triggered by repeated uplift of a metastable passive margin. AAPG BULLETIN,88(7):971-990.
    Hudec M R and Jackson M P A. Advance of allochthonous salt sheets in passive margins and orogens. AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(10):1535-1564.
    Hudec M R and Jackson M P A.2007. Terra infirma: Understanding salt tectonics. Earth-Science Reviews,82(1-2):1-28.
    Ings S J and Beaumont C.2010. Shortening viscous pressure ridges, a solution to the enigma of initiating salt'withdrawal' minibasins. Geology,38(4):339-342.
    Jackson, J A. (Ed.),1997a. Glossary of Geology, Fourth Edition. American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia.769 pp.
    Jackson M P A.1995. Retrospective salt tectonics. In:Jackson,M P A, Roberts, D G, Snelson, S. (Eds.), Salt Tectonics:a Global Perspective. AAPG Memoir,65, 1-28.
    Jackson, M P A,1997b. Conceptual Breakthroughs in Salt Tectonics:A Historical Review,1856-1993. Report of Investigations, vol.246. The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology.51 pp.
    Jackson, M P A, Cornelius, R R, Craig, C R, Gansser, A, Stocklin, J, Talbot, C J,1990. Salt diapirs of the Great Kavir, Central Iran. GSA Memoir 177,139 pp.
    Jackson M P A and Hudec M R.2005. Stratigraphic record of translation down ramps in a passive-margin salt detachment. Journal of Structural Geology,27(5): 889-911.
    Jackson M P A, Hudec M R and Dooley T P.2010. Some emerging concepts in salt tectonics in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico:intrusive plumes, canopy-margin thrusts, minibasin triggers and allochthonous fragments. Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference series,7:823-830.
    Jackson M P A and Seni S J.1983. Geometry and evolution of salt structures in a marginal rift basin of the gulf of mexico, east texas. Geology,11(3):131-135.
    Jackson M P A and Talbot C J.1991. A glossary of salt tectonics:The University of Texas at Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Geological Circular 91-4:1-42.
    Jackson M P A and Vendeville B C.1994. Regional extension as a geologic trigger for diapirism. Geological Society of America Bulletin,106(1):57-73.
    Jackson M P A, Warin O N, Woad G M and Hudec M R.2003. Neoproterozoic allochthonous salt tectonics during the Lufilian orogeny in the Katangan Copperbelt, central Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin,115(3): 314-330.
    Jahani S, Callot J P, de Lamotte D F, Letouzey J and Leturmy P.2007. The salt diapirs of the eastern Fars province (Zagros, Iran):A brief outline of their past and present. In:Olivier L, Jerome L, Francois R, et al, eds. Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins:From Fold Kinematics to Hydrocarbon Systems. Berlin:Springer, 289-308.
    Jahani S, Callot J P, Letouzey J and de Lamotte D F.2009. The eastern termination of the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, Iran:Structures, evolution, and relationships between salt plugs, folding, and faulting. Tectonics,28, TC6004, doi:10.1029/2008TC002418.
    Jallouli C, Chikhaoui M, Braham A, Turki M M, Mickus K and Benassi R.2005. Evidence for Triassic salt domes in the Tunisian Atlas from gravity and geological data. Tectonophysics,396(3-4):209-225.
    Jia C Z and Li Q M.2008. Petroleum geology of Kela-2, the most productive gas field in China. Marine and Petroleum Geology,25(4-5):335-343.
    Jia C Z, Zhou X Y, Wang Z M, Li Q M, Pi X J, Cai Z Z and Hu X Y.2002. Petroleum geological characteristics of Kela-2 gas field. Chinese Science Bulletin,47Suppl. S:94-99.
    Jia J H and Gu J Y.2002. Control factors and porosity evolution of high-quality sandstone reservoirs of Kela-2 gas field in Kuqa Depression. Chinese Science Bulletin,47Suppl. S:100-106.
    Key K W, Constable S C and Weiss C J.2006. Mapping 3D salt using the 2D marine magnetotelluric method:Case study from Gemini Prospect, Gulf of Mexico. Geophysics,71(1):B17-B27, DOI:10.1190/1.2168007.
    Kjeldstad A, Skogseid J, Langtangen H P, BJ?lykke K and Hog K.2003. Differential loading by prograding sedimentary wedges on continental margins:An arch-forming mechanism. J. Geophys. Res.,108(B1),2036, doi: 10.1029/2001JB001145
    Konstantinovskaia E and Malavieille J.2005. Erosion and exhumation in accretionary orogens:Experimental and geological approaches, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 6, Q02006, doi:10.1029/2004GC000794.
    Koyi H.1997. Analogue modelling:from a qualitative to a quantitative technique — a historical outline. Journal of Petroleum Geology,20(2):223-238.
    Koyi H A, Ghasemi A, Hessami K and Dietl C.2008. The mechanical relationship between strike-slip faults and salt diapirs in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. Journal of the Geological Society,165:1031-1044.
    Krantz R W.1991. Measurements of friction coefficients and cohesion for faulting and fault reactivation in laboratory models using sand and sand mixtures. Tectonophysics,188(1-2):203-207.
    Krzywiec P and Weinberger R.2006. Role of Basement Tectonics in Evolution of Salt Diapirs:the Mid-Polish trough Versus the Dead Sea Basin. Geolines,20:82-83.
    Larsen B D, Ben-Avraham Z and Shulman H.2002. Fault and salt tectonics in the southern Dead Sea basin. Tectonophysics,346(1-2):71-90.
    Letouzey J, Colletta B, Vially R and Chermette J C.1995. Evolution of salt-related structures in compressional settings. In: Jackson M P A, Roberts, D G, Snelson S, eds., Salt Tectonics:a Global Perspective. AAPG Memoir,65,41-60.
    Li X Q, Xiao X M, Tang Y C, Xiao Z Y, Mi J L, Liu D H, Shen J G and Liu J Z.2004. The generation and accumulation of natural gas from Yinan 2 gas pool in Kuqa Depression. Chinese Science Bulletin,49Suppl.1:107-114.
    Liu H Q, McClay K R and Powell D.1992. Physical models of thrust wedges. In: McClay KR, ed. Thrust Tectonics. London:Chapman & Hall,71-81.
    Liu Q Y, Qin S F, Li J, Liu W H, Zhang D W, Zhou Q H and Hu A P.2008. Natural gas geochemistry and its origins in Kuqa depression. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,51 Suppl.1:174-182.
    Lu H F, Howell D G, Jia D, Cai D S, Wu S M, Chen C M, Shi Y S and Zenon C V. 1994. Rejuvenation of the Kuqa Foreland Basin, Northern Flank of the Tarim Basin, Northwest China. International Geology Review,36(12):1151-1158.
    Lujan M, Rossetti F, Storti F, Ranalli G and Socquet A.2010. Flow trajectories in analogue viscous orogenic wedges:Insights on natural orogens. Tectonophysics, 484(1-4):119-126.
    Luth S, Willingshofer E, Sokoutis D and Cloetingh S.2010. Analogue modelling of continental collision:Influence of plate coupling on mantle lithosphere subduction, crustal deformation and surface topography. Tectonophysics, 484(1-4):87-102.
    Marques F O and Cobbold P R.2002. Topography as a major factor in the development of arcuate thrust belts:insights from sandbox experiments. Tectonophysics,348(4):247-268.
    Martinod J and Davy P.1994. Periodic instabilities during compression of the lithosphere 2. Analogue experiments. J. Geophys. Res.,99(B6):12057-12069.
    McBride B C, Weimer P and Rowan M G.1998. The effect of allochthonous salt on the petroleum systems of northern Green Canyon and Ewing Bank (Offshore Louisiana), northern Gulf of Mexico. AAPG BULLETIN,82(5B):1083-1112.
    McClay K R, Dooley T and Lewis G.1998. Analog modeling of progradational delta systems. Geology,26(9):771-774.
    McClay K R, Whitehouse P S, Dooley T and Richards A.2004.3D evolution of fold and thrust belts formed by oblique convergence. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 21(7):857-877.
    McQuarrie N.2004. Crustal scale geometry of the Zagros fold-thrust belt, Iran. Journal of Structural Geology,26(3):519-535.
    Meisling K E, Cobbold P R and Mount V S.2001. Segmentation of an obliquely rifted margin, Campos and Santos basins, southeastern Brazil. AAPG BULLETIN, 85(11):1903-1924.
    Mitra, S.,2003. A unified kinematic model for the evolution of detachment folds. Journal of Structural Geology,25(10):1659-1673.
    Mohr M, Kukla P A, Urai J L and Bresser G.2005. Multiphase salt tectonic evolution in NW Germany: seismic interpretation and retro-deformation. International Journal of Earth Sciences,94(5-6):917-940.
    Molinaro M, Leturmy P, Guezou J C, de Lamotte D F and Eshraghi S A.2005. The structure and kinematics of the southeastern Zagros fold-thrust belt, Iran:From thin-skinned to thick-skinned tectonics. Tectonics,24, TC3007, doi:10.1029/2004TC001633.
    Molnar P, Tapponnier P. Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects on a continental collision. Science,1975,189:419-426.
    Motamedi H, Sepehr M, Sherkati S and Pourkermani M.2011. Multi-phase hormuz salt diapirism in the southern zagros, SW Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 34(1):29-43.
    Mukherjee S, Talbot C J and Koyi H A.2010. Viscosity estimates of salt in the Hormuz and Namakdan salt diapirs, Persian Gulf. Geological Magazine,147(4): 497-507.
    Nagihara S and Hall S A.2001. Three-dimensional gravity inversion using simulated annealing: Constraints on the diapiric roots of allochthonous salt structures. Geophysics,66(5):1438-1449.
    Nelson, T H, Fairchild, L,1989. Emplacement and evolution of salt sills in the northern Gulf of Mexico (abs.). Houston Geological Society Bulletin 32,6-7.
    Nettleton L L.1934. Fluid mechanics of salt domes. AAPG Bulletin.27:51-63.
    Newman G A, Hoversten G M and Alumbaugh D L.2002. Three-dimensional magnetotelluric modeling and inversion:application to sub-salt imaging. Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics,35:127-152.
    Nilforoushan F and Koyi H A.2007. Displacement fields and finite strains in a sandbox model simulating a fold-thrust-belt. Geophysical Journal International, 169(3):1341-1355.
    Nilforoushan F, Koyi H A, Swantesson J and Talbot C J.2008. Effect of basal friction on surface and volumetric strain in models of convergent settings measured by laser scanner. Journal of Structural Geology,30(3):366-379.
    O'Brien J, Rodriguez A, Sixta D, Davies M A and Houghton P.2005. Resolving the K-2 salt structure in the Gulf of Mexico:An integrated approach using prestack depth imaging and full tensor gravity gradiometry. The Leading Edge,24(4): 404-409.
    Ortiz-Aleman C and Mu Oz-Gonzalez S,2006,3D inversion of gravity data by simulated annealing:applications to base of salt imaging in the Gulf of Mexico, Geophysics,70(1):J1-J12; DOI:10.1190/1.1852777.
    Oveisi B, Lave J, van der Beek P, Carcaillet J, Benedetti L and Aubourg C.2009. Thick-and thin-skinned deformation rates in the central Zagros simple folded zone (Iran) indicated by displacement of geomorphic surfaces. Geophysical Journal International,176(2):627-654.
    Pe'Eri S, Zebker H A, Ben-Avraham Z, Frumkin A and Hall J K.2004. Spatially-resolved uplift rate of the Mount Sedom (Dead Sea) salt diapir from InSAR observations. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences,53(2):99-106.
    Pilcher R S and Blumstein R D.2007. Brine volume and salt dissolution rates in Orca Basin northeast Gulf of Mexico. AAPG BULLETIN,91(6):823-833.
    Pilcher R S, Kilsdonk B and Trade J.2011. Primary basins and their boundaries in the deep-water northern Gulf of Mexico:Origin, trap types, and petroleum system implications. AAPG Bulletin,95(2):219-240.
    Pinto V, Casas A, Rivero L and Torne M.2005.3D gravity modeling of the Triassic salt diapirs of the Cubeta Alavesa (northern Spain). Tectonophysics,405(1-4): 65-75.
    Poliakov A, Podladchikov Y and Talbot C.1993. Initiation of salt diapirs with frictional overburdens-numerical experiments. Tectonophysics,228(3-4): 199-210.
    Pysklywec R N and Cruden A R.2004. Coupled crust-mantle dynamics and intraplate tectonics:Two-dimensional numerical and three-dimensional analogue modeling, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.,5(10), Q10003, doi: 10.1029/2004GC000748.
    Qin S F, Dai J X and Liu X W.2007. The controlling factors of oil and gas generation from coal in the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin, China. International Journal of Coal Geology,70(1-3Sp. Iss. SI):255-263.
    Ramberg H.1981. Gravity, Deformation and Earth's Crust in Theory, Experiments and Geological Application (2nd ed.). London:Academic Press,452 p.
    Roca E, Sans M and Koyi H A.2006. Polyphase deformation of diapiric areas in models and in the eastern Prebetics (Spain). AAPG BULLETIN,90(1):115-136.
    Rowan M G, Jackson M P A and Trudgill B D.1999. Salt-related fault families and fault welds in the northern Gulf of Mexico. AAPG BULLETIN-American Association of Petroleum Geologists,83(9):1454-1484.
    Rowan M G, Lawton T F, Giles K A and Ratliff R A.2003. Near-salt deformation in La Popa basin, Mexico, and the northern Gulf of Mexico:A general model for passive diapirism. AAPG Bulletin,87(5):733-756.
    Rowan M G, Trudgill B D, Fiduk J C, Rowan M G, Jackson M P A and Trudgill B D. 2000. Deep-water, salt-cored foldbelts; lessons from the Mississippi Fan and Perdido foldbelts, northern Gulf of Mexico; Salt-related fault families and fault welds in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Geophysical Monograph,115:173-191.
    Rowan M G and Vendeville B C.2006. Foldbelts with early salt withdrawal and diapirism:Physical model and examples from the northern Gulf of Mexico and the Flinders Ranges, Australia. Marine and Petroleum Geology,23(9-10): 871-891.
    Rubinat M, Ledo J, Roca E, Rosell O and Queralt P.2010. Magnetotelluric characterization of a salt diapir: a case study on Bicorb-Quesa Diapir (Prebetic Zone, SE Spain). Journal of the Geological Society,167(1):145-153.
    Sans M.2003. From thrust tectonics to diapirism:The role of evaporites in the kinematic evolution of the eastern South Pyrenean front. Geologica Acta,1(3): 239-259.
    Sans M and Verges J.1995. Fold development related to contractional salt tectonics; southeastern Pyrenean thrust front, Spain. In: Jackson M P A, Roberts, D G, Snelson S, eds., Salt Tectonics:a Global Perspective. AAPG Memoir,65, 369-378.
    Saura E, Verges J, Homke S, Blanc E, Serra-Kiel J, Bernaola G, Casciello E, Fernandez N, Romaire I, Casini G, Embry J C, Sharp I R and Hunt D W.2011. Basin architecture and growth folding of the NW Zagros early foreland basin during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary. Journal of the Geological Society, London,168(1):235-250.
    Scheck M, Bayer U and Lewerenz B.2003. Salt redistribution during extension and inversion inferred from 3D backstripping. Tectonophysics,373(1-4):55-73.
    Schellart W P.2000. Shear test results for cohesion and friction coefficients for different granular materials:Scaling implications for their usage in analogue modelling. Tectonophysics,324(1-2):1-16.
    Schlagenhauf A, Manighetti I, Malavieille J and Dominguez S.2008. Incremental growth of normal faults:Insights from a laser-equipped analog experiment. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,273(3-4):299-311.
    Schrank C E and Cruden A R.2010. Compaction control of topography and fault network structure along strike-slip faults in sedimentary basins. Journal of Structural Geology,32(2):184-191.
    Schreurs G, Buiter S H, Boutelier D, et al.2006. Analogue benchmarks of shortening and extension experiments. In:Buiter S J H, Schreurs G, eds. Analogue and Numerical Modeling of Crustal-Scale Processes. Geol Soc London-Spec Publ, 253:1-27.
    Sepehr M and Cosgrove J W.2004. Structural framework of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology,21(7):829-843.
    Sepehr M, Cosgrove J and Moieni M.2006. The impact of cover rock rheology on the style of folding in the Zagros fold-thrust belt. Tectonophysics,427(1-4): 265-281.
    Sherkati S and Letouzey J.2004. Variation of structural style and basin evolution in the central Zagros (Izeh zone and Dezful Embayment), Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology,21(5):535-554.
    Sherkati S, Letouzey J and de Lamotte D F.2006. Central Zagros fold-thrust belt (Iran):New insights from seismic data, field observation, and sandbox modeling. Tectonics,25(4), TC4007; Doi:10.1029/2004TC001766.
    Sherkati S, Molinaro M, de Lamotte D F and Letouzey J.2005. Detachment folding in the Central and Eastern Zagros fold-belt (Iran):salt mobility, multiple detachments and late basement control. Journal of Structural Geology,27(9): 1680-1696.
    Smit J, Brun J P, Fort X, Cloetingh S and Ben-Avraham Z.2008. Salt tectonics in pull-apart basins with application to the Dead Sea Basin. Tectonophysics, 449(1-4):1-16.
    Sobel R E and Dumitru T A. Thrusting and exhumation around the margins of the western Tarim basin during the India-Asia collision. Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B3):5043-5063.
    Sobel E R, Chen J, Heermance R V. Late Oligocene-Early Miocene initiation of shortening in the Southwestern Chinese Tian Shan implications for Neogene shortening rate variations. Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,247(1-2):70-81.
    Soto R, Martinod J and Odonne F.2007. Influence of early strike-slip deformation on subsequent perpendicular shortening: An experimental approach. Journal of Structural Geology,29(1):59-72.
    Spiers C J, Urai J L and Lister G S,1988, The effect of brine (inherent or added) on rheology and deformation mechanisms in salt rock, Second Conference on the Mechanical Behaviour of Salt, Hanover, Germany,89-102.
    Stern R J, Anthony E Y, Ren M, Lock B E, Norton I, Kimura J, Miyazaki T, Hanyu T, Chang Q and Hirahara Y.2011. Southern Louisiana salt dome xenoliths:First glimpse of Jurassic (ca.160 Ma) Gulf of Mexico crust. Geology,39(4):315-318.
    Stewart, S.A.,1996. Influence of detachment layer thickness on style of thin-skinned shortening. Journal of Structural Geology,18(10):1271-1274.
    Sun J M, Li Y, Zhang Z Q and Fu B H.2009. Magnetostratigraphic data on Neogene growth folding in the foreland basin of the southern Tianshan Mountains. Geology,37(11):1051-1054.
    Talbot C J.1998. Extrusions of Hormuz salt in Iran. LYELL:THE PAST IS THE KEY TO THE PRESENT,143:315-334.
    Talbot C J and Aftabi P.2004. Geology and models of salt extrusion at Qum Kuh, central Iran. Journal of the Geological Society,161(2):321-334.
    Talbot C J, Medvedev S, Alavi M, Shahrivar H and Heidari E.2000. Salt extrusion at Kuh-e-Jahani, Iran, from June 1994 to November 1997. Geological Society, London, Special Publications,174(1):93-110.
    Tang L J, Jia C Z, Pi X J, Chen S P, Wang Z Y and Xie H W.2004a. Salt-related structural styles of Kuqa foreland fold belt, northern Tarim basin. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,47(10):886-895.
    Tang L J, Jia C Z, Jin Z J, Chen S P, Pi X J and Xie H W.2004b. Salt tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation of Kuqa foreland fold belt, Tarim Basin, NW China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,41(1-3):97-108.
    Tang L J, Jin Z J, Jia C Z, Pi X J, Chen S P, Xie H W and W Z Y.2004c. A large-scale salt nappe complex in the leading edge of the Kuqa foreland fold-thrust belt, Tarim Basin, northwest China. Acta Geologica Sinica,78(3):691-700.
    Tapponnier P, Molnar P. Active faulting and Cenozoic tectonics of the Tien Shan, Mongolia and Baykal regions. J Geophys Res,1979,84:3425-3459.
    Trudgill B D.2011. Evolution of salt structures in the northern Paradox Basin: controls on evaporite deposition, salt wall growth and supra-salt stratigraphic architecture. Basin Research,23(2):208-238.
    Trudgill B D and Rowan M G.2004. Integrating 3D seismic data with structural restorations to elucidate the evolution of a stepped counter-regional salt system, eastern Louisiana Shelf, northern Gulf of Mexico. Memoirs of the Geological Society of London,29:165-176.
    Trusheim F.1960. Mechanics of salt migration in northern Germany. AAPG Bulletin. 44:1519-1540.
    Urai J L, Spiers C J, Zwart H J and Lister G S.1986. Weakening of rock salt by water during long-term creep. Nature,324(6097):554-557.
    Van Gent H, Urai J L and de Keijzer M.2011. The internal geometry of salt structures-A first look using 3D seismic data from the Zechstein of the Netherlands. Journal of Structural Geology,33(3):292-311.
    Velaj T, Davison I, Serjani A and Alsop I.1999. Thrust tectonics and the role of evaporites in the Ionian Zone of the Albanides. AAPG bulletin,83:1408-1425.
    Vendeville B C, Cobbold P R, Davy P, Brun J P and Choukroune P.1987. Physical models of extensional tectonics at various scales. In: Coward M P, Dewey J F and Hancock P L. Continental Extensional Tectonics. Geological Society of London Special Publication,28:95-107.
    Vendeville B C.2002. A new interpretation of Trusheim's classic model of salt-diapir growth. Transactions-Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies:943-952.
    Vendeville B C.2005. Salt tectonics driven by sediment progradation:Part I-Mechanics and kinematics. AAPG BULLETIN,89(8):1071-1079.
    Vendeville B C and Jackson M P A.1992a. The rise of diapirs during thin-skinned extension. Marine and Petroleum Geology,9(4):331-353.
    Vendeville B C and Jackson M P A.1992b. The fall of diapirs during thin-skinned extension. Marine and Petroleum Geology,9(4):354-371.
    Vendeville B C and Nilsen K T,1995. Episodic growth of salt diapirs driven by horizontal shortening. In:Travis, C J, Harrison, H, Hudec, M R, Vendeville, B C, Peel, F J, Perkins, B F (Eds.), Salt, Sediment, and Hydrocarbons. SEPM Gulf Coast Section 16th Annual Research Foundation Conference,285-295.
    Wang Q, Zhang P, Freymueller J T, Bilham R, Larson K M, Lai X, You X, Niu Z, Wu J, Li Y, Liu J, Yang Z and Chen Q.2001. Present-Day Crustal Deformation in China Constrained by Global Positioning System Measurements. Science, 294(5542):574-577.
    Wang Q C, Li S J and Du Z L.2009. Differential uplift of the Chinese Tianshan since the Cretaceous:constraints from sedimentary petrography and apatite fission-track dating. International Journal of Earth Sciences,98(6):1341-1363.
    Weijermars R, Jackson M P A and Vendeville B.1993. Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces. Tectonophysics,217(1-2):143-174.
    Weinberger R, Lyakhovsky V, Baer G and Begin Z B.2006. Mechanical modeling and InSAR measurements of Mount Sedom uplift, Dead Sea basin:Implications for effective viscosity of rock salt. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,7, Q05014,doi:10.1029/2005GC001185.
    Windley B F, Allen M B, Zhang C, Zhao Z Y, Wang G R. Paleozoic accretion and Cenozoic redeformation of the Chinese Tien Shan Range, central Asia. Geology, 1990,18:128-131.
    Wolf H, Konig D and Triantafyllidis T.2003. Experimental investigation of shear band patterns in granular material. Journal of Structural Geology,25(8): 1229-1240.
    Xu S L, Lu X X, Sun Z H, Pi X J, Liu L F, Li Q M and Xie H W.2004. Kela-2:a major gas field in the Tarim Basin of west China. Petroleum Geoscience,10(2): 95-106.
    Yarger H, DeKay L and Hensel E G.2001. Salt canopy modeling with gravity in deepwater Gulf of Mexico. SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,20(1): 1478-1481.
    Yamada Y, Baba K and Matsuoka T.2006. Analogue and numerical modelling of accretionnary prisms with a decollement in sediments. In Buiter S and Scherurs G (eds.) Numerical and Analogue Modelling of Crustal-Scale Processes, Geological Society, London, Special Publication 253:169-83.
    Yamada Y and McClay K.2010. Influence of shear angle on hangingwall deformation during tectonic inversion. Island Arc,19(3):546-559.
    Yin A, Nie S, Craig P, Harrison T M. Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern Chinese Tian Shan. Tctonics,1998,17(1):1-27.
    Yu Y X, Tang L J, Yang W J, Jin W Z, Peng G X and Lei G L.2008. Thick-skinned contractional salt structures in the Kuqa depression, the northern Tarim basin: Constraints from physical experiments. ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA-ENGLISH EDITION,82(2):327-333.
    Zapata T R and Allmendinger R W.1996. Growth stratal records of instantaneous and progressive limb rotation in the Precordilleran thrust belt and Bermejo basin, Argentina. Tectonics,15,1065-1083.
    Zeng L B, Wang H J, Gong L and Liu B M.2010. Impacts of the tectonic stress field on natural gas migration and accumulation:A case study of the Kuqa Depression in the Tarim Basin, China. Marine and Petroleum Geology,27(7):1616-1627.
    Zeng L B, Tan C X and Zhang M L.2004. Tectonic stress field and its effect on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in Mesozoic and Cenozoic in Kuqa depression, Tarim basin. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,47(Suppl.2): 114-124.
    Zeng L B and Liu B M.2006. Abnormal high pressure in Kuqa foreland thrust belt of Tarim basin:Origin and impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation. Progress In Natural Science,16(12):1307-1314.
    Zhang S C, Zhang B, Zhu G Y, Wang H T and Li Z X.2011. Geochemical evidence for coal-derived hydrocarbons and their charge history in the Dabei Gas Field, Kuqa Thrust Belt, Tarim Basin, NW China. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 28(7):1364-1375.
    Zou H Y, Wang H J, Hao F, Liu G D and Zhang B Q.2007. Rapid hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism in later period in Kelasu thrust belt in Kuqa depression. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,50(8):1161-1170.
    Zou Y R, Zhao C Y, Wang Y P, Zhao W Z, Peng P A and Shuai Y.2006. Characteristics and origin of natural gases in the Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin, NW China. Organic Geochemistry,37(3):280-290.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700