高速铁路无砟轨道结构受力及轮轨动力作用分析
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摘要
无砟轨道是以混凝土、沥青等材料代替碎石道床层的轨道结构,具有少维修、轨道稳定性好、平顺性好和耐久性好的显著优点,减少了线路养护维修工作,提高了线路使用率,还提高了曲线通过速度和安全性,减少了道砟这种不可再生资源的消耗,更为环保。长远来看,其经济性优于有砟轨道。当前世界各国大力发展高速铁路,应用现代高新技术建设高速铁路,无砟轨道成为高速铁路轨道结构的重要选择。为了缓解国民经济快速增长与铁路运输能力紧张的矛盾,我国大规模建设高速铁路客运专线。无砟轨道结构受力状况与轨道结构的安全性密切相关,而无砟轨道的动力性能则影响到行车安全性和旅客乘坐的舒适性。因此,开展无砟轨道结构受力和高速动车作用下无砟轨道动力学性能研究具有很强的理论意义和工程应用背景。
本文首先简要回顾了国内外无砟轨道发展和无砟轨道力学研究的历史与现状。然后,以车辆—轨道耦合动力学理论为基础,以目前国内应用效果良好的板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道为研究对象,采用我国自主研发的CRH2、CRH3型高速动车组,对高速铁路无砟轨道结构受力和动力学问题进行研究。开展的研究工作主要包括以下几方面:
建立了板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道三维实体有限元模型,主要分析了在设计荷载作用下板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道受力特性,包括轨道结构型式、轨道结构参数、路基关键参数对无砟轨道结构受力的影响。
基于车辆—轨道耦合动力学理论,采用多刚体动力学理论建立了车辆系统动力学方程,采用梁—板—板有限元模型模拟板式轨道,采用梁—板有限元模型模拟双块式无砟轨道,通过轮轨关系将车辆系统和无砟轨道系统联系在一起,建立了车辆—无砟轨道耦合动力学模型。采用德国高速低干扰谱作为轮轨激励进行无砟轨道动力学仿真计算,并与遂渝线无砟轨道综合试验段动力学测试结果对比,仿真计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性。
应用所建立的无砟轨道轮轨动力作用分析模型,对高速行车条件下,冲击型激扰、谐波型激扰和随机不平顺激扰引起的板式无砟轨道结构振动特性进行了分析。研究了不同弦长的车轮扁疤不平顺、不同凸起高度的凸起焊缝不平顺和不同长波和短波组合的凹陷焊缝不平顺、德国高速低干扰谱激扰下,板式无砟轨道结构动力响应,验证了现行铁路技术管理规程对高速铁路车辆车轮扁疤管理和钢轨焊缝打磨要求的合理性。并研究了车速在200～350 km/h范围板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道结构随机振动响应受车速影响规律,研究结果对高速铁路无砟轨道结构参数优化设计具有指导参考意义。
应用所建立的无砟轨道轮轨动力作用分析模型,研究了轨下胶垫刚度和阻尼、基床表层弹性模量、板式轨道CAM层弹性模量和双块式无砟轨道道床板厚度等参数对板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道结构动力性能的影响。
Ballastless track is a new kind of track which uses concrete or asphalt track bed instead of ballast bed. It has the remarkable characteristics of low maintenance, high stability, high smoothness and good durability. Railway line maintenance is reduced and its utilization rate is improved by using ballastless track. The safety and speed of train negotiation are both improved. Ballast is a kind of non-renewable resources. Ballastless track is beneficial to environmental protection because the use of ballast is reduced. Ballastless track is more economic than ballast track in long run. High-speed railway is energetically developed in many countries at present. More and more new technology is used to build high-speed railway. Ballastless track is a new important choice of high-speed railway track structure. To alleviate the contradiction between the fast growth of the national economic and shortage of the railway transport capacity, the speed passenger dedicated line in Chinese railway is fast developed. The structure mechanical conditions of ballastless track are closely related to the safety of track structure, and the dynamic performances of ballastless track have influence on vehicle running safety and ride comfort. Therefore studies on the structure mechanics and wheel/rail dynamic interaction of ballastless track are very important from the practical and cognitive points of view.
The history and the studies of the structure and mechanics of ballastless track in the past and now in the world are reviewed. On the basis of track structural mechanics and vehicle-track coupled dynamics theory, the structure mechanics and wheel/rail dynamic interaction problem of ballastless track are solved with finite element method. The analysis objects of ballastless track are the slab track and the twin-block ballastless track because these two kinds of ballastless track are found well application in China. The vehicle parameters are come from CRH2 and CRH3 which were independently developed in China.The main research work in the present dissertation involves:
Three-dimensional finite element models of slab track and twin-block ballastless track are established. Mechanics characteristics under design load of ballastless track are studied, including the influence of the track structure form and parameters, key parameters of subgrade. A vehicle-ballastless track dynamic model is established on the basis of vehicle-track coupled dynamics theory. In this model, multi-body system (MBS) modelling techniques are combined with the techniques based on the finite-element method (FEM). MBS modelling is used for modelling the vehicle and FEM for simulating the ballastless track. Dynamic responses of ballastless track are simulated with German railway spectrum of low irregularity as the irregularities of rail. The simulation results are compared with the experiment results measured on comprehensive experimental section of ballastless track on Sui-Yu Railway Line. The numerical results are in good agreement with the test ones, and the dependability of the vehicle-ballastless track dynamic model is verified at the same time.
The established vehicle-ballastless track dynamic model is used to analyze the dynamic response of slab track caused by impulse, harmonic and random track irregularity. The influence of the flat length, the height of high weld and dipped weld composed by difference long or short wavelength are analyzed. The rationality about the limited value of wheel flat and weld in Railway Technical and Managemental Regulations is verified. Vibration characteristics of ballastless track of the high speed passenger dedicated railway line under excitations from the stochastical track irregularities are analysed. While the vehicle velocity is in the range 200～350km/h, the influence of velocity on the dynamic responses of slab track and twin-block ballastless track is studied.
At last, the influence of the ballastless track structure parameters on dynamic performance is studied. These structure parameters include the stiffness and damping of rail pad, resilient modulus of the surface layer of subgrade, elastic modulus of cement asphalt mortar of slab track and the bed slab thickness of the twin-block ballastless track.
本文首先简要回顾了国内外无砟轨道发展和无砟轨道力学研究的历史与现状。然后,以车辆—轨道耦合动力学理论为基础,以目前国内应用效果良好的板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道为研究对象,采用我国自主研发的CRH2、CRH3型高速动车组,对高速铁路无砟轨道结构受力和动力学问题进行研究。开展的研究工作主要包括以下几方面:
建立了板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道三维实体有限元模型,主要分析了在设计荷载作用下板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道受力特性,包括轨道结构型式、轨道结构参数、路基关键参数对无砟轨道结构受力的影响。
基于车辆—轨道耦合动力学理论,采用多刚体动力学理论建立了车辆系统动力学方程,采用梁—板—板有限元模型模拟板式轨道,采用梁—板有限元模型模拟双块式无砟轨道,通过轮轨关系将车辆系统和无砟轨道系统联系在一起,建立了车辆—无砟轨道耦合动力学模型。采用德国高速低干扰谱作为轮轨激励进行无砟轨道动力学仿真计算,并与遂渝线无砟轨道综合试验段动力学测试结果对比,仿真计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性。
应用所建立的无砟轨道轮轨动力作用分析模型,对高速行车条件下,冲击型激扰、谐波型激扰和随机不平顺激扰引起的板式无砟轨道结构振动特性进行了分析。研究了不同弦长的车轮扁疤不平顺、不同凸起高度的凸起焊缝不平顺和不同长波和短波组合的凹陷焊缝不平顺、德国高速低干扰谱激扰下,板式无砟轨道结构动力响应,验证了现行铁路技术管理规程对高速铁路车辆车轮扁疤管理和钢轨焊缝打磨要求的合理性。并研究了车速在200～350 km/h范围板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道结构随机振动响应受车速影响规律,研究结果对高速铁路无砟轨道结构参数优化设计具有指导参考意义。
应用所建立的无砟轨道轮轨动力作用分析模型,研究了轨下胶垫刚度和阻尼、基床表层弹性模量、板式轨道CAM层弹性模量和双块式无砟轨道道床板厚度等参数对板式轨道和双块式无砟轨道结构动力性能的影响。
Ballastless track is a new kind of track which uses concrete or asphalt track bed instead of ballast bed. It has the remarkable characteristics of low maintenance, high stability, high smoothness and good durability. Railway line maintenance is reduced and its utilization rate is improved by using ballastless track. The safety and speed of train negotiation are both improved. Ballast is a kind of non-renewable resources. Ballastless track is beneficial to environmental protection because the use of ballast is reduced. Ballastless track is more economic than ballast track in long run. High-speed railway is energetically developed in many countries at present. More and more new technology is used to build high-speed railway. Ballastless track is a new important choice of high-speed railway track structure. To alleviate the contradiction between the fast growth of the national economic and shortage of the railway transport capacity, the speed passenger dedicated line in Chinese railway is fast developed. The structure mechanical conditions of ballastless track are closely related to the safety of track structure, and the dynamic performances of ballastless track have influence on vehicle running safety and ride comfort. Therefore studies on the structure mechanics and wheel/rail dynamic interaction of ballastless track are very important from the practical and cognitive points of view.
The history and the studies of the structure and mechanics of ballastless track in the past and now in the world are reviewed. On the basis of track structural mechanics and vehicle-track coupled dynamics theory, the structure mechanics and wheel/rail dynamic interaction problem of ballastless track are solved with finite element method. The analysis objects of ballastless track are the slab track and the twin-block ballastless track because these two kinds of ballastless track are found well application in China. The vehicle parameters are come from CRH2 and CRH3 which were independently developed in China.The main research work in the present dissertation involves:
Three-dimensional finite element models of slab track and twin-block ballastless track are established. Mechanics characteristics under design load of ballastless track are studied, including the influence of the track structure form and parameters, key parameters of subgrade. A vehicle-ballastless track dynamic model is established on the basis of vehicle-track coupled dynamics theory. In this model, multi-body system (MBS) modelling techniques are combined with the techniques based on the finite-element method (FEM). MBS modelling is used for modelling the vehicle and FEM for simulating the ballastless track. Dynamic responses of ballastless track are simulated with German railway spectrum of low irregularity as the irregularities of rail. The simulation results are compared with the experiment results measured on comprehensive experimental section of ballastless track on Sui-Yu Railway Line. The numerical results are in good agreement with the test ones, and the dependability of the vehicle-ballastless track dynamic model is verified at the same time.
The established vehicle-ballastless track dynamic model is used to analyze the dynamic response of slab track caused by impulse, harmonic and random track irregularity. The influence of the flat length, the height of high weld and dipped weld composed by difference long or short wavelength are analyzed. The rationality about the limited value of wheel flat and weld in Railway Technical and Managemental Regulations is verified. Vibration characteristics of ballastless track of the high speed passenger dedicated railway line under excitations from the stochastical track irregularities are analysed. While the vehicle velocity is in the range 200～350km/h, the influence of velocity on the dynamic responses of slab track and twin-block ballastless track is studied.
At last, the influence of the ballastless track structure parameters on dynamic performance is studied. These structure parameters include the stiffness and damping of rail pad, resilient modulus of the surface layer of subgrade, elastic modulus of cement asphalt mortar of slab track and the bed slab thickness of the twin-block ballastless track.
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