政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系研究
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摘要
猪肉是居民的主要肉食品,我国也是世界猪肉生产和消费的第一大国。但是,我国猪肉生产经营方式相对落后,生猪私屠滥宰屡禁不止,滥用瘦肉精等问题猪肉不时出现,究其主要理论根源在于猪肉质量安全的信用品特征造成的信息不对称,需要运用现代电子信息可追溯技术提高信息透明度,增强企业质量安全责任,减少猪肉质量安全风险。政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系是为了弥补市场供给的不足。有没有必要采取政府强制措施?政府强制性可追溯体系各主体参与意愿及影响因素有哪些?运行效果如何?这些问题的研究,对尚在试行推广的食品质量安全可追溯体系具有十分重要的理论意义和实践意义。
本文从以下几个方面展开研究：首先,对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系进行理论分析,初步建立了政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系研究的理论分析框架；其次,借鉴发达国家的成功经验,结合我国猪肉质量安全管理现状和成都市的实践、对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行管理模式进行总结和提炼：第三,以成都市为例,对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系建设中各主体参与意愿及影响因素进行调查和分析；第四,探索性对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行效果进行评价；最后,提出进一步加强建设的政策措施。
通过深入研究,本文得出以下主要结论：(1)政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系具有强制性、普惠性、间接性特点；其功能定位包括降低猪肉质量安全风险、增强企业质量安全责任、增强质量安全信息透明度、改善监督管理、增加宏观决策信息五个方面；其构成要素包括可追溯客体、主体、信息等内容。(2)政府强制建立可追溯体系的主要动因是弥补市场失灵,实施可追溯对消费者和生产者的福利是净损失；但在政府的支持下,消费者和生产者的福利会有所改善；政府的规制和激励以及消费者需求的增加有利于提高企业参与猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的积极性。(3)我国猪肉供应链呈“哑铃型”,生猪屠宰企业是该供应链的关键节点,屠宰点为政府部门实施猪肉质量安全可追溯管理的关键点。(4)我国政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行管理模式为“122”可追溯管理模式,即：以生猪定点屠宰管理为中心,实行两阶段两载体可追溯管理,由农业部门负责从养殖到屠宰阶段的执法监督,采用以塑料耳标为载体的耳标和养殖档案可追溯管理；由食品药品监督部门负责从屠宰到流通消费环节的全程监管,采用RFID溯源电子芯片为载体的追溯技术实施流通环节猪肉质量安全信息可追溯。(5)对可追溯体系的预期和了解程度等因素对主体参与可追溯体系的意愿有显著影响。其他因素,如竞争对手是否参与、与养殖场联系紧密程度显著影响生猪屠宰企业建立可追溯体系的积极性；生猪养殖户的文化程度、是否参与产业组织、可追溯操作难易程度都对养殖户参与意愿有正向显著影响。家庭人口和文化程度是影响消费者购买意愿的重要因素。(6)运用结构方程模型构建了政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系满意度评价三级指标体系,分析得出成都市猪肉企业、消费者、政府管理人员对可追溯体系的满意度评价综合指数为62.87。根据分析的结果提出以下建议：(1)建立统一协调的猪肉质量安全可追溯管理体制；(2)制定全国统一的政策法规和可追溯技术规范；(3)实施规模养殖企业和猪肉屠宰加工企业HACCP强制认证；(4)强化对猪肉供应企业的检疫检验监督和信息公开;(5)改善实施可追溯的软硬件条件,提高可追溯技术研发水平。(6)扩大培训宣传,提高全社会对猪肉质量安全可追溯体系认知和参与度。
本文的创新点主要体现在：第一,在研究对象上,对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系进行理论分析和实证分析,有别于大多数文献从企业和消费者角度进行的研究。第二,总结提炼出政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行管理模式,即以生猪定点屠宰企业为中心的两阶段两载体可追溯管理模式,简称“122”可追溯管理模式。第三,构建了政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系满意度评价模型,并运用结构方程模型估计系数进行实证分析,为开展食品可追溯体系的运行效果评价提供了参考。第四,首次提出我国的猪肉供应链呈“哑铃型”,屠宰环节是供应链的关键环节和政府质量安全监管的关键点,实施以屠宰环节为中心的可追溯管理,能够达到费省效宏的可追溯效果。不足之处：在实证分析时只运用成都市的调查数据,还需要全国的数据进一步验证；对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行机制还需要进一步研究；未对政府强制性可追溯体系的政府、企业、农户、消费者之间的博弈进行分析。
China is the world's largest country of production and consumption of pork and pork is the main meat for resident. However, China's pork production method is relatively backward, pork quality and safety is not optimistic, such as unlicensed slaughter repeated, abuse of lean and other issues from time to time. Its characteristics of credit caused by asymmetric information are main reason, which need to use modern electronic information technology to improve the transparency of information, enhancement enterprise quality and safety responsibility, reducing the pork quality and safety risk. Established pork traceability system guided by the government is to remedy market supply shortage. Is there necessary to take government measures? How is the subject willing to participate and influence factor? There will be of great theoretical and practical significance to research of these problems, while our country is still in the trial to promote food quality safety traceability system.
This paper does research from the following several aspects. First of all, theory analysis of governments leading pork quality safety traceability system, preliminary built the government regulated pork quality safety traceability system of theoretical analysis framework. Secondly, draw lessons from foreign experience, combined with China's pork quality safety management status and the practice of Chengdu City, to analyze our country how to build pork quality safety traceability system. Third, taking Chengdu as an example, we will discuss about the pig slaughtering enterprises, farmer market booth selling pork, pig farmers cognitive behavior and its influence factors, the consumers' purchase intention and its influencing factors.Fourth, the evaluation index system and evaluation models are built on the pork supply enterprises, government departments, and consumers' evaluation. Finally, put forward the policy measures to further strengthen the construction.
Through in-depth study, this paper draws the following conclusions:(1) There will be force、common benefit、indirect in the government regulated pork quality safety traceability system which include reducing risk of pork quality、strengthen responsibility of enterprises and so on.(2) The reason of government building traceability system is making up market failure.Consumers and producers' welfare is net losses under the traceability system. There is welfare improvement from the government support. When consumer's demand curve is upwardly mobile and the traceability of product consumption increasing the entire welfare is increased. Government regulation and motivation as well as an increase in consumer demand will help promote and guide enterprises to participate in pork quality safety traceability system.(3) The character of our country pork supplying chain is "dumbbell". Live pig slaughtering enterprise is the key of supply chain which should be key points for the government regulation.(4)The mode of governments leading pork quality safety traceability system should be "122" pattern that is giving priority pointing to pork slaughter,carrying out two stage two carrier management.The agricultural ministry answers for supervision cultivation and slaughter, use plastic ear mark for the carrier;and the food and physic ministry takes charge from slaughter to consumer,using RFID chips as the carrier.(5) The level of expected and degree of realizing about traceability system have a significant influence to the subject participation, the other factors such as, competitor action,farms contacts variables significantly affect live pig slaughtering enterprises to establish traceability system. Educational level of farmer, participation in industrial organization, the easy of traceability operation have a positive significant influence on the participate willingness of farmers. Population of family and culture are the important factors of influence on consumers's willingness to buy.(6) By using the structural equation model was constructed the government leading pork quality traceability system satisfaction level of evaluation index system. Application of model analysis of Chengdu city leading pork quality safety traceability system satisfaction index is62.87. And put forward the following suggestions:(1) to establish a unified and coordinated the pork quality safety traceability management system;(2) to establish a uniform national policy laws and regulations and traceability technology specification;(3) to carry out dimensions to breed enterprise and pork slaughtering and processing enterprises HACCP compulsory certification;(4) strengthen the pork supply enterprises inspection and quarantine supervision and information disclosure;(5) to improve the implementation of traceability of soft hardware condition, improve the traceability technology development level.(6) Enlarge the publicizing and training; improve the whole society on pork quality safety traceability system of cognition and participation.
The main innovation of this paper is:First, the object of study, from the perspective of the government-led for theoretical analysis and empirical analysis is unlike most of the literature from the perspective of business and consumer research. Second, Summarizes the government-led pork quality safety traceability system management mode, namely to pig slaughtering enterprises as center of two phase two carrier traceability management mode.hereinafter referred to as "122" traceability management mode. Third, A model of a satisfaction evaluation model are established with structural equation model which provide a reference for evaluation of the effect. Fourth, It first time puts forward China's pork supply chain was "dumbbell", butchering part of a key link in the supply chain, should take the pig slaughtering as the center for management, But this article only takes Chengdu for example lack national data collection. How to improve pork quality safety traceability system also needs further research. At the same time, there is not doing three game analysis among enterprise, government and consumers which remain be further studied.
本文从以下几个方面展开研究：首先,对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系进行理论分析,初步建立了政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系研究的理论分析框架；其次,借鉴发达国家的成功经验,结合我国猪肉质量安全管理现状和成都市的实践、对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行管理模式进行总结和提炼：第三,以成都市为例,对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系建设中各主体参与意愿及影响因素进行调查和分析；第四,探索性对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行效果进行评价；最后,提出进一步加强建设的政策措施。
通过深入研究,本文得出以下主要结论：(1)政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系具有强制性、普惠性、间接性特点；其功能定位包括降低猪肉质量安全风险、增强企业质量安全责任、增强质量安全信息透明度、改善监督管理、增加宏观决策信息五个方面；其构成要素包括可追溯客体、主体、信息等内容。(2)政府强制建立可追溯体系的主要动因是弥补市场失灵,实施可追溯对消费者和生产者的福利是净损失；但在政府的支持下,消费者和生产者的福利会有所改善；政府的规制和激励以及消费者需求的增加有利于提高企业参与猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的积极性。(3)我国猪肉供应链呈“哑铃型”,生猪屠宰企业是该供应链的关键节点,屠宰点为政府部门实施猪肉质量安全可追溯管理的关键点。(4)我国政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行管理模式为“122”可追溯管理模式,即：以生猪定点屠宰管理为中心,实行两阶段两载体可追溯管理,由农业部门负责从养殖到屠宰阶段的执法监督,采用以塑料耳标为载体的耳标和养殖档案可追溯管理；由食品药品监督部门负责从屠宰到流通消费环节的全程监管,采用RFID溯源电子芯片为载体的追溯技术实施流通环节猪肉质量安全信息可追溯。(5)对可追溯体系的预期和了解程度等因素对主体参与可追溯体系的意愿有显著影响。其他因素,如竞争对手是否参与、与养殖场联系紧密程度显著影响生猪屠宰企业建立可追溯体系的积极性；生猪养殖户的文化程度、是否参与产业组织、可追溯操作难易程度都对养殖户参与意愿有正向显著影响。家庭人口和文化程度是影响消费者购买意愿的重要因素。(6)运用结构方程模型构建了政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系满意度评价三级指标体系,分析得出成都市猪肉企业、消费者、政府管理人员对可追溯体系的满意度评价综合指数为62.87。根据分析的结果提出以下建议：(1)建立统一协调的猪肉质量安全可追溯管理体制；(2)制定全国统一的政策法规和可追溯技术规范；(3)实施规模养殖企业和猪肉屠宰加工企业HACCP强制认证；(4)强化对猪肉供应企业的检疫检验监督和信息公开;(5)改善实施可追溯的软硬件条件,提高可追溯技术研发水平。(6)扩大培训宣传,提高全社会对猪肉质量安全可追溯体系认知和参与度。
本文的创新点主要体现在：第一,在研究对象上,对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系进行理论分析和实证分析,有别于大多数文献从企业和消费者角度进行的研究。第二,总结提炼出政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行管理模式,即以生猪定点屠宰企业为中心的两阶段两载体可追溯管理模式,简称“122”可追溯管理模式。第三,构建了政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系满意度评价模型,并运用结构方程模型估计系数进行实证分析,为开展食品可追溯体系的运行效果评价提供了参考。第四,首次提出我国的猪肉供应链呈“哑铃型”,屠宰环节是供应链的关键环节和政府质量安全监管的关键点,实施以屠宰环节为中心的可追溯管理,能够达到费省效宏的可追溯效果。不足之处：在实证分析时只运用成都市的调查数据,还需要全国的数据进一步验证；对政府强制性猪肉质量安全可追溯体系的运行机制还需要进一步研究；未对政府强制性可追溯体系的政府、企业、农户、消费者之间的博弈进行分析。
China is the world's largest country of production and consumption of pork and pork is the main meat for resident. However, China's pork production method is relatively backward, pork quality and safety is not optimistic, such as unlicensed slaughter repeated, abuse of lean and other issues from time to time. Its characteristics of credit caused by asymmetric information are main reason, which need to use modern electronic information technology to improve the transparency of information, enhancement enterprise quality and safety responsibility, reducing the pork quality and safety risk. Established pork traceability system guided by the government is to remedy market supply shortage. Is there necessary to take government measures? How is the subject willing to participate and influence factor? There will be of great theoretical and practical significance to research of these problems, while our country is still in the trial to promote food quality safety traceability system.
This paper does research from the following several aspects. First of all, theory analysis of governments leading pork quality safety traceability system, preliminary built the government regulated pork quality safety traceability system of theoretical analysis framework. Secondly, draw lessons from foreign experience, combined with China's pork quality safety management status and the practice of Chengdu City, to analyze our country how to build pork quality safety traceability system. Third, taking Chengdu as an example, we will discuss about the pig slaughtering enterprises, farmer market booth selling pork, pig farmers cognitive behavior and its influence factors, the consumers' purchase intention and its influencing factors.Fourth, the evaluation index system and evaluation models are built on the pork supply enterprises, government departments, and consumers' evaluation. Finally, put forward the policy measures to further strengthen the construction.
Through in-depth study, this paper draws the following conclusions:(1) There will be force、common benefit、indirect in the government regulated pork quality safety traceability system which include reducing risk of pork quality、strengthen responsibility of enterprises and so on.(2) The reason of government building traceability system is making up market failure.Consumers and producers' welfare is net losses under the traceability system. There is welfare improvement from the government support. When consumer's demand curve is upwardly mobile and the traceability of product consumption increasing the entire welfare is increased. Government regulation and motivation as well as an increase in consumer demand will help promote and guide enterprises to participate in pork quality safety traceability system.(3) The character of our country pork supplying chain is "dumbbell". Live pig slaughtering enterprise is the key of supply chain which should be key points for the government regulation.(4)The mode of governments leading pork quality safety traceability system should be "122" pattern that is giving priority pointing to pork slaughter,carrying out two stage two carrier management.The agricultural ministry answers for supervision cultivation and slaughter, use plastic ear mark for the carrier;and the food and physic ministry takes charge from slaughter to consumer,using RFID chips as the carrier.(5) The level of expected and degree of realizing about traceability system have a significant influence to the subject participation, the other factors such as, competitor action,farms contacts variables significantly affect live pig slaughtering enterprises to establish traceability system. Educational level of farmer, participation in industrial organization, the easy of traceability operation have a positive significant influence on the participate willingness of farmers. Population of family and culture are the important factors of influence on consumers's willingness to buy.(6) By using the structural equation model was constructed the government leading pork quality traceability system satisfaction level of evaluation index system. Application of model analysis of Chengdu city leading pork quality safety traceability system satisfaction index is62.87. And put forward the following suggestions:(1) to establish a unified and coordinated the pork quality safety traceability management system;(2) to establish a uniform national policy laws and regulations and traceability technology specification;(3) to carry out dimensions to breed enterprise and pork slaughtering and processing enterprises HACCP compulsory certification;(4) strengthen the pork supply enterprises inspection and quarantine supervision and information disclosure;(5) to improve the implementation of traceability of soft hardware condition, improve the traceability technology development level.(6) Enlarge the publicizing and training; improve the whole society on pork quality safety traceability system of cognition and participation.
The main innovation of this paper is:First, the object of study, from the perspective of the government-led for theoretical analysis and empirical analysis is unlike most of the literature from the perspective of business and consumer research. Second, Summarizes the government-led pork quality safety traceability system management mode, namely to pig slaughtering enterprises as center of two phase two carrier traceability management mode.hereinafter referred to as "122" traceability management mode. Third, A model of a satisfaction evaluation model are established with structural equation model which provide a reference for evaluation of the effect. Fourth, It first time puts forward China's pork supply chain was "dumbbell", butchering part of a key link in the supply chain, should take the pig slaughtering as the center for management, But this article only takes Chengdu for example lack national data collection. How to improve pork quality safety traceability system also needs further research. At the same time, there is not doing three game analysis among enterprise, government and consumers which remain be further studied.
引文
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