多关节联合用力蹬伸末期力量训练对跳远基本跳跃能力影响的研究
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摘要
当前,力量训练受到前所未有的广泛关注。人们认识到改善神经—肌肉系统的功能,增强肌肉收缩时的力量,是提高运动成绩最直接和最有效的重要途径之一。因此,几乎所有的竞技体育项目,无论是以力量为依托的体能类项目,还是以技术和灵活为主的非体能类项目,以及那些以技、战术配合为特点的群体类项目,均加大了对力量训练的研究和重视程度。力量训练可以有效地刺激肌肉组织和神经系统以增加其力量,力量练习方练的不同会导致肌肉产生不同的练习效果。
通过对日常训练手段的分析和对下肢蹬伸动作的解剖学研究以及对前期试验不完整数据的处理,我们发现在诸多的运动项目中存在如下问题：1、随着下肢后蹬速度和下肢各关节伸展角度的增加,人体髋、膝、踝的肌肉力量下降明显。2.运动员在膝角大于120°左右以后呈现肌力水平较低现象,即使膝关节伸展的角速度已经开始减少,但肌力却仍然没有增加。同样的问题也存在于髋关节、踝关节伸展过程中。3、限定条件情况下,即排除蹬伸后期由于惯性因素的影响,下肢肌力水平仍然较低。结合以上发现的问题,本研究通过对现用下肢向后蹬伸力量训练方法进行力学分析发现：1、常用的各种形式的杠铃练习和坐姿前蹬练习存在动作结构与专项相似性不高,不能较好克服动力性负荷的惯性影响。膝关节角度在增加到一定程度后,下肢承受的外加负荷减小；2、用于下肢力量训练的各种形式的跳跃力量练习在形式上虽然与后蹬动作本身较为接近,但其负荷强度很难继续增加和实施控制等。
基于以上问题,本研究提出蹬伸末期力量训练方式,通过结合跳远的基本跳跃能力通过实验来验证蹬伸末期力量训练对下肢力量的影响。试验结果显示：实验后,二组的立定跳远,立定三级跳,原地纵跳指标测试具有所提高最大力量均有所提高,前后的差异具有统计学意义。实验组通过训练后,立定跳远成绩较训练前提高7%；对照组立定跳远成绩提高4%。立定三级跳远实验组提高8%；对照组提高3%。原地纵跳实验组提高27%；对照组提高17%。两组通过训练后三项成绩较训练前均有所提高,但是每项的提高幅度,实验组优于对(?)。
实验结果表明：加强蹬伸末期的力量训练对跳远的基本跳跃能力的提高有着显著的影响,后蹬力量在日常训练过程中,缺乏足够的练习。
Nowadays, Strength training receives extensive attention. It is recognized that to improve the nerve-muscle system function, enhance muscle contraction strength, is one of the most direct and important way to improve athletic performance. Therefore, Almost all the competitive sports, Whether it is relying on physical force as the class project or Technology and flexible non-physical class of items. And those what are characterized with skills and tactics of the group class projects. They all have paid high attention to the strength training and research. Strength training can stimulate the muscles and nervous system to increase its strength effectively. Different Strength training exercises will causes different muscle exercise effect. We found the following problems in many sports by means of daily training and leg kicking action on the anatomical study and preliminary tests on the handling of incomplete data:1,with the speed of kicking leg's lower and the extension of angle joints's increase, The muscle strength of human hip, knee, ankle decreased significantly.2. After Athletes in the knee angle greater than 120°, The level of muscle strength is in a low situaiton. Even if the angular velocity of knee extension has started to diminish, but the muscle strength still did not increase. The same problem exists in the hip and ankle of stretching process.3, under limited conditions, What exclude kicking late caused by the inertia factors. The level of muscle strength is still low. Combining these problems found. This study of the current use of lower extremity strength training methods of back kicking analysis:1, The commonly used forms of barbell exercises and the front kicking action in sitting position have the problem of low special similarity structure to the aciton,which is not good to overcome the impact of dynamic load inertia. With the knee angle increased to a certain extent, the load to limbs decreases; 2, although the jump and back step closer to the action itself, but its very difficult to continue to increase workload intensity and control implementation.
Based on the above issues, this study propose the strength training methods of the end kicking, by combining the basic jumping long jump to the end of experiments to verify the kicking strength training (?)wer limb forces. The results showed that:After the experiment, two groups of standing long jump, standing triple jump, standing vertical jump test indicators have improved in both the maximum power increase, statistically significant differences before and after. Through the experimental group after training, standing long jump increase 7% compared with before training; the control group standing long jump increase 4%. Standing triple jump the experimental group increased by 8%; the control group increased 3%. Standing Vertical Jump experimental group increased by 27%; the control group increased 17%.
The performance by the three groups after training were improved that compared with before training, but as to each magnitude, the experimental group is better than the control group.
The results show that:driving strength in the daily training process is lack of adequate exercise. The end of the kicking strength training have significant impact on the basic jump capabilities.
通过对日常训练手段的分析和对下肢蹬伸动作的解剖学研究以及对前期试验不完整数据的处理,我们发现在诸多的运动项目中存在如下问题：1、随着下肢后蹬速度和下肢各关节伸展角度的增加,人体髋、膝、踝的肌肉力量下降明显。2.运动员在膝角大于120°左右以后呈现肌力水平较低现象,即使膝关节伸展的角速度已经开始减少,但肌力却仍然没有增加。同样的问题也存在于髋关节、踝关节伸展过程中。3、限定条件情况下,即排除蹬伸后期由于惯性因素的影响,下肢肌力水平仍然较低。结合以上发现的问题,本研究通过对现用下肢向后蹬伸力量训练方法进行力学分析发现：1、常用的各种形式的杠铃练习和坐姿前蹬练习存在动作结构与专项相似性不高,不能较好克服动力性负荷的惯性影响。膝关节角度在增加到一定程度后,下肢承受的外加负荷减小；2、用于下肢力量训练的各种形式的跳跃力量练习在形式上虽然与后蹬动作本身较为接近,但其负荷强度很难继续增加和实施控制等。
基于以上问题,本研究提出蹬伸末期力量训练方式,通过结合跳远的基本跳跃能力通过实验来验证蹬伸末期力量训练对下肢力量的影响。试验结果显示：实验后,二组的立定跳远,立定三级跳,原地纵跳指标测试具有所提高最大力量均有所提高,前后的差异具有统计学意义。实验组通过训练后,立定跳远成绩较训练前提高7%；对照组立定跳远成绩提高4%。立定三级跳远实验组提高8%；对照组提高3%。原地纵跳实验组提高27%；对照组提高17%。两组通过训练后三项成绩较训练前均有所提高,但是每项的提高幅度,实验组优于对(?)。
实验结果表明：加强蹬伸末期的力量训练对跳远的基本跳跃能力的提高有着显著的影响,后蹬力量在日常训练过程中,缺乏足够的练习。
Nowadays, Strength training receives extensive attention. It is recognized that to improve the nerve-muscle system function, enhance muscle contraction strength, is one of the most direct and important way to improve athletic performance. Therefore, Almost all the competitive sports, Whether it is relying on physical force as the class project or Technology and flexible non-physical class of items. And those what are characterized with skills and tactics of the group class projects. They all have paid high attention to the strength training and research. Strength training can stimulate the muscles and nervous system to increase its strength effectively. Different Strength training exercises will causes different muscle exercise effect. We found the following problems in many sports by means of daily training and leg kicking action on the anatomical study and preliminary tests on the handling of incomplete data:1,with the speed of kicking leg's lower and the extension of angle joints's increase, The muscle strength of human hip, knee, ankle decreased significantly.2. After Athletes in the knee angle greater than 120°, The level of muscle strength is in a low situaiton. Even if the angular velocity of knee extension has started to diminish, but the muscle strength still did not increase. The same problem exists in the hip and ankle of stretching process.3, under limited conditions, What exclude kicking late caused by the inertia factors. The level of muscle strength is still low. Combining these problems found. This study of the current use of lower extremity strength training methods of back kicking analysis:1, The commonly used forms of barbell exercises and the front kicking action in sitting position have the problem of low special similarity structure to the aciton,which is not good to overcome the impact of dynamic load inertia. With the knee angle increased to a certain extent, the load to limbs decreases; 2, although the jump and back step closer to the action itself, but its very difficult to continue to increase workload intensity and control implementation.
Based on the above issues, this study propose the strength training methods of the end kicking, by combining the basic jumping long jump to the end of experiments to verify the kicking strength training (?)wer limb forces. The results showed that:After the experiment, two groups of standing long jump, standing triple jump, standing vertical jump test indicators have improved in both the maximum power increase, statistically significant differences before and after. Through the experimental group after training, standing long jump increase 7% compared with before training; the control group standing long jump increase 4%. Standing triple jump the experimental group increased by 8%; the control group increased 3%. Standing Vertical Jump experimental group increased by 27%; the control group increased 17%.
The performance by the three groups after training were improved that compared with before training, but as to each magnitude, the experimental group is better than the control group.
The results show that:driving strength in the daily training process is lack of adequate exercise. The end of the kicking strength training have significant impact on the basic jump capabilities.
引文
1 陈波,髋受力后蹬式Wingate无氧功率测试法的生物学特征分析.中知网.2009(3)
2 卢义锦.人体解剖学.高等教育出版社.2001(195)
3 邓树勋,王健.高级运动生理学-理论与应用[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003·8.
4 王保成,短跑运动员不容忽视的专项力量练习[j].田径指南,89(5)
5 (日)伊藤章.世界一流短跑运动员的疾跑技术[j].田径科技信息,1994(5)：20
6 王保成.短跑运动员不容忽视的专项力量练习[J].田径指南,89
7 娄德玉、盛春原,髋受力下肢力量训练在三级跳远运动员专项力量训练中的应用[J],山东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,22(2)：89-91
8 洪涛等,李鑫短期跨级别通过三级跳远健将的训练因素分析,中国体育教练员[J],2003,3：20-21
9 万德光.现代力量训练法,北京体院出版社.1987
10 王保成.短跑和跳跃运动员下肢肌肉的工作特点.田径指南,1988.
11 周波.田径速度力量性项目快速反应力量及其训练.南京体育学院学报.2006(3)
12 陈小平.肌肉“超等长收缩”的生理解释.河北体育学院学报.2001年3月
13 《运动生理学》.全国体育院校通用教材.人民体育出版社,2002.
14 《运动生物力学》.全国体育院校通用教材.人民体育出版社,1990.
15 王保成.跳跃训练起跳腿伸肌的退让性收缩能力.田径,1990.
16 王保成.高水平跳远、三级跳远运动员提高运动成绩的新的训练途径.体育科学,1992.
17 陈小平.反应力量和反应力量训练[J].体育科学.2001(5)：36-39.
18 翁宏伟.部分二级男子跳远运动员短程下坡助跑起跳的动力学效果实验研究,2006
19 陈谦,振动训练国内外研究近况[D].浙江省第十三届运动会体育科学论文报告会论文集,2006
20 HAGG G M, Interpretation of EMG spectral alternations and alternation indexes at sustained contraction[J], J. Appl. Physiol,1992,73 (4):1211-1217
21WEEBBER C L, et, Influence of isometric loading on biceps EMG dynamics as sssessed by linear and nonlinear tools[J], J. APPL. Physial,1995,78(3):814-8225
22陈谦.振动训练国内外研究近况.浙江体育学院学报.2003
23 DMealing, GLong, PWMe Carthy Vibromy ograPhiere cording from humenmuse leswith Known fibreeom oposition differenees BrJSrts1996,30:27
24 Issurinand Aeutean dresidual effeet sofvibrat rystimul ationonex Plosive streng thine lite and anateurain letes·Joumalof SPortsSeienee, (1999),17:177 - 18:28
25 Omri Inbar、Bar-or, The effects of intermittent-warm-up on 7-9 year-old boys[J], Eur.f. Appl.Physiol,1975,34:81-89
26 Konkret Judithse hwarzer. Vibration skraft training[J]. Leiehta - hik,1993,31:10- 11.
27 Kroon G W, Naei je M. Recovery of the human biceps EMG af-ter heavy accentric concentric or isometric exercise[J]. Eur JAppl Physiol,1991,63(6):444-448.
28段世杰,尚修堂等中国田径教练员岗位培训教材1北京人民体育出版社,1998：658-659.
29章碧玉我国男子跳远运动员三维踏跳力量的分析[j]北京体育学院学报1990,(4)
30吕季东,等.专项力量的概念界定[J].上海体育学院学报,2004,(4)：24-28.
31邓运龙训练观念——运动训练理论指导实践的中介[D]·北京体育大学博士学位论文,2003
32邓运龙·“训法”的内涵属性与变革原则[J]·浙江体育科学,2004：26(6)：30-34
33Jang,J.R. ANFIS:Adaptive-network-basedfuzzyinferencsystem[J]. System,Man, andCybern. 1993,23(3):665.685.
[34]汤耀,运动技术训练中的运动知觉,冀东学刊1995年第6期
35匡卫红、陈佩杰,无氧功测试方法——Wingate试验[J],中国临床康复,2002,6(17)：2601-2602
36那兰、荆树森,优秀速度滑冰运动员肌电图分析[J],冰雪运动1998(2)：44-46
37 Bissrinv, TenmovP. Biomee hanisehe effeet envanvibro stilnulatie oPdemaximale kraehend eh - tuithouding[A].RUGent. W 七 rkteks Algemene Clinie, SPortfysiologie -train - ingsleer[M].1990.
38夏骄阳,优秀速度滑冰运动员下肢肌肉力量特征的力学分析,成都体育学报,2009年6月.
39宋振镇,论篮球运动员下肢纵跳力量的训练[j],成都体育学院学报纸,2004年第5期,第30卷.
40陈雅娟,浅析短跑后蹬技术与专项力量训练方法[J],新西部,2008年22期.
41周亚辉,不同力量训练手段对下肢蹬伸效果的实验研究,中国知网,2008年5月.
42秦曼,发展起跳阶段的蹬伸力量,奥运项目科技文摘,2005年3月.
43郑念军,体能主导类项群田径、举重运动员下肢蹬伸最大力量特征分析[j],天津体育学院学报,2003年,18(3)
44周思红,离心收缩训练对肌肉力量和肌电图RMS值的影响,西安体育学院学报,2005年11月第22卷第6期.
45孙砺、张兆华,女子抓举运动的肌电分析[J],台州学院学报,2007,29(3)：73-75
46黄志强,表面肌电评价不同运动强度和收缩方式的股直肌疲劳的研究[J],2007,26(2)：570-572
47田仙花等,对攀岩运动员不同负荷训练时上肢肌肉疲劳情况的肌电观察[J],吉林体育学院学报,2007,23(1)：32-36
48于宁、毛德伟、洪友廉,太极拳运动中下肢肌肉收缩特征研究[J],2008,24(1)：40-44的启示[EB/OL]国务院发展与研究中心http://www.chinado.cn/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=1690
2 卢义锦.人体解剖学.高等教育出版社.2001(195)
3 邓树勋,王健.高级运动生理学-理论与应用[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003·8.
4 王保成,短跑运动员不容忽视的专项力量练习[j].田径指南,89(5)
5 (日)伊藤章.世界一流短跑运动员的疾跑技术[j].田径科技信息,1994(5)：20
6 王保成.短跑运动员不容忽视的专项力量练习[J].田径指南,89
7 娄德玉、盛春原,髋受力下肢力量训练在三级跳远运动员专项力量训练中的应用[J],山东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,22(2)：89-91
8 洪涛等,李鑫短期跨级别通过三级跳远健将的训练因素分析,中国体育教练员[J],2003,3：20-21
9 万德光.现代力量训练法,北京体院出版社.1987
10 王保成.短跑和跳跃运动员下肢肌肉的工作特点.田径指南,1988.
11 周波.田径速度力量性项目快速反应力量及其训练.南京体育学院学报.2006(3)
12 陈小平.肌肉“超等长收缩”的生理解释.河北体育学院学报.2001年3月
13 《运动生理学》.全国体育院校通用教材.人民体育出版社,2002.
14 《运动生物力学》.全国体育院校通用教材.人民体育出版社,1990.
15 王保成.跳跃训练起跳腿伸肌的退让性收缩能力.田径,1990.
16 王保成.高水平跳远、三级跳远运动员提高运动成绩的新的训练途径.体育科学,1992.
17 陈小平.反应力量和反应力量训练[J].体育科学.2001(5)：36-39.
18 翁宏伟.部分二级男子跳远运动员短程下坡助跑起跳的动力学效果实验研究,2006
19 陈谦,振动训练国内外研究近况[D].浙江省第十三届运动会体育科学论文报告会论文集,2006
20 HAGG G M, Interpretation of EMG spectral alternations and alternation indexes at sustained contraction[J], J. Appl. Physiol,1992,73 (4):1211-1217
21WEEBBER C L, et, Influence of isometric loading on biceps EMG dynamics as sssessed by linear and nonlinear tools[J], J. APPL. Physial,1995,78(3):814-8225
22陈谦.振动训练国内外研究近况.浙江体育学院学报.2003
23 DMealing, GLong, PWMe Carthy Vibromy ograPhiere cording from humenmuse leswith Known fibreeom oposition differenees BrJSrts1996,30:27
24 Issurinand Aeutean dresidual effeet sofvibrat rystimul ationonex Plosive streng thine lite and anateurain letes·Joumalof SPortsSeienee, (1999),17:177 - 18:28
25 Omri Inbar、Bar-or, The effects of intermittent-warm-up on 7-9 year-old boys[J], Eur.f. Appl.Physiol,1975,34:81-89
26 Konkret Judithse hwarzer. Vibration skraft training[J]. Leiehta - hik,1993,31:10- 11.
27 Kroon G W, Naei je M. Recovery of the human biceps EMG af-ter heavy accentric concentric or isometric exercise[J]. Eur JAppl Physiol,1991,63(6):444-448.
28段世杰,尚修堂等中国田径教练员岗位培训教材1北京人民体育出版社,1998：658-659.
29章碧玉我国男子跳远运动员三维踏跳力量的分析[j]北京体育学院学报1990,(4)
30吕季东,等.专项力量的概念界定[J].上海体育学院学报,2004,(4)：24-28.
31邓运龙训练观念——运动训练理论指导实践的中介[D]·北京体育大学博士学位论文,2003
32邓运龙·“训法”的内涵属性与变革原则[J]·浙江体育科学,2004：26(6)：30-34
33Jang,J.R. ANFIS:Adaptive-network-basedfuzzyinferencsystem[J]. System,Man, andCybern. 1993,23(3):665.685.
[34]汤耀,运动技术训练中的运动知觉,冀东学刊1995年第6期
35匡卫红、陈佩杰,无氧功测试方法——Wingate试验[J],中国临床康复,2002,6(17)：2601-2602
36那兰、荆树森,优秀速度滑冰运动员肌电图分析[J],冰雪运动1998(2)：44-46
37 Bissrinv, TenmovP. Biomee hanisehe effeet envanvibro stilnulatie oPdemaximale kraehend eh - tuithouding[A].RUGent. W 七 rkteks Algemene Clinie, SPortfysiologie -train - ingsleer[M].1990.
38夏骄阳,优秀速度滑冰运动员下肢肌肉力量特征的力学分析,成都体育学报,2009年6月.
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