快速货车橡胶减振元件静、动态特性分析
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摘要
橡胶元件由于其具有良好的阻尼和吸振作用,在轨道车辆系统中的运用越来越为广泛。在早期橡胶减振元件开始进入轨道车辆系统中时,主要运用在客运车辆转向架上。近年来国内外货物列车速度开始逐渐提升,且随着欧洲对噪声控制政策的不断出台,货车转向架中的橡胶件的使用也开始增多,从横向止挡、轴箱定位橡胶垫、八字橡胶弹簧到具有三向定位作用的锥形橡胶弹簧的使用,橡胶件的使用不断的提升着转向架性能,也在转向架的结构中占有越来越重要的位置。
上世纪80年代末,德国DRRS转向架双圆环橡胶弹簧形式的轴箱悬挂系统的采用,对转向架性能的改善起到了重要的作用。本文借鉴双圆环橡胶弹簧作用机理,提出了一种锥形橡胶弹簧,以使其适用于我国]60km/h快速货车转向架。设计方法基于橡胶减振件的解析计算方法,采用FORTRAN语言进行编程,程序可计算得出满足尺寸要求及应用要求的径向等值及非等值锥形橡胶弹簧。
鉴于轴箱悬挂系统对转向架性能的显著影响,有必要对锥形橡胶弹簧的特性进行研究。对锥形橡胶弹簧的特性研究分为静态特性研究及动态特性研究两部分内容,采用有限元软件ABAQUS进行分析。在静态特性的研究部分,由于锥形橡胶弹簧在静挠度下的橡胶材料变形属于大变形范围,若有限元计算仅采用单次网格划分,划分的网格在计算结束后会产生严重的畸变,影响有限元计算结果的精度。因此,在对橡胶弹簧进行静态特性分析时采用了多次网格重划分技术,将载荷分为多步施加,并在每次载荷施加后,对变形单元网格进行重新划分,利用ABAQUS的Map Solution技术将上步计算中产生的应力及应变映射在之后的计算中。计算结果显示多次网格重划分得到的反力较连续,重启动计算前后应力应变承接状态良好,为静态特性中橡胶大变形计算提供了一种可靠的计算方法。
通过对快速货车轴箱动载荷进行分析发现,轴箱动载荷的振幅变化范围较小,但振动频率分布较广,因此对于锥形橡胶弹簧的动态特性的研究旨在研究其频率相关特性。对频率相关的动态特性的研究主要基于超-粘弹叠加本构模型。对橡胶弹簧模型施加一定的静载荷后,再施加恒幅谐波动载荷,改变动载荷频率,得到不同频率下模型力-位移曲线,即橡胶弹簧的迟滞回线。讨论了静态特性对计算误差造成的影响,提出了动态特性相关参数的计算方法,得出橡胶弹簧的动刚度及阻尼角随动载荷激励频率的变化规律,为橡胶减振器的进一步的动态特性的研究提供了参考。
In the railway vehicle system, the application of rubber isolators tends to be widely used due to the good damping capability and the ability of absorbing vibration energy of rubber material. Rubber isolators was first used on the passenger cars. Recently, with the speed increase of freight cars and the confine codes of railway vehicle products that against noises coming out constantly, the application of rubber isolators on railway freight cars is increasing. Rubber isolators, such as the secondary lateral stop, the axle box rubber pad and the sheer rubber spring, can boost the performance of railway vehicle bogies, thus have a vital role to play in the bogie structure.
In the late1980s, the double ring rubber spring as the main components of the primary suspension system of the DRRS bogie had played an important role in the performance improvement. A conical rubber, referring to the action mechanism of double ring rubber spring, was designed in this paper and is suitable for the rapid freight car bogies of speed160km/h. The design method was based on analytical calculation theory of rubber components and a programme based on the computer language FORTRAN was written to achieve the result.
Considering the significant influence of the primary suspension system on the bogie performance, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the conical rubber spring. The characteristic study was divided in two parts, static and dynamic, both were conducted in the finite element software ABAQUS. In the static analysis part if we just mesh the part for one time, elements will have severe distortion after the calculation was finished due to the large deformation of rubber material, and according to FEA theory, the distortion elements may lead to inaccurate result. So while analyzing the static characteristics of conical rubber spring, re-mesh technique was used, the displacement load was split into several parts and the model was re-meshed after every load step, the Map Solution technique can keep the strain and stress continues. The result achieved under re-meshing technique suggested that reaction force had good continuity, the re-meshing technique provides a reliable calculating method for the large deformation problem.
The dynamic analysis of conical rubber spring was mainly proposed to calculate the properties that frequency depended under constant amplitude displacement excitations. A hyperelastic-viscoelasitic model was established to study the frequency-dependency dynamic properties, and the properties was under vertical pre-load. We can achieve the force-displacement curve, also called hysteresis loop, of the model under harmonic load.
The error caused by the static pre-load was discussed and the calculating method of parameters that represent dynamic properties rubber isolators was proposed. The analyze on the change rules of dynamic parameters, dynamic stiffness and damping angle, provided references for more in-depth study on rubber isolators.
上世纪80年代末,德国DRRS转向架双圆环橡胶弹簧形式的轴箱悬挂系统的采用,对转向架性能的改善起到了重要的作用。本文借鉴双圆环橡胶弹簧作用机理,提出了一种锥形橡胶弹簧,以使其适用于我国]60km/h快速货车转向架。设计方法基于橡胶减振件的解析计算方法,采用FORTRAN语言进行编程,程序可计算得出满足尺寸要求及应用要求的径向等值及非等值锥形橡胶弹簧。
鉴于轴箱悬挂系统对转向架性能的显著影响,有必要对锥形橡胶弹簧的特性进行研究。对锥形橡胶弹簧的特性研究分为静态特性研究及动态特性研究两部分内容,采用有限元软件ABAQUS进行分析。在静态特性的研究部分,由于锥形橡胶弹簧在静挠度下的橡胶材料变形属于大变形范围,若有限元计算仅采用单次网格划分,划分的网格在计算结束后会产生严重的畸变,影响有限元计算结果的精度。因此,在对橡胶弹簧进行静态特性分析时采用了多次网格重划分技术,将载荷分为多步施加,并在每次载荷施加后,对变形单元网格进行重新划分,利用ABAQUS的Map Solution技术将上步计算中产生的应力及应变映射在之后的计算中。计算结果显示多次网格重划分得到的反力较连续,重启动计算前后应力应变承接状态良好,为静态特性中橡胶大变形计算提供了一种可靠的计算方法。
通过对快速货车轴箱动载荷进行分析发现,轴箱动载荷的振幅变化范围较小,但振动频率分布较广,因此对于锥形橡胶弹簧的动态特性的研究旨在研究其频率相关特性。对频率相关的动态特性的研究主要基于超-粘弹叠加本构模型。对橡胶弹簧模型施加一定的静载荷后,再施加恒幅谐波动载荷,改变动载荷频率,得到不同频率下模型力-位移曲线,即橡胶弹簧的迟滞回线。讨论了静态特性对计算误差造成的影响,提出了动态特性相关参数的计算方法,得出橡胶弹簧的动刚度及阻尼角随动载荷激励频率的变化规律,为橡胶减振器的进一步的动态特性的研究提供了参考。
In the railway vehicle system, the application of rubber isolators tends to be widely used due to the good damping capability and the ability of absorbing vibration energy of rubber material. Rubber isolators was first used on the passenger cars. Recently, with the speed increase of freight cars and the confine codes of railway vehicle products that against noises coming out constantly, the application of rubber isolators on railway freight cars is increasing. Rubber isolators, such as the secondary lateral stop, the axle box rubber pad and the sheer rubber spring, can boost the performance of railway vehicle bogies, thus have a vital role to play in the bogie structure.
In the late1980s, the double ring rubber spring as the main components of the primary suspension system of the DRRS bogie had played an important role in the performance improvement. A conical rubber, referring to the action mechanism of double ring rubber spring, was designed in this paper and is suitable for the rapid freight car bogies of speed160km/h. The design method was based on analytical calculation theory of rubber components and a programme based on the computer language FORTRAN was written to achieve the result.
Considering the significant influence of the primary suspension system on the bogie performance, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the conical rubber spring. The characteristic study was divided in two parts, static and dynamic, both were conducted in the finite element software ABAQUS. In the static analysis part if we just mesh the part for one time, elements will have severe distortion after the calculation was finished due to the large deformation of rubber material, and according to FEA theory, the distortion elements may lead to inaccurate result. So while analyzing the static characteristics of conical rubber spring, re-mesh technique was used, the displacement load was split into several parts and the model was re-meshed after every load step, the Map Solution technique can keep the strain and stress continues. The result achieved under re-meshing technique suggested that reaction force had good continuity, the re-meshing technique provides a reliable calculating method for the large deformation problem.
The dynamic analysis of conical rubber spring was mainly proposed to calculate the properties that frequency depended under constant amplitude displacement excitations. A hyperelastic-viscoelasitic model was established to study the frequency-dependency dynamic properties, and the properties was under vertical pre-load. We can achieve the force-displacement curve, also called hysteresis loop, of the model under harmonic load.
The error caused by the static pre-load was discussed and the calculating method of parameters that represent dynamic properties rubber isolators was proposed. The analyze on the change rules of dynamic parameters, dynamic stiffness and damping angle, provided references for more in-depth study on rubber isolators.
引文
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