针状组织铸铁斜楔的研究及应用
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摘要
针状铸铁一直以来就以其良好的力学性能而作为目前材料科学研究的重点之一。直到1978年,中国、美国、芬兰等国家才分别宣布研究成功了贝氏体铸铁。针状铸铁组织具有极好的耐磨性,较高的强度和韧性。经研究针状组织(贝氏体)铸铁的获取方式主要有以下两种:第一种是在一定化学成分的基础上,依靠严格的热处理工艺获得;第二种是通过加入一定量的Ni、Mo、Cu等合金元素,推迟奥氏体转变时间,在铸造状态下直接获得。前一种方式的热处理设备昂贵,工艺控制较严格,生产周期长,耗能高,不适合大批量生产。后一种方式,只需要严格的铸造工艺控制,可以获得理想的针状组织,适合大批量生产。
本文通过向灰铸铁中加入一定量的Mo、Cu钼等合金元素,推迟灰铸铁的奥氏体转变时间,在铸造状态下直接获得针状铸铁组织的铸铁。通过调整孕育剂的类型及其在铁水中的含量,并同时调整浇注温度、冷却时间、打箱时间等工艺措施来控制针状组织铸铁的生成;在严格工艺控制的基础上进而研究各种合金的加入对铸铁斜楔零件金相组织和机械性能的影响,使得针状组织铸铁成功应用于斜楔产品,并满足斜楔产品性能要求。
通过进行大量的试验研究,结果表明:灰铸铁中加入0.90%~1.00%Mo是得到针状组织的关键,加入1.20%~1.40%Cu,可以促进灰铸铁的贝氏体转变,防止形成珠光体;孕育处理是获得针状组织铸铁的关键,孕育剂加入量小于0.10%则很容易形成渗碳体,而加入量太多则容易形成珠光体,加入量在0.20%-0.25%是适合的;铸铁斜楔产品硬度值随着打箱时间的延长而不断降低,呈线性规律,通过控制在浇注后15min~40min分钟之内打箱,能够获得针状组织的铸铁斜楔;通过实践证明,针状组织铸铁斜楔各项性能指标能够满足使用要求。
Sound performance of acicular cast iron has been always deemed as an emphasis in current material research. Many countries such as China, America, Finland and so on did not announced to successfully develop the bainite cast iron until 1978. Acicular cast iron structure has excellent wear resistance, high strength and tenacity. After research, acquirement of acicular structure (bainite) cast iron has mainly two methods. One is to depend on rigid heat treatment processing on the basis of chemical ingredient, the other is to depend on the addition of some Nickel, Molybdenum, etc alloy elements, with the features of long production cycle, high energy consumption and unsuitable volume production. The latter method is suitable to volume production, which only is required to have rigid casting processing control in order to obtain ideal acicular structure.
The article is to depend on the addition of some Nickel, Molybdenum, etc alloy ,defer the changing time of austenitic gray cast iron, achieve the acicular cast iron in the casting directly. On the basis of rigid processing control, depending on adjusting nucleating agent type and content in the smelting iron, and adjusting pouring temperature, cooling time and shakeout time to control acicular cast iron formation to research metallurgical structure and mechanical property. Acicular structure cast iron is successfully applied to friction shoe that satisfies all performance demands.
By research and analysis,the result is: The addition of 0.90~1.00 percent of molybdenum added in gray cast iron is a key to obtain acicular structure. 1.20~1.40 percent of copper alloy added may promote transform from austenite to prevent against the formation of pearlitic. Nucleating treatment is a key to obtaining acicular structure cast iron. In the case of 0.10% addition, cementite is easy to be formed. While in the case of more addition, pearlitic is easy to be formed. The addition of 0.20%-0.25% is qualified. The hardness of friction shoe constantly decreases with the prolongation of shakeout time, basically it fluctuates around the line. Depend on controlling, shakeout in 15～40 minutes after pouring can obtain acicular structure cast iron. Practices proved, all kinds of performance of acicular structure cast iron friction shoe can satisfy using requirement.
本文通过向灰铸铁中加入一定量的Mo、Cu钼等合金元素,推迟灰铸铁的奥氏体转变时间,在铸造状态下直接获得针状铸铁组织的铸铁。通过调整孕育剂的类型及其在铁水中的含量,并同时调整浇注温度、冷却时间、打箱时间等工艺措施来控制针状组织铸铁的生成;在严格工艺控制的基础上进而研究各种合金的加入对铸铁斜楔零件金相组织和机械性能的影响,使得针状组织铸铁成功应用于斜楔产品,并满足斜楔产品性能要求。
通过进行大量的试验研究,结果表明:灰铸铁中加入0.90%~1.00%Mo是得到针状组织的关键,加入1.20%~1.40%Cu,可以促进灰铸铁的贝氏体转变,防止形成珠光体;孕育处理是获得针状组织铸铁的关键,孕育剂加入量小于0.10%则很容易形成渗碳体,而加入量太多则容易形成珠光体,加入量在0.20%-0.25%是适合的;铸铁斜楔产品硬度值随着打箱时间的延长而不断降低,呈线性规律,通过控制在浇注后15min~40min分钟之内打箱,能够获得针状组织的铸铁斜楔;通过实践证明,针状组织铸铁斜楔各项性能指标能够满足使用要求。
Sound performance of acicular cast iron has been always deemed as an emphasis in current material research. Many countries such as China, America, Finland and so on did not announced to successfully develop the bainite cast iron until 1978. Acicular cast iron structure has excellent wear resistance, high strength and tenacity. After research, acquirement of acicular structure (bainite) cast iron has mainly two methods. One is to depend on rigid heat treatment processing on the basis of chemical ingredient, the other is to depend on the addition of some Nickel, Molybdenum, etc alloy elements, with the features of long production cycle, high energy consumption and unsuitable volume production. The latter method is suitable to volume production, which only is required to have rigid casting processing control in order to obtain ideal acicular structure.
The article is to depend on the addition of some Nickel, Molybdenum, etc alloy ,defer the changing time of austenitic gray cast iron, achieve the acicular cast iron in the casting directly. On the basis of rigid processing control, depending on adjusting nucleating agent type and content in the smelting iron, and adjusting pouring temperature, cooling time and shakeout time to control acicular cast iron formation to research metallurgical structure and mechanical property. Acicular structure cast iron is successfully applied to friction shoe that satisfies all performance demands.
By research and analysis,the result is: The addition of 0.90~1.00 percent of molybdenum added in gray cast iron is a key to obtain acicular structure. 1.20~1.40 percent of copper alloy added may promote transform from austenite to prevent against the formation of pearlitic. Nucleating treatment is a key to obtaining acicular structure cast iron. In the case of 0.10% addition, cementite is easy to be formed. While in the case of more addition, pearlitic is easy to be formed. The addition of 0.20%-0.25% is qualified. The hardness of friction shoe constantly decreases with the prolongation of shakeout time, basically it fluctuates around the line. Depend on controlling, shakeout in 15～40 minutes after pouring can obtain acicular structure cast iron. Practices proved, all kinds of performance of acicular structure cast iron friction shoe can satisfy using requirement.
引文
1 严隽髦. 车辆工程.(第二版). 北京: 中国铁道出版社, 1999: 67~80
2 Yuichi Tanaka and Hidehiko Kage. Development and Application of Austempered Spherical Fraphite Cast Iron. Materials Transactions JIM, 1992, 33: 543~545
3 蒋业华等. 控制冷却获得贝氏体/马氏体耐磨钢. 铸造, 2000, 11: 22~24
4 中国农业机械研究院. 磨粒磨损与抗磨技术译文集, 北京: 中国农业机械出版社, 2001: 96~99
5 郑世安. 钢中 M/B 下复合组织的强韧化和应用. 热加工工艺, 1990, 2: 37~45
6 俞德刚. 钢的强韧化理论与设计. 上海: 上海交通大学出版社, 1990, 4: 254~255
7 南红艳, 朱丽娜, 朱福顺. 新型抗磨铸铁的研制. 热加工工艺, 2003, 4: 22~25
8 刘玉亭, 赵延吉. 稀土合金的白口铸铁的衬板的研制和应用. 铸造技术, 1991, 5: 7 ~9
9 H.Mayer. Heary Section Casting in Duetile Iyon . AFS International Cast Metals Iournal, 2002, 4: 21~27
10 S I Karsay and E.Campomanes. Control of Graphite Structure in Heavy Ductile Iron Castings . AFS Trans, 1990, 85~92
11 董方等. 中碳低合金马氏体钢衬板的研制. 铸造, 2005: 268~271
12 沈大东, 金宝士, 王恩禄. 低合金奥贝钢包铸高铬铸铁锤头的研制, 2003, 4: 58~60
13 单琨, 叶以富, 姜青河. 磷对灰铸铁性能的影响. 中国铸造装备与技术, 1992, 2: 113~14l
14 安阁英. 铸件形成理论. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1990, 4: 237~268
15 张景辉, 韩俊, 叶荣茂. 高铬铸铁合金成分的作用及其选取方法. 金属科学与工艺, 1989, 2: 50~59
16 蒋业华, 周荣. 控制冷却控制冷却获得贝氏体/马氏体铸钢组织性能的研究. 铸造, 1999, 5: 13~16
17 Lux B(瑞士). 论铸铁中石墨外围层的形成(铸铁冶金学). 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2003, 56~59
18 徐锦锋. 过共晶球墨铸铁中奥氏体枝晶形貌分析. 铸造, 1997, 11: 17~20
19 刘贯军. 等温淬火对组织性能的影响. 铸造, 2001, 11: 39~41
20 李雄杰. 针状铸铁球墨铸铁轧辊的研制. 铸造, 1999, 6: 24~26
21 赵鹤平, 万利年. 瞬时孕育对铸件夹渣的影响. 铸造, 1992, 2: 36~38
22 Y. S. Lerner, G, R. Kinqsbury. Wear Resistance Properties of Austenpered Ductile Iron. Journal of Materials Engineering and Promance, 1998, 7: 48~52
23 N. d. Prasanna, M, K. Muraliahara. Dry Slidig Weat Charaxteristics of Austistics of Austempered Ductile Iron. Afs Tratsactions, 1997, 105: 399~403
24 Lek J,Vondrak W. Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Reaktionskinrtik in Anschnitlsystem Beim in Mould-Prozess Durch Modellversuche.Gieggere Technik, 1980, 26(11): 329～332
25 K G,Buhr R K.and Magny J G.Dissolution of Mg-Fe-Si Alloy Dulling in-Mold Treatment. AFS Trans, 1978, 86: 379~384
26 周昭喜. 几种孕育块对球铁的孕育效果. 铸造技术, 1986, 5: 23~25
27 周庆德, 燕平. 含硼高铬铸铁的组织与性能. 第三届全国耐磨材料学术会议论文集, 2001, 6: 24~26
28 沈定钊. 微量铋锑在后断面球铁中的孕育作用. 铸造, 1995, 4: 19~23
29 R. W. Ressman. Heavy Section Ductile Iron Affected by Certain Processing Variables. AFS Trans, 1997, 75: 1~17
30 日出洋太郎. 厚肉球状黑铅铸铁的特异组织. 铸物, 2004, 4:49~51
31 李隆盛. 针状铸铁球墨铸铁的研制. 铸造合金及熔炼. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1989, 3: 135 ~137
32 Loper C R, et al. Thermal Analysis of Ductile Iron,AFS Trans, 1990, 75: 547~554
33 Olen K R, et al. A Revision of the Fe-C-Si System, AFS Trans, 1986, 76: 369~384
34 Gagne M, et al. Plate Fracture in Ductile Iron Castings. AFS Trans, 1983, 91: 37~46
35 周继扬. 球墨铸铁中奥氏体枝晶. 铸造, 2001, 3: 9~14
36 Wlodawar R. Gelenkte Erstarrung von Gubeisen Dusseldorf. Giesserei-Verlag GMBH, 1997, 3: 35 ~37
37 赵红. 奥氏体等温转变铸铁研究的新进展. 铸造, 2001, 5: 243~248
38 Zhukov A. A, Bassk A and Yachenko A B. New Viewpoints and Technologies in Field of Fe-C Alloy. Materials Science and Technology, 1997, 13(5): 401~407
39 Voigt R C. Austempered Ductile Iron-Processing and Properties.Cast Metals, 1989, 2(2): 71~93
40 吴勇生. 原组织对等温淬火后奥贝球铁组织和性能的影响. 铸造, 1998, 3: 18~22
41 刘贯军. 原始组织和回火处理对奥贝球铁冲击韧度的影响. 铸造, 2004, 7: 41~42
42 郭玉昆. 国内铸态球铁生产技术浅评. 铸造, 1995, 4: 25~28
2 Yuichi Tanaka and Hidehiko Kage. Development and Application of Austempered Spherical Fraphite Cast Iron. Materials Transactions JIM, 1992, 33: 543~545
3 蒋业华等. 控制冷却获得贝氏体/马氏体耐磨钢. 铸造, 2000, 11: 22~24
4 中国农业机械研究院. 磨粒磨损与抗磨技术译文集, 北京: 中国农业机械出版社, 2001: 96~99
5 郑世安. 钢中 M/B 下复合组织的强韧化和应用. 热加工工艺, 1990, 2: 37~45
6 俞德刚. 钢的强韧化理论与设计. 上海: 上海交通大学出版社, 1990, 4: 254~255
7 南红艳, 朱丽娜, 朱福顺. 新型抗磨铸铁的研制. 热加工工艺, 2003, 4: 22~25
8 刘玉亭, 赵延吉. 稀土合金的白口铸铁的衬板的研制和应用. 铸造技术, 1991, 5: 7 ~9
9 H.Mayer. Heary Section Casting in Duetile Iyon . AFS International Cast Metals Iournal, 2002, 4: 21~27
10 S I Karsay and E.Campomanes. Control of Graphite Structure in Heavy Ductile Iron Castings . AFS Trans, 1990, 85~92
11 董方等. 中碳低合金马氏体钢衬板的研制. 铸造, 2005: 268~271
12 沈大东, 金宝士, 王恩禄. 低合金奥贝钢包铸高铬铸铁锤头的研制, 2003, 4: 58~60
13 单琨, 叶以富, 姜青河. 磷对灰铸铁性能的影响. 中国铸造装备与技术, 1992, 2: 113~14l
14 安阁英. 铸件形成理论. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1990, 4: 237~268
15 张景辉, 韩俊, 叶荣茂. 高铬铸铁合金成分的作用及其选取方法. 金属科学与工艺, 1989, 2: 50~59
16 蒋业华, 周荣. 控制冷却控制冷却获得贝氏体/马氏体铸钢组织性能的研究. 铸造, 1999, 5: 13~16
17 Lux B(瑞士). 论铸铁中石墨外围层的形成(铸铁冶金学). 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2003, 56~59
18 徐锦锋. 过共晶球墨铸铁中奥氏体枝晶形貌分析. 铸造, 1997, 11: 17~20
19 刘贯军. 等温淬火对组织性能的影响. 铸造, 2001, 11: 39~41
20 李雄杰. 针状铸铁球墨铸铁轧辊的研制. 铸造, 1999, 6: 24~26
21 赵鹤平, 万利年. 瞬时孕育对铸件夹渣的影响. 铸造, 1992, 2: 36~38
22 Y. S. Lerner, G, R. Kinqsbury. Wear Resistance Properties of Austenpered Ductile Iron. Journal of Materials Engineering and Promance, 1998, 7: 48~52
23 N. d. Prasanna, M, K. Muraliahara. Dry Slidig Weat Charaxteristics of Austistics of Austempered Ductile Iron. Afs Tratsactions, 1997, 105: 399~403
24 Lek J,Vondrak W. Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Reaktionskinrtik in Anschnitlsystem Beim in Mould-Prozess Durch Modellversuche.Gieggere Technik, 1980, 26(11): 329～332
25 K G,Buhr R K.and Magny J G.Dissolution of Mg-Fe-Si Alloy Dulling in-Mold Treatment. AFS Trans, 1978, 86: 379~384
26 周昭喜. 几种孕育块对球铁的孕育效果. 铸造技术, 1986, 5: 23~25
27 周庆德, 燕平. 含硼高铬铸铁的组织与性能. 第三届全国耐磨材料学术会议论文集, 2001, 6: 24~26
28 沈定钊. 微量铋锑在后断面球铁中的孕育作用. 铸造, 1995, 4: 19~23
29 R. W. Ressman. Heavy Section Ductile Iron Affected by Certain Processing Variables. AFS Trans, 1997, 75: 1~17
30 日出洋太郎. 厚肉球状黑铅铸铁的特异组织. 铸物, 2004, 4:49~51
31 李隆盛. 针状铸铁球墨铸铁的研制. 铸造合金及熔炼. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1989, 3: 135 ~137
32 Loper C R, et al. Thermal Analysis of Ductile Iron,AFS Trans, 1990, 75: 547~554
33 Olen K R, et al. A Revision of the Fe-C-Si System, AFS Trans, 1986, 76: 369~384
34 Gagne M, et al. Plate Fracture in Ductile Iron Castings. AFS Trans, 1983, 91: 37~46
35 周继扬. 球墨铸铁中奥氏体枝晶. 铸造, 2001, 3: 9~14
36 Wlodawar R. Gelenkte Erstarrung von Gubeisen Dusseldorf. Giesserei-Verlag GMBH, 1997, 3: 35 ~37
37 赵红. 奥氏体等温转变铸铁研究的新进展. 铸造, 2001, 5: 243~248
38 Zhukov A. A, Bassk A and Yachenko A B. New Viewpoints and Technologies in Field of Fe-C Alloy. Materials Science and Technology, 1997, 13(5): 401~407
39 Voigt R C. Austempered Ductile Iron-Processing and Properties.Cast Metals, 1989, 2(2): 71~93
40 吴勇生. 原组织对等温淬火后奥贝球铁组织和性能的影响. 铸造, 1998, 3: 18~22
41 刘贯军. 原始组织和回火处理对奥贝球铁冲击韧度的影响. 铸造, 2004, 7: 41~42
42 郭玉昆. 国内铸态球铁生产技术浅评. 铸造, 1995, 4: 25~28