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庭审话语中的法官身份构建
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摘要
西方哲学的语言学转向促使20世纪的法学研究也转向了语言,越来越多的法律职业人士和法学领域专家纷纷把目光投向了语言,试图通过研究语言来研究法律,解决司法实践中的具体问题,法律语言学作为语言学和法学交叉结合的新学科孕育而生。在法律语言学的诸多研究范畴中,法庭话语由于其语言使用所具有的独特性成为目前法律语言研究的热点。但是综观国内外法庭话语研究,我们发现目前的法庭话语话语研究由于受传统语言学研究范式的影响,或者只关注法庭话语的词汇、句法特征和语体风格,忽视了法庭话语的即席性和动态性;或者互动话语的研究范围过于狭窄,仅仅囿于律师与被告(证人)之间的互动交际,很少关注法庭话语实践中其他庭审参与者,尤其是法官的言语实践。
     法官在整个法庭审判中居于核心地位,是法庭审判中各种关系的核心,因此,对法官的言语实践及其角色、身份的考察对于理解法庭互动话语中的相互关系乃至整个庭审制度至关重要。然而,令人遗憾的是,有关法官在法庭审判实践中的言语活动或是身份研究在法庭话语研究的诸多文献中却鲜有涉及。鉴于此,本文基于社会学的身份建构论(identity constructionism),以庭审话语中的法官身份为研究对象,借鉴系统功能语言学、会话分析以及语用学的理论研究成果,以中国基层法院普通程序审理的民事、刑事以及行政案件为语料,从语法、语篇及语用三个维度,采用以定性分析为主、辅以定量分析的研究方法,着重探讨法官在法庭审判中通过各种话语资源的选择构建身份的过程,具体的分析范畴包括语法层的语气和情态、语篇层的话轮转换以及语用层的(不)礼貌策略。
     通过分析我们发现,在语法层,法官通过对小句数量的调控以及对陈述、祈使、疑问等语气类型的恰当选择,构建了法庭审判的“组织者”、“倾听者”、“调查者”以及权力“主导者”的身份;同时,法官通过多选用非隐喻式、道义型以及客观的中低量值的情态表达凸显了在庭审中的中立地位,使其在法庭审判中的断言、命令、提议等更加客观化,构建了庭审中保持中立的“裁判者”身份。在语篇层,我们发现庭审话语中的话轮转换机制具有明显的不对称。这种不对称的话轮转换机制表明了法庭审判中的层级关系以及权力不平衡,即法官控制了话题的启动、发展和结束,从而加强和再现了法官在庭审中的权势地位和身份。除此之外,法官还通过策略地调控话轮的长度构建和加强了其在庭审中“倾听者”的身份。在语用层,法官通过对(不)礼貌策略的实施表明了不偏不倚、超然于当事人之外的中立地位,进一步加强了其在法庭审判中的权势地位,构建了法官作为法庭审判的“裁判者”、“主导者”的身份。由此可见,目前中国法庭审判实践中的法官身份具有多重性,即法官除了作为法庭审判的主导者、组织者、调查者以及裁判者之外,法官还是法庭审判的主要“倾听者”。中国法官身份的多重性从一定程度上表明了当前中国法庭审判的诉讼模式是一种职权主义审问式与当事人主义对抗制相结合的混合式审判模式。其中,当事人主义的对抗制诉讼模式为主,职权主义的审问式为辅,即法官对案件事实的调查只是辅助性的,整个法庭审判主要是在法官的主导下通过诉讼双方的举证、质证、辩论来推进,法官在整个庭审中是主要的“倾听者”,通过听取诉讼双方的论辩形成对案件事实的看法,从而做出裁决。
     从语法、语篇和语用三个层面对庭审话语中的法官身份构建过程进行考察,印证了我们对身份构建理论的初步认识,扩大了身份构建的研究范围和研究对象,探求出了一种比较适合法庭话语类型的身份研究范式。同时,通过对中国庭审话语中法官身份构建过程的考察,我们得以从语言学的角度来审视当前中国的庭审制度和庭审实践,发现当前审判现实中存在的具体问题,并提出相应的对策,因此,对庭审话语中法官身份构建过程的研究不仅具有一定的理论意义,同时也具有重要的现实意义。
The linguistic turn in Western Philosophy during the20th century has also made thefocusing of law studies primarily on the relationship between language and law. Anincreasing number of legal professionals and law experts have attached great importance tothe study of language with a view to studying law and solving problems in legal practicethrough doing research on language. Thus, a new discipline—forensic linguistics, theinterface study between language and law, comes into being. Numerous studies on variousaspects of legal language have been carried out under the heading of forensic linguistics.Among the current research topics in forensic linguistics, courtroom discourse, thecharacteristics of which are of great peculiarity in its language use, has become focus ofresearch. Several major studies on language use in court trials have been done, but most ofthe studies, which are greatly influenced by the traditional linguistic paradigm, mainlyfocus on the lexical, syntactic or stylistic characteristics of courtroom discourse, and havepaid little attention to the spontaneity and dynamism of language use in court. In addition,since these studies are mostly done under Anglo-American adversarial legal system, theyaddress more particularly the interaction between lawyers and witnesses, whereas othercourtroom-defined speaking roles, especially the role of judge, have little been touchedupon.
     In fact, the judge, the core of various relationships among court participants, plays acentral role in court proceedings. How the judge takes charge of the court with linguisticrepertoire and what role the judge plays in court are essential to understanding rolerelationships among court participants, and further the general judicial system in China. Inspite of the crucial role the judge plays in court trials, little work in literature on courtroomdiscourse has focused on the linguistic practice or the identity of the judge in court. Forthis reason, it would be useful to look at the role or the identity of the judge in the wholelegal proceedings to understand what role the judge identifies with.
     Based on a social constructionist view on identity, this dissertation, drawing uponsome analytical categories in Systemic-Functional Grammar(SFG), ConversationAnalysis(CA) and Pragmatics, tries to set out a multidimensional theoretical framework forthe construction of the judge identity from three perspectives: grammatical, textual andpragmatic. The methods of analysis are characterized by an integration of quantitativedescription as well as qualitative explanation, and all the data to be examined in thedissertation are taken from transcripts of court trials in local courts of China, covering boththe criminal, civil and administrative first-instance cases.
     A multidimensional approach to the construction of the judge identity has producedfruitful results:
     First, in terms of grammatical dimension, the judge constructs himself or herself moreas an organizer, a dominator, a listener and a fact-finder through strategically makingchoices in mood type and a tactful control of the number of clauses. In addition, thegeneral characteristics of modality choice in the judge’s discourse have revealed that thejudge does not show much personal opinion, attitude or affection towards the casepresented at court, and he or she wants to construct himself or herself more as an impartialreferee.
     Second, under the heading of textual dimension, it is found that the turn-takingmechanism in courtroom discourse is featured by asymmetry. These asymmetricalcharacteristics of turn-taking system manifest the hierarchical relations among courtparticipants and an imbalance of power in courtroom discourse, where the judge enjoys themost power and constructs himself or herself as the dominator of the court trial. In addition,the judge constructs and strengthens his or her identity as a listener through strategicallymanipulating the turn length.
     Third, through a detailed quantitative description and qualitative interpretation of(im)politeness strategies at pragmatic level, it is found that the judge constructs his or heridentity more as an impartial and neutral referee through little use of positive(im)politeness strategies, and in the meantime, the judge exercises his or her judicial powerand builds himself or herself as a dominator through a tactful use of negative(im)politeness strategies.
     The exploration of the judge’s identity as a dominator, an organizer, a listener, a fact-finder as well as an impartial referee has, in some way, increased our understanding of thecurrent Chinese judicial system: a mixture of adversarial system and inquisitorial system,with the former taking the major part and the latter the minor part.
     The study has some theoretical and practical contributions. It has confirmed ourprevious view on identity and extended the scope of identity study to institutionaldiscourse, which offers a supplement to the previous identity studies. It is also a generalexploration into the legal practice and the role of the judge in Chinese court trials from alinguistic perspective, which provides another possible means of understanding andexamining the current Chinese judicial system.
引文
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