现代俄语中的非规范独词语句
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摘要
本文的研究对象是俄语非规范独词语句。这是一种非述谓交际单位,由一个词或固定词组构成,语法上不能再分解,也不能被扩展。作为不可切分的语句,非规范独词语句没有结构模式,即句子模式,也不具有自身的语法特征,只在功能上与句子相一致。
在现代俄语中,非规范独词语句的使用频率很高,这主要是由它们的典型特征,即经济性、情感性和高度的表情性决定的。非规范独词语句是交际表情意义最鲜明的表达手段之一
尽管俄语非规范独词语句具有丰富的语义,在人们的交际过程中也扮演着极其重要的角色,但传统语法对非规范独词语句的研究一直不太重视,与之相关的论述通常仅占语法论著很小的篇幅。
就研究角度而言,学界通常只着眼于对非规范独词语句进行简单的分类或单纯的形式-结构描写与分析等,而对这一特殊言语单位在交际中的现实意义并没有进行较细致的描述,对其在言语交际中的功能也没有进行较深入的阐释,更未能结合认知、语义、语用等多个学科进行多维的整合研究。
此外,学界对俄语非规范独词语句的认识尚存在颇多争议,如,是否存在非规范独词语句,如何界定该非规范语句,非规范独词语句的句法地位、类型以及它们与单独使用的拟声词、感叹词、言语礼节词和呼语、“呼格句”之间的关系等等。
因此,我们认为,有必要在溶合新兴学科元素的基础上,对俄语非规范独词语句这一特殊的言语现象进行全新的梳理和更加全面、系统的研究。
本论文除“前言”、“结语”外,共由四章组成。第一章简要梳理了学界对非规范独词语句与句子关系的不同观点、代表人物的主要思想及其存在的问题,并通过对非规范独词语句与句子在形式、语义和交际组织等多视角的比较和分析,提出本文的观点。第二章首先对不同学者在非规范独词语句句法地位问题上的分歧和具有代表性的观点进行了梳理,并试图通过对“言语语句”、”规范性”等核心概念及其内涵的重新界说,在学理上确定非规范独词语句在语法体系中的科学地位。本章还讨论了这类言语单位在口语中出现和高频使用的原因。第三章在评述不同学者对于非规范独词语句类型认定差异的基础上,讨论了言语礼节词、“呼格句”(有的语言学者也称为“呼语句”)、拟声词与非规范独词语句的关系问题。以“不可切分性”、“不可扩展性”为基点,对非规范独词语句组成单位的传统观点进行了全新的审视与理性的批判,并对感叹词和传统语法中的“感叹句”的界定和范围提出了我们的观点。最后详细论述了非规范独词语句的五种类型：肯定/否定非规范独词语句,情感-评价非规范独词语句,祈使非规范独词语句,疑问非规范独词语句,充当话语标记的非规范独词语句。第四章从语用学角度对俄语非规范独词语句在言语中体现的诸种功能进行了阐述,如表情功能、语义功能、语用功能、信息功能、人际调节功能等,以建构起该语句在俄语中的句法理论体系。
总之,本论文在理论与实践相结合的基础上,系统审视了俄语非规范独词语句的表现形式、功能语义、语用特征等一系列问题,不仅有助于我们全面了解该语句的本质特性,更有助于加深对现代俄语的语用特点及发展趋势的认识。
This dissertation is a study of non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian, which are non-predicate communication units realized by a word or a fixed word group, unable to be further analyzed into lower-class grammatical units nor extended.
In modern Russian, holophrastic utterances are frequently used, not only because of their economical, emotional and highly expressive characteristics, but also their embodiment of the tendency of conventionalization, fixation, systemization and regularization in language use. Non-standard holophrastic utterances are one of the most effective means to convey the expressive meaning in communication.
Although non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian have abundant meanings and play an important role in people's communication, it is indeed a pity that the study of them is far from sufficient, taking up only a small proportion of Russian grammatical research. This naturally leads to the neglect of non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian teaching in China, teachers not giving systematic lectures on such utterances.
In terms of the content of study, the linguistic academia usually focuses on simplistic classification and morpho-structural description of non-standard holophrastic utterances, without in-depth analysis of the realistic significance and functions of such special linguistic units in communication, nor is there comprehensive research that integrates cognitive, semantic and pragmatic aspects.
In addition, there remain many controversial issues concerning non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian, such as their classification, status, content and range, and also their relations with onomatopoeia, interjections, courtesy words, vocatives, vocative sentences, etc.
Therefore, it is believed that it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive and systematic study on non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian, which represents a unique linguistic phenomenon.
This dissertation is mainly composed of four chapters. Chapter One introduces the views in Russian linguistic circles on the definition of non-standard holophrastic utterances, representative scholars and existing problems. It also puts forward the author's viewpoint through comparative analysis between non-standard holophrastic utterances and sentences in terms of forms, semantics and communicative organization. Chapter Two summarizes the views and disputes among linguists on the status of non-standard holophrastic utterances, addresses the concept of utterance and conventionalization, and establishes the status of non-standard holophrastic utterances in the system of utterance. This chapter also discusses the reasons for frequent use of such units in spoken Russian. Chapter Three presents the differences in existing views on the content of non-standard holophrastic utterances, and addresses the relationships among courtesy words, vocatives, onomatopoeia and non-standard holophrastic utterances. On the basis of inseparability and inextensibility, this chapter provides a new investigation into and rational criticism of the content of non-standard holophrastic utterances, and raises the author's own opinion on the definition and range of interjections and "exclamation sentences" in traditional grammar. It finally offers a detailed analysis of five types of non-standard holophrastic utterances, namely positive/negative non-standard holophrastic utterances, emotion-appraisal non-standard holophrastic utterances, imperative non-standard holophrastic utterances, interrogative non-standard holophrastic utterances, and non-standard holophrastic utterances as discourse markers. Chapter Four focuses on the functions of non-standard holophrastic utterances in monologues and dialogues. In monologues, non-standard holophrastic utterances mainly perform expressive function and structural function. In dialogues, such utterances feature expressive, semantic, structural, informational and interpersonal functions, among which structural and informational functions can be further classified into various sub-functions.
In summary, this dissertation analyzes and discusses issues concerning non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian from various perspectives and levels, adopting multiple research methodologies and grammatical, semantic and pragmatic theories in linguistics.
在现代俄语中,非规范独词语句的使用频率很高,这主要是由它们的典型特征,即经济性、情感性和高度的表情性决定的。非规范独词语句是交际表情意义最鲜明的表达手段之一
尽管俄语非规范独词语句具有丰富的语义,在人们的交际过程中也扮演着极其重要的角色,但传统语法对非规范独词语句的研究一直不太重视,与之相关的论述通常仅占语法论著很小的篇幅。
就研究角度而言,学界通常只着眼于对非规范独词语句进行简单的分类或单纯的形式-结构描写与分析等,而对这一特殊言语单位在交际中的现实意义并没有进行较细致的描述,对其在言语交际中的功能也没有进行较深入的阐释,更未能结合认知、语义、语用等多个学科进行多维的整合研究。
此外,学界对俄语非规范独词语句的认识尚存在颇多争议,如,是否存在非规范独词语句,如何界定该非规范语句,非规范独词语句的句法地位、类型以及它们与单独使用的拟声词、感叹词、言语礼节词和呼语、“呼格句”之间的关系等等。
因此,我们认为,有必要在溶合新兴学科元素的基础上,对俄语非规范独词语句这一特殊的言语现象进行全新的梳理和更加全面、系统的研究。
本论文除“前言”、“结语”外,共由四章组成。第一章简要梳理了学界对非规范独词语句与句子关系的不同观点、代表人物的主要思想及其存在的问题,并通过对非规范独词语句与句子在形式、语义和交际组织等多视角的比较和分析,提出本文的观点。第二章首先对不同学者在非规范独词语句句法地位问题上的分歧和具有代表性的观点进行了梳理,并试图通过对“言语语句”、”规范性”等核心概念及其内涵的重新界说,在学理上确定非规范独词语句在语法体系中的科学地位。本章还讨论了这类言语单位在口语中出现和高频使用的原因。第三章在评述不同学者对于非规范独词语句类型认定差异的基础上,讨论了言语礼节词、“呼格句”(有的语言学者也称为“呼语句”)、拟声词与非规范独词语句的关系问题。以“不可切分性”、“不可扩展性”为基点,对非规范独词语句组成单位的传统观点进行了全新的审视与理性的批判,并对感叹词和传统语法中的“感叹句”的界定和范围提出了我们的观点。最后详细论述了非规范独词语句的五种类型：肯定/否定非规范独词语句,情感-评价非规范独词语句,祈使非规范独词语句,疑问非规范独词语句,充当话语标记的非规范独词语句。第四章从语用学角度对俄语非规范独词语句在言语中体现的诸种功能进行了阐述,如表情功能、语义功能、语用功能、信息功能、人际调节功能等,以建构起该语句在俄语中的句法理论体系。
总之,本论文在理论与实践相结合的基础上,系统审视了俄语非规范独词语句的表现形式、功能语义、语用特征等一系列问题,不仅有助于我们全面了解该语句的本质特性,更有助于加深对现代俄语的语用特点及发展趋势的认识。
This dissertation is a study of non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian, which are non-predicate communication units realized by a word or a fixed word group, unable to be further analyzed into lower-class grammatical units nor extended.
In modern Russian, holophrastic utterances are frequently used, not only because of their economical, emotional and highly expressive characteristics, but also their embodiment of the tendency of conventionalization, fixation, systemization and regularization in language use. Non-standard holophrastic utterances are one of the most effective means to convey the expressive meaning in communication.
Although non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian have abundant meanings and play an important role in people's communication, it is indeed a pity that the study of them is far from sufficient, taking up only a small proportion of Russian grammatical research. This naturally leads to the neglect of non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian teaching in China, teachers not giving systematic lectures on such utterances.
In terms of the content of study, the linguistic academia usually focuses on simplistic classification and morpho-structural description of non-standard holophrastic utterances, without in-depth analysis of the realistic significance and functions of such special linguistic units in communication, nor is there comprehensive research that integrates cognitive, semantic and pragmatic aspects.
In addition, there remain many controversial issues concerning non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian, such as their classification, status, content and range, and also their relations with onomatopoeia, interjections, courtesy words, vocatives, vocative sentences, etc.
Therefore, it is believed that it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive and systematic study on non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian, which represents a unique linguistic phenomenon.
This dissertation is mainly composed of four chapters. Chapter One introduces the views in Russian linguistic circles on the definition of non-standard holophrastic utterances, representative scholars and existing problems. It also puts forward the author's viewpoint through comparative analysis between non-standard holophrastic utterances and sentences in terms of forms, semantics and communicative organization. Chapter Two summarizes the views and disputes among linguists on the status of non-standard holophrastic utterances, addresses the concept of utterance and conventionalization, and establishes the status of non-standard holophrastic utterances in the system of utterance. This chapter also discusses the reasons for frequent use of such units in spoken Russian. Chapter Three presents the differences in existing views on the content of non-standard holophrastic utterances, and addresses the relationships among courtesy words, vocatives, onomatopoeia and non-standard holophrastic utterances. On the basis of inseparability and inextensibility, this chapter provides a new investigation into and rational criticism of the content of non-standard holophrastic utterances, and raises the author's own opinion on the definition and range of interjections and "exclamation sentences" in traditional grammar. It finally offers a detailed analysis of five types of non-standard holophrastic utterances, namely positive/negative non-standard holophrastic utterances, emotion-appraisal non-standard holophrastic utterances, imperative non-standard holophrastic utterances, interrogative non-standard holophrastic utterances, and non-standard holophrastic utterances as discourse markers. Chapter Four focuses on the functions of non-standard holophrastic utterances in monologues and dialogues. In monologues, non-standard holophrastic utterances mainly perform expressive function and structural function. In dialogues, such utterances feature expressive, semantic, structural, informational and interpersonal functions, among which structural and informational functions can be further classified into various sub-functions.
In summary, this dissertation analyzes and discusses issues concerning non-standard holophrastic utterances in Russian from various perspectives and levels, adopting multiple research methodologies and grammatical, semantic and pragmatic theories in linguistics.
引文
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