叶酸结晶基础数据测定与结晶过程研究
|
摘要
叶酸是一种重要的维生素。市场需求量不断上涨,但其生产过程中三废多,产品质量不高,技术落后等问题困扰着叶酸的生产。结晶作为叶酸生产的最后一步精制过程,是保证产品质量的关键环节。因此叶酸结晶过程基础数据和工艺的研究对实际生产具有重要意义。
晶习对产品下游处理(比如过滤、洗涤和干燥)以及最终产品的质量影响很大,是晶体产品质量考察的一个重要指标。本文应用显微镜观察晶体的晶习,并由结晶方法对叶酸晶习的影响进行实验研究,选用碱结晶路线制备晶形完整的叶状晶体产品。
结晶热力学是决定结晶收率与操作方案的基本依据。本文测定了纯水中不同温度下叶酸溶解度数据,并观察盐类对溶解度的影响。同时用静态法与激光法测定不同pH下水溶液中不同温度下叶酸溶解度与超溶解度,并对介稳区数据进行曲线拟合。实验还测定了叶酸溶液如粘度、密度、电离平衡常数.、诱导期等基础物性常数,为结晶过程设计提供基本参数和依据。根据一次成核理论利用诱导期数据估算了叶酸的表面张力和表面熵因子数据,进而推断叶酸晶体生长模式为连续生长模式。
以质量(晶形、CSD)和收率为目标,本文较系统地考察了盐酸浓度、反应结晶温度、初始浓度、过滤等操作条件对结晶过程的影响,从而确定优化操作条件。
Folate (folic acid) is an important basic vitamin, whose demand is rising. But more waste, poor product quality, technical backwardness and other problems hinder folic acid production.Crystallization as the final step in the production of folic acid refining process, is a key step to ensure product quality. The data and process of folic acid crystallization were studied in this paper.
Crystal habit is an important issue in crystal quality, because it has main impact on the downstream processings(such as filtering, washing and drying) and the quality of the final product. The crystal habit were observed under microscope. And the effects of the crystal methods on crystal habit were studied. Alkali recrystallization method is selected to get ideal leafy crystal products.
Crystallization thermodynamics is the fundamental basis for operating and determining the yield of crystallization. The solubilities of folic acid at different temperatures in pure water were measured and researched the impact of salts on them. Then the solubilities and supersolubilities of folic acid in different pH aqueous solutions at different temperatures were studied by the static method and the laser method. The fitting curves of the metastable zone data is established. Other basic physical constants of folic acid are also measured such as viscosity, density, and dissociation constants, which are the basis data for crystallizer design. According to the nucleation theory using the induction period data to estimate the surface tension and surface entropy factor data, inferred that folic acid crystal growth model was continuous growth mode. According to the nucleation theory, the interfacial tension and entropy factor were estimated by the induction period data, and then inferred folic acid crystal growth model was continuous growth mechanism.
The operating conditions, including acid addition rate, acid concentration, crystallization temperature, initial concentration, and filtration, were optimized by examing the quality (crystal form, CSD) and yield goals.
晶习对产品下游处理(比如过滤、洗涤和干燥)以及最终产品的质量影响很大,是晶体产品质量考察的一个重要指标。本文应用显微镜观察晶体的晶习,并由结晶方法对叶酸晶习的影响进行实验研究,选用碱结晶路线制备晶形完整的叶状晶体产品。
结晶热力学是决定结晶收率与操作方案的基本依据。本文测定了纯水中不同温度下叶酸溶解度数据,并观察盐类对溶解度的影响。同时用静态法与激光法测定不同pH下水溶液中不同温度下叶酸溶解度与超溶解度,并对介稳区数据进行曲线拟合。实验还测定了叶酸溶液如粘度、密度、电离平衡常数.、诱导期等基础物性常数,为结晶过程设计提供基本参数和依据。根据一次成核理论利用诱导期数据估算了叶酸的表面张力和表面熵因子数据,进而推断叶酸晶体生长模式为连续生长模式。
以质量(晶形、CSD)和收率为目标,本文较系统地考察了盐酸浓度、反应结晶温度、初始浓度、过滤等操作条件对结晶过程的影响,从而确定优化操作条件。
Folate (folic acid) is an important basic vitamin, whose demand is rising. But more waste, poor product quality, technical backwardness and other problems hinder folic acid production.Crystallization as the final step in the production of folic acid refining process, is a key step to ensure product quality. The data and process of folic acid crystallization were studied in this paper.
Crystal habit is an important issue in crystal quality, because it has main impact on the downstream processings(such as filtering, washing and drying) and the quality of the final product. The crystal habit were observed under microscope. And the effects of the crystal methods on crystal habit were studied. Alkali recrystallization method is selected to get ideal leafy crystal products.
Crystallization thermodynamics is the fundamental basis for operating and determining the yield of crystallization. The solubilities of folic acid at different temperatures in pure water were measured and researched the impact of salts on them. Then the solubilities and supersolubilities of folic acid in different pH aqueous solutions at different temperatures were studied by the static method and the laser method. The fitting curves of the metastable zone data is established. Other basic physical constants of folic acid are also measured such as viscosity, density, and dissociation constants, which are the basis data for crystallizer design. According to the nucleation theory using the induction period data to estimate the surface tension and surface entropy factor data, inferred that folic acid crystal growth model was continuous growth mode. According to the nucleation theory, the interfacial tension and entropy factor were estimated by the induction period data, and then inferred folic acid crystal growth model was continuous growth mechanism.
The operating conditions, including acid addition rate, acid concentration, crystallization temperature, initial concentration, and filtration, were optimized by examing the quality (crystal form, CSD) and yield goals.
引文
[1] H. K. Mitchell, E. E. Snell, R. J. Williams. The concentration of folic acid[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1941, 63(8): 2284.
[2] D. J. Lanska. The water-soluble B vitamins[M], 2009: 445-476.
[3] E. Milne. Maternal folate and other vitamin supplementation during pregnancy and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the offspring[J]. International Journal of Cancer, 2009: 16.
[4] M. Ebbing, K. H. Bonaa, O. Nygard. Cancer incidence and mortality after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12[J]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2009, 302 (19): 2119–2126.
[5]李金华.叶酸和烟酸的生产方法[J].化工之友, 2001,(1): 30.
[6] M. Jamil, Akhtar. Photo degradation of folic acid in aqueous solution[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical analysis, 1999, 25: 269-275.
[7]吴传茂,姜发堂. pH值,温度对叶酸稳定性的影响[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2000,8:47.
[8] A. Vora, A. Riga, D. Dollimore and K. Alexander. Thermal Stability of Folic Acid in the Solid-State [J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2004,75:709–717.
[9]中国叶酸产品市场现状及技术应用研究[R]. http://www.baogaowang.org, 2009,12.
[10]潘福星.一种叶酸的制备方法[P].河北省:石家庄新世纪专利商标事务所,2008.
[11]柴多里,马云峰.叶酸的制备及市场前景[J].化工科技市场, 2001, 12: 19-21.
[12] J. W. Mullin. Crystallization[M]. The fourth edition. London: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd, 2001.
[13]丁绪淮,谈遒.工业结晶[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 1985.
[14]叶铁林.化工结晶过程原理及应用[M].北京:北京工业大学出版社, 2006.
[15] E. J. Colonia, A. B. Dixit, N. S. Tavare. Separation of o-and p-chlorobenzoic acids: hydrotropy and precipitation[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1996, 166: 976-980.
[16] H. A. Mohameed, B. Abu-Jdayil, M. A. Khateeb. Effect of cooling rate on undeeded batch crystallization of KCl [J]. Chemical Engineering and Processing. 2002, 41: 297-302.
[17] N. Doki, N. Kubota, A. Sato. Scale up Experiments on Seeded Batch Cooling Crystallization of Potassium Alum[J]. AIChE. J., 1999, 45(12): 2527-2533.
[18] D. B. Patience, J. B. Rawlings, H. A. Mohameed. Crystallization of para-xylene in scraped-surface crystallizers[J]. AIChE. J.,2001, 47(11): 2441-2451.
[19] R. Islam Younis, K. Mary, Callery. Influence of pH on the dissolution of folic acid supplements[J]. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2009, 367: 97-102.
[20] H. B. Matthews, J. B. Rawlings. Batch Crystallization of a Photochemical: Modeling, Control, and Filtration[J]. AIChE. J., 1998, 44(5): 1119-1127.
[21] J. B. Rawlings, W. R. Witkowski, W. Eaton. Modeling and control of crystallizers[J]. Powder Technology, 1992, 69: 3-9.
[22] I. W. Marison, B. Birou, U.von Stockar. Use of a novel heat-flux calorimeter for the measurement of heat generated during growth of K.fragilis on lactose[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 1985, 85:4 97-500.
[23]黄德春.间歇溶液结晶动力学模型及其相关实验研究[D].南京工业大学, 2003.
[24] K. Taguchi, J. Garside, N. S. Tavare. Nucleation and growth kinetics of barium sulphate in batch precipitation[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1996, 163: 318-328.
[25] Y. F. Qiu, A. C. Rasmuson. Estimation of crystallization kinetics from batch cooling experiments[J]. AIChE. J., 1994, 40(5): 799-812.
[26]张缨.有机物系溶液结晶过程中形态学控制研究[D].天津:天津大学, 2005.
[27] Mersman. Crystallization and precipitation[J]. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 1999, 38: 345-353.
[28] P. Demo, Z. Kozisek. Transient nucleation[J]. Thermochimica acta, 1996, 280-281: 101-126.
[29] M. Rauls, K. Bartosch, M. Kind. The influence of impurities on crystallization kinetics:a case study on ammonium sulfate[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2000, 213: 116-128.
[30] J. Priscilla, Hilla, Ka. M. Ng. Particle size distribution by design[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2002, 57: 2125-2138.
[31]陈建新,王静康,尹秋响.晶体粒子尺寸的在线测量[A].第二届全国化学工程与生物化工年会[C].北京: 2005:1-8.
[32] R. D. Braatz. Robust Bayesian Estimation of Kinetics for the Polymorphic Transformation of -Glutamic Acid Crystals[J]. AIChE. J.,2008,12(54): 3248-3259.
[33] J. W. Mullin, J. Nyvlt. Programmed cooling of batch crystallizers[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 1971 (26): 369-377.
[34] A.G. Jones, J. W. Mullin. Programmed cooling crystallization of potassium sulphate solution[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 1974 , (29): 105-118.
[35] R. D. Braatz. Advanced control of crystallization processes[J]. Annual Reviews in Control, 2002, 26: 87-99.
[36] W. Paengjuntuek, P. Kittisupakorn. Arpornwichanop. Batch-to-batch Optimization of Batch Crystallization Processes[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2008, 16(1): 26-29.
[37] M. Barrett, M. McNamara, H. X. Hao. Supersaturation tracking for the development, optimization and control of crystallization processes[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2010: 1-12.
[38] Z. Q. Yu, J. W. Chew, P. S. Chow. Recent advances in crystallization control[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2007, 85(A7): 893–905.
[39] Mingzhong Li, Derek Wilkinson, Kumar Patchigolla. Determination of non-sperical partical size distribution from chord length mersurements[J]. Part 2: Experimental validation. Chemical Engineering Science, 2005, 60:4992-5003.
[40] E. J. W. Wynn. Relationship between partical-size and chord-length distributions in focused beam reflectance measurement: stability of direct inversion and weighting [J]. Powder Technology, 2003, 133: 125-133.
[41] E. Kougoulos, A. G.Jones, K. H. Jennings. Use of focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and process video imaging (PVI) in a modified mixed suspension mixed product removal(MSMPR) cooling crystallizer[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2005, 273: 529-534.
[42] M. Sheikhzadeh, M. Trifkovic, S. Rohani. Real-time optimal control of an anti-solvent isothermal semi-batch[J]. Chemical Engineering Science. 2008, 63: 829–839.
[43] M. Sheikhzadeh, M. Trifkovic, S. Rohani. Adaptive MIM Oneuro-fuzzy logic control ofa seeded and an unseeded[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2008, 63: 1261–1272.
[44] Lili Feng and K. A. Berglund. ATR-FTIR for Determining Optimal Cooling Curves for Batch Crystallization of Succinic Acid[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2002, 2(5): 449-452.
[45] Xing Yi Woo, B. H. T. Reginald, and R. D. Braatz. Modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics-Population Balance Equation-Micromixing Simulation of Impinging Jet Crystallizers[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2008.
[46] S. W. Lin, Ka M. Ng, Christianto Wibowo, Synthesis of crystallization processes for systems involving solid solutions[J].Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2008,32: 956–970.
[47]刘勇,王静康.间歇结晶过程中几种可能的粒度分布[J].化工学报, 2005, 2(56): 276-280.
[48]谢振华.叶酸精制工艺的改进[J].江苏化工, 2005, 33(3): 37-39.
[49] Poe, M.Acidic Dissociation Constants of Folates[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1977, 252: 3724–3728.
[50] M. Poe. ProtonMagnetic Resonance Studies of Folate, Dihydrofolate and Methotrexate[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry , 1973, 248: 7025-7032.
[51] A. Tyagi, A. Penzkofer. Fluorescence spectroscopic behaviour of folic acid[J]. Chemical Physics, 2010, 367:83-92.
[52] D. Voet, J.G. Voet, Biochemistry[M], third ed., Wiley, USA, 2004.
[53]陆彬.有关药物溶解度的研究现状与进展[J].中国药师, 2008, 5(11): 526-530.
[54] Adama Fini, P. D. Maria. Acidity Constants of Sparingly Water-Soluble Drugs[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1987, 1: 48-53.
[55]杨光富,刘华银,杨华铮.采用电位滴定法在DMSO/H2O混合溶剂体系中测定磺酰脲(胺)类除草剂的酸离解常数[J].高等学校化学学报, 1999, 26(3): 1883-1887.
[56]王夔,陈贤管.电位法测定多元酸电离常数[J].分析实验室, 1985, 4: 45-52.
[57] Milka Georgieva. Acid-base equilibria in the mixed solvent[J]. Analytica chimica acta. 1977, 90: 83-89.
[58]刘志广,宫为民.分析化学[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社, 2006: 109-122.
[59] O. Sohnel, J. W. Mullin, A. G.Jones.Crystallization and agglomeration kinetics in the batch precipitation of strontium molybdate[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem, 1988: 45-52.
[2] D. J. Lanska. The water-soluble B vitamins[M], 2009: 445-476.
[3] E. Milne. Maternal folate and other vitamin supplementation during pregnancy and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the offspring[J]. International Journal of Cancer, 2009: 16.
[4] M. Ebbing, K. H. Bonaa, O. Nygard. Cancer incidence and mortality after treatment with folic acid and vitamin B12[J]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2009, 302 (19): 2119–2126.
[5]李金华.叶酸和烟酸的生产方法[J].化工之友, 2001,(1): 30.
[6] M. Jamil, Akhtar. Photo degradation of folic acid in aqueous solution[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical analysis, 1999, 25: 269-275.
[7]吴传茂,姜发堂. pH值,温度对叶酸稳定性的影响[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2000,8:47.
[8] A. Vora, A. Riga, D. Dollimore and K. Alexander. Thermal Stability of Folic Acid in the Solid-State [J]. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2004,75:709–717.
[9]中国叶酸产品市场现状及技术应用研究[R]. http://www.baogaowang.org, 2009,12.
[10]潘福星.一种叶酸的制备方法[P].河北省:石家庄新世纪专利商标事务所,2008.
[11]柴多里,马云峰.叶酸的制备及市场前景[J].化工科技市场, 2001, 12: 19-21.
[12] J. W. Mullin. Crystallization[M]. The fourth edition. London: Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd, 2001.
[13]丁绪淮,谈遒.工业结晶[M].北京:化学工业出版社, 1985.
[14]叶铁林.化工结晶过程原理及应用[M].北京:北京工业大学出版社, 2006.
[15] E. J. Colonia, A. B. Dixit, N. S. Tavare. Separation of o-and p-chlorobenzoic acids: hydrotropy and precipitation[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1996, 166: 976-980.
[16] H. A. Mohameed, B. Abu-Jdayil, M. A. Khateeb. Effect of cooling rate on undeeded batch crystallization of KCl [J]. Chemical Engineering and Processing. 2002, 41: 297-302.
[17] N. Doki, N. Kubota, A. Sato. Scale up Experiments on Seeded Batch Cooling Crystallization of Potassium Alum[J]. AIChE. J., 1999, 45(12): 2527-2533.
[18] D. B. Patience, J. B. Rawlings, H. A. Mohameed. Crystallization of para-xylene in scraped-surface crystallizers[J]. AIChE. J.,2001, 47(11): 2441-2451.
[19] R. Islam Younis, K. Mary, Callery. Influence of pH on the dissolution of folic acid supplements[J]. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2009, 367: 97-102.
[20] H. B. Matthews, J. B. Rawlings. Batch Crystallization of a Photochemical: Modeling, Control, and Filtration[J]. AIChE. J., 1998, 44(5): 1119-1127.
[21] J. B. Rawlings, W. R. Witkowski, W. Eaton. Modeling and control of crystallizers[J]. Powder Technology, 1992, 69: 3-9.
[22] I. W. Marison, B. Birou, U.von Stockar. Use of a novel heat-flux calorimeter for the measurement of heat generated during growth of K.fragilis on lactose[J]. Thermochimica Acta, 1985, 85:4 97-500.
[23]黄德春.间歇溶液结晶动力学模型及其相关实验研究[D].南京工业大学, 2003.
[24] K. Taguchi, J. Garside, N. S. Tavare. Nucleation and growth kinetics of barium sulphate in batch precipitation[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1996, 163: 318-328.
[25] Y. F. Qiu, A. C. Rasmuson. Estimation of crystallization kinetics from batch cooling experiments[J]. AIChE. J., 1994, 40(5): 799-812.
[26]张缨.有机物系溶液结晶过程中形态学控制研究[D].天津:天津大学, 2005.
[27] Mersman. Crystallization and precipitation[J]. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 1999, 38: 345-353.
[28] P. Demo, Z. Kozisek. Transient nucleation[J]. Thermochimica acta, 1996, 280-281: 101-126.
[29] M. Rauls, K. Bartosch, M. Kind. The influence of impurities on crystallization kinetics:a case study on ammonium sulfate[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2000, 213: 116-128.
[30] J. Priscilla, Hilla, Ka. M. Ng. Particle size distribution by design[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2002, 57: 2125-2138.
[31]陈建新,王静康,尹秋响.晶体粒子尺寸的在线测量[A].第二届全国化学工程与生物化工年会[C].北京: 2005:1-8.
[32] R. D. Braatz. Robust Bayesian Estimation of Kinetics for the Polymorphic Transformation of -Glutamic Acid Crystals[J]. AIChE. J.,2008,12(54): 3248-3259.
[33] J. W. Mullin, J. Nyvlt. Programmed cooling of batch crystallizers[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 1971 (26): 369-377.
[34] A.G. Jones, J. W. Mullin. Programmed cooling crystallization of potassium sulphate solution[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 1974 , (29): 105-118.
[35] R. D. Braatz. Advanced control of crystallization processes[J]. Annual Reviews in Control, 2002, 26: 87-99.
[36] W. Paengjuntuek, P. Kittisupakorn. Arpornwichanop. Batch-to-batch Optimization of Batch Crystallization Processes[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2008, 16(1): 26-29.
[37] M. Barrett, M. McNamara, H. X. Hao. Supersaturation tracking for the development, optimization and control of crystallization processes[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2010: 1-12.
[38] Z. Q. Yu, J. W. Chew, P. S. Chow. Recent advances in crystallization control[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2007, 85(A7): 893–905.
[39] Mingzhong Li, Derek Wilkinson, Kumar Patchigolla. Determination of non-sperical partical size distribution from chord length mersurements[J]. Part 2: Experimental validation. Chemical Engineering Science, 2005, 60:4992-5003.
[40] E. J. W. Wynn. Relationship between partical-size and chord-length distributions in focused beam reflectance measurement: stability of direct inversion and weighting [J]. Powder Technology, 2003, 133: 125-133.
[41] E. Kougoulos, A. G.Jones, K. H. Jennings. Use of focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and process video imaging (PVI) in a modified mixed suspension mixed product removal(MSMPR) cooling crystallizer[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2005, 273: 529-534.
[42] M. Sheikhzadeh, M. Trifkovic, S. Rohani. Real-time optimal control of an anti-solvent isothermal semi-batch[J]. Chemical Engineering Science. 2008, 63: 829–839.
[43] M. Sheikhzadeh, M. Trifkovic, S. Rohani. Adaptive MIM Oneuro-fuzzy logic control ofa seeded and an unseeded[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2008, 63: 1261–1272.
[44] Lili Feng and K. A. Berglund. ATR-FTIR for Determining Optimal Cooling Curves for Batch Crystallization of Succinic Acid[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2002, 2(5): 449-452.
[45] Xing Yi Woo, B. H. T. Reginald, and R. D. Braatz. Modeling and Computational Fluid Dynamics-Population Balance Equation-Micromixing Simulation of Impinging Jet Crystallizers[J]. Crystal Growth & Design, 2008.
[46] S. W. Lin, Ka M. Ng, Christianto Wibowo, Synthesis of crystallization processes for systems involving solid solutions[J].Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2008,32: 956–970.
[47]刘勇,王静康.间歇结晶过程中几种可能的粒度分布[J].化工学报, 2005, 2(56): 276-280.
[48]谢振华.叶酸精制工艺的改进[J].江苏化工, 2005, 33(3): 37-39.
[49] Poe, M.Acidic Dissociation Constants of Folates[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1977, 252: 3724–3728.
[50] M. Poe. ProtonMagnetic Resonance Studies of Folate, Dihydrofolate and Methotrexate[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry , 1973, 248: 7025-7032.
[51] A. Tyagi, A. Penzkofer. Fluorescence spectroscopic behaviour of folic acid[J]. Chemical Physics, 2010, 367:83-92.
[52] D. Voet, J.G. Voet, Biochemistry[M], third ed., Wiley, USA, 2004.
[53]陆彬.有关药物溶解度的研究现状与进展[J].中国药师, 2008, 5(11): 526-530.
[54] Adama Fini, P. D. Maria. Acidity Constants of Sparingly Water-Soluble Drugs[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1987, 1: 48-53.
[55]杨光富,刘华银,杨华铮.采用电位滴定法在DMSO/H2O混合溶剂体系中测定磺酰脲(胺)类除草剂的酸离解常数[J].高等学校化学学报, 1999, 26(3): 1883-1887.
[56]王夔,陈贤管.电位法测定多元酸电离常数[J].分析实验室, 1985, 4: 45-52.
[57] Milka Georgieva. Acid-base equilibria in the mixed solvent[J]. Analytica chimica acta. 1977, 90: 83-89.
[58]刘志广,宫为民.分析化学[M].大连:大连理工大学出版社, 2006: 109-122.
[59] O. Sohnel, J. W. Mullin, A. G.Jones.Crystallization and agglomeration kinetics in the batch precipitation of strontium molybdate[J]. Ind. Eng. Chem, 1988: 45-52.