不同保护性耕作措施对黄土高原旱地农田SPAC系统中水分运移特性的影响研究
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摘要
通过设置在陇中黄土高原西部干旱区的不同保护性耕作试验,对传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田、传统耕作地膜覆盖、免耕地膜覆盖下土壤水分物理特性、作物水分特性、土壤水分平衡及水分在SPAC系统中不同界面的相互关系研究,基本获知了春小麦-豌豆轮作农田系统中土壤水分特征曲线、土壤饱和导水率、土壤有机质含量、土壤温度、作物叶水势、作物叶片相对含水量及饱和亏、土壤水分平衡、大气水势等指标对不同处理的响应,得到以下主要结论:
1)两种轮作序列下,不同保护性耕作措施耕层0-30cm土壤水分特征曲线在高吸力阶段,即5bar和15bar时几乎重合,只在3bar、1bar和0.5bar时出现相对较大的分化,特别是在1bar和0.5bar时,两种轮作次序下各处理在同一水吸力时的质量含水量差异表现出明显差异。
2)两种轮作序列下,免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作秸秆还田处理0-5cm土层容重均显著低于传统耕作不覆盖和传统耕作地膜覆盖的处理,同时增加了表层及次表层土壤的总孔隙度。
3)通过对不同轮作次序下0-5、5-10、10-30cm土层土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体组成、团聚体稳定系数的测定,发现干筛法获得的机械稳定性团聚体均以大团聚体为主;各种保护性耕作措施均较传统耕作能够提高水稳性团聚体含量,特别是粒级较大的水稳性团聚体含量,且其土壤团聚体稳定率在三个土壤层次中均高于传统耕作不覆盖处理的。
4)各处理在两种轮作次序下的土壤饱和导水率表现各异。但总体上,免耕秸秆覆盖处理与传统耕作不覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田、传统耕作地膜覆盖、免耕地膜覆盖处理间差异均达到了5%的显著水平,而免耕地膜覆盖处理则显著低于传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田处理的。
5)各层次土壤总有机碳含量的变化趋势均表现为免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田较传统耕作不覆盖处理在三个层次均有提高,这种趋势在表层表现的尤为明显。
6)免耕秸秆覆盖处理能够降低观测层的土壤温度,具有明显的“降温效应”,而免耕不覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田处理能提高15cm以上各层次的地温,有一定的“增温效应”,传统耕作地膜覆盖、免耕地膜覆盖处理能阻止夜间土壤温度的回落,有显著的“保温作用”。
7)作物各生育期叶水势日变化均呈现自清晨逐渐降低,中午12:00到14:00左右降至最低,然后逐渐回升的趋势,且随生育期的推进,叶水势日变化均值逐渐降低。不同生育时期的作物叶水势、叶片相对含水量在免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作结合秸秆还田及免耕不覆盖的处理下均较传统耕作处理的高,而叶片水分饱和亏则呈相反的趋势,同时,春小麦各处理的叶片相对含水量均呈现抽穗期>拔节期>开花期>灌浆期的趋势,而豌豆各处理的叶水势均在现蕾期达到最大值,分枝和开花期次之,结荚鼓粒期最低。
8)就作物产量、蒸散量、水分利用效率而言,免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作地膜覆盖、免耕地膜覆盖处理均较其它处理高。对2008年4月-8月间不同轮作次序下水分蒸发蒸腾的研究结果表明:不同保护性耕作措施下棵间总蒸发量(E)在P→W→P序列(春小麦田)为传统耕作秸秆还田(139.72mm)>传统耕作不覆盖(134.01mm)>免耕秸秆覆盖(105.33mm)>免耕不覆盖(100.21mm),在W→P→W序列(豌豆田)为传统耕作不覆盖(109.60mm)>传统耕作秸秆还田(96.91mm)>免耕不覆盖(85.45mm)>免耕秸秆覆盖(85.35mm)。但在两种轮作序列下各处理总蒸散量均表现为免耕秸秆覆盖>传统耕作不覆盖>免耕不覆盖>传统耕作秸秆还田;两种轮作序列下各处理的蒸散量都随着作物生育期的推进,经历一个由小到大,再到小的过程。
9)各处理间0-200cm土壤贮水量在不同的时期各不相同,但总体上不同保护性耕作措施对0-200cm土壤剖面水贮量的影响在相同的测定阶段差异不大,而在年际间变化较大,且试区土壤剖面总的水分含量在试验期间从未达到土壤排水上限(DUL),即作物有效水分的上限。根据土壤贮水量的年度间变化趋势,大致可将每年0-200cm土壤贮水量分为3个时期,即5月中旬到7月中旬的春夏作物旺盛生长土壤失墒期、7月中旬到10月下旬的夏秋雨季土壤增墒期、11月到第二年5月上旬的冬春土壤稳墒期。
10)通径分析表明,影响植物叶水势日变化的主要气象因子因作物的不同而有所差异。其中,影响春小麦叶水势日变化最直接的气象因子是大气水势,其次是大气相对湿度、土壤水吸力和大气温度;影响豌豆叶水势日变化因子中最重要的是大气相对湿度,其次是大气水势、土壤水吸力、大气温度和太阳辐射。
Based on a long-term conservation tillage project at Lijiabu Village, Dingxi, Gansu Province, six treatments with two tillage systems and three ground covers, namely conventional tillage (T), no-till without stubble retention (NT), conventional tillage with stubble incorporated (TS), no-till with stubble retention (NTS), conventional tillage with plastic film mulch (TP) and no-till with plastic film mulch (NTP) had been studied. The experiment was fully-phased with two rotation sequences. The objectives of this thesis are to explore soil water characteristics, crop water property, soil water balance and soil water transfer in different interfaces of SPAC system by studying soil water retention curves, soil saturated conductivity, soil organic matter, soil temperature, crop leaf water potential, air water potential, crop leaf relative water content and water saturation deficient under different tillage measures.
The key results from the study are summarized as follows:
1)With the soil suctions variation, the effect of conservation tillage on soil water retention curves varied in both rotation sequences. Soil water retention curves under different tillage measures coincided in spatial variation with high suctions, being 5bar and 15bar, but it was diversity in spatial variation with low suctions, being 0.5bar, 1bar and 3bar.
2) Soil bulk density in 0-5cm was lower under NTS and TS than under T and TP in both rotation sequences. As a result, soil total porosity in surface soil and subsurface soil was greatly improved by two stubble retention treatments.
3) Effects of tillage measures on mechanical-stable aggregates, water-stable aggregates, stability coefficient at 0-30 cm was determined. Results showed that the macro- aggregate was dominant in mechanism -stable aggregates measured by dry sieve method. Soil water stable aggregates, especially the macro- aggregates, and aggregates stability could be improved by the 5 conservation tillage measures.
4) Saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly difference in different tillage measures. Saturated hydraulic conductivity under NTS was highest, being higher than that under T, TS TP and NTP, while lowest under NTP, being lower than that under T, TS and NT.
5) Soil total organic carbon content in 0-30cm was higher under NTS and TS than under T in both rotation sequences. Soil microbial biomass carbon content, especially in surface soil, was higher under NTS, NT and TS than under T in both rotation sequences. Two stubble retention treatments can improve carbon pool management index in 0-30cm. NT can improve carbon pool management index in 0-5cm rather than in 5-30cm. These showed that not no-tillage but stubble retention that could help improve carbon pool management index, indicating NTS is a sustainable measure for soil organic carbon pool management.
6) The effect of conservation tillage on soil temperature varied in different environments and different mulch. NTS decreased soil temperature, while NT and TS increased soil temperature. TP and NTP could keep stable temperature arose from buffering the soil temperature changing on the night
7) During the whole growing stages, spring wheat and field pea had similar diurnal variation trend of leaf water potential, i. e., the highest in early morning, followed by a descent, and a gradual ascent after the descent. Compared with T, TS, NT and NTS could improve the leaf water potential and relative water content of spring wheat and field pea, while the water saturation deficient was just in adverse. The order of leaf relative water content of spring wheat from high to low was heading stage, jointing, flowering stages and filling stage. The order of leaf water potential of field pea from high to low was squaring stage, branching stage, flowering stage and podding stage.
8) For both spring wheat and field pea, grain yield, evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly higher under NTS, NTP and TP than under T, NT and TS . The result in 2008 showed that the order of evaporation from high to low was: TS, T, NTS and NT in spring wheat while T, TS NT and NTS in field pea. For both spring wheat and field pea, NTS increased total amount of evaporation and transpiration significantly. Order of evapotranspiration from high to low was: NTS, T, NT and TS. To sum up, with the crops growth, evapotranspiration of spring wheat and field pea raised and then declined regardless till or not, cover or not, and covered by stubble or plastic film mulch.
9) Since the soil water storage was affected by different factors at different stages, such as precipitation, crop growth and evaporation, the difference between treatments were various at different times. There was no big difference between different conservation tillage practices’soil water storage at 0-200cm profiles. But, there was huge difference over years and seasons, and the soil profile had never been full to drainage upper limit (DUL) during research period. From these soil water storage dynamics over 8 years, annual regime for total soil water storage in the whole soil profile (0-200cm) can be divided into three periods: Soil moisture decreasing rapid with crop growth from late spring to early summer (mid of May-mid of July), soil water profile recharging during the rainy season in summer and autumn (mid of July-end of October) and soil moisture keeping relatively constant in winter and early spring (November-early May).
10) Path analysis showed that air water potential is the dominant factor for spring wheat to affect diurnal variation of leaf water potential, followed by relative air humidity, soil water suction and air temperature. Relative air humidity is the dominant factor for field pea to affect daily dynamics of leaf water potential, followed by air water potential, soil water suction ,air temperature and solar radiation.
1)两种轮作序列下,不同保护性耕作措施耕层0-30cm土壤水分特征曲线在高吸力阶段,即5bar和15bar时几乎重合,只在3bar、1bar和0.5bar时出现相对较大的分化,特别是在1bar和0.5bar时,两种轮作次序下各处理在同一水吸力时的质量含水量差异表现出明显差异。
2)两种轮作序列下,免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作秸秆还田处理0-5cm土层容重均显著低于传统耕作不覆盖和传统耕作地膜覆盖的处理,同时增加了表层及次表层土壤的总孔隙度。
3)通过对不同轮作次序下0-5、5-10、10-30cm土层土壤机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体组成、团聚体稳定系数的测定,发现干筛法获得的机械稳定性团聚体均以大团聚体为主;各种保护性耕作措施均较传统耕作能够提高水稳性团聚体含量,特别是粒级较大的水稳性团聚体含量,且其土壤团聚体稳定率在三个土壤层次中均高于传统耕作不覆盖处理的。
4)各处理在两种轮作次序下的土壤饱和导水率表现各异。但总体上,免耕秸秆覆盖处理与传统耕作不覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田、传统耕作地膜覆盖、免耕地膜覆盖处理间差异均达到了5%的显著水平,而免耕地膜覆盖处理则显著低于传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田处理的。
5)各层次土壤总有机碳含量的变化趋势均表现为免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田较传统耕作不覆盖处理在三个层次均有提高,这种趋势在表层表现的尤为明显。
6)免耕秸秆覆盖处理能够降低观测层的土壤温度,具有明显的“降温效应”,而免耕不覆盖、传统耕作秸秆还田处理能提高15cm以上各层次的地温,有一定的“增温效应”,传统耕作地膜覆盖、免耕地膜覆盖处理能阻止夜间土壤温度的回落,有显著的“保温作用”。
7)作物各生育期叶水势日变化均呈现自清晨逐渐降低,中午12:00到14:00左右降至最低,然后逐渐回升的趋势,且随生育期的推进,叶水势日变化均值逐渐降低。不同生育时期的作物叶水势、叶片相对含水量在免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作结合秸秆还田及免耕不覆盖的处理下均较传统耕作处理的高,而叶片水分饱和亏则呈相反的趋势,同时,春小麦各处理的叶片相对含水量均呈现抽穗期>拔节期>开花期>灌浆期的趋势,而豌豆各处理的叶水势均在现蕾期达到最大值,分枝和开花期次之,结荚鼓粒期最低。
8)就作物产量、蒸散量、水分利用效率而言,免耕秸秆覆盖、传统耕作地膜覆盖、免耕地膜覆盖处理均较其它处理高。对2008年4月-8月间不同轮作次序下水分蒸发蒸腾的研究结果表明:不同保护性耕作措施下棵间总蒸发量(E)在P→W→P序列(春小麦田)为传统耕作秸秆还田(139.72mm)>传统耕作不覆盖(134.01mm)>免耕秸秆覆盖(105.33mm)>免耕不覆盖(100.21mm),在W→P→W序列(豌豆田)为传统耕作不覆盖(109.60mm)>传统耕作秸秆还田(96.91mm)>免耕不覆盖(85.45mm)>免耕秸秆覆盖(85.35mm)。但在两种轮作序列下各处理总蒸散量均表现为免耕秸秆覆盖>传统耕作不覆盖>免耕不覆盖>传统耕作秸秆还田;两种轮作序列下各处理的蒸散量都随着作物生育期的推进,经历一个由小到大,再到小的过程。
9)各处理间0-200cm土壤贮水量在不同的时期各不相同,但总体上不同保护性耕作措施对0-200cm土壤剖面水贮量的影响在相同的测定阶段差异不大,而在年际间变化较大,且试区土壤剖面总的水分含量在试验期间从未达到土壤排水上限(DUL),即作物有效水分的上限。根据土壤贮水量的年度间变化趋势,大致可将每年0-200cm土壤贮水量分为3个时期,即5月中旬到7月中旬的春夏作物旺盛生长土壤失墒期、7月中旬到10月下旬的夏秋雨季土壤增墒期、11月到第二年5月上旬的冬春土壤稳墒期。
10)通径分析表明,影响植物叶水势日变化的主要气象因子因作物的不同而有所差异。其中,影响春小麦叶水势日变化最直接的气象因子是大气水势,其次是大气相对湿度、土壤水吸力和大气温度;影响豌豆叶水势日变化因子中最重要的是大气相对湿度,其次是大气水势、土壤水吸力、大气温度和太阳辐射。
Based on a long-term conservation tillage project at Lijiabu Village, Dingxi, Gansu Province, six treatments with two tillage systems and three ground covers, namely conventional tillage (T), no-till without stubble retention (NT), conventional tillage with stubble incorporated (TS), no-till with stubble retention (NTS), conventional tillage with plastic film mulch (TP) and no-till with plastic film mulch (NTP) had been studied. The experiment was fully-phased with two rotation sequences. The objectives of this thesis are to explore soil water characteristics, crop water property, soil water balance and soil water transfer in different interfaces of SPAC system by studying soil water retention curves, soil saturated conductivity, soil organic matter, soil temperature, crop leaf water potential, air water potential, crop leaf relative water content and water saturation deficient under different tillage measures.
The key results from the study are summarized as follows:
1)With the soil suctions variation, the effect of conservation tillage on soil water retention curves varied in both rotation sequences. Soil water retention curves under different tillage measures coincided in spatial variation with high suctions, being 5bar and 15bar, but it was diversity in spatial variation with low suctions, being 0.5bar, 1bar and 3bar.
2) Soil bulk density in 0-5cm was lower under NTS and TS than under T and TP in both rotation sequences. As a result, soil total porosity in surface soil and subsurface soil was greatly improved by two stubble retention treatments.
3) Effects of tillage measures on mechanical-stable aggregates, water-stable aggregates, stability coefficient at 0-30 cm was determined. Results showed that the macro- aggregate was dominant in mechanism -stable aggregates measured by dry sieve method. Soil water stable aggregates, especially the macro- aggregates, and aggregates stability could be improved by the 5 conservation tillage measures.
4) Saturated hydraulic conductivity was significantly difference in different tillage measures. Saturated hydraulic conductivity under NTS was highest, being higher than that under T, TS TP and NTP, while lowest under NTP, being lower than that under T, TS and NT.
5) Soil total organic carbon content in 0-30cm was higher under NTS and TS than under T in both rotation sequences. Soil microbial biomass carbon content, especially in surface soil, was higher under NTS, NT and TS than under T in both rotation sequences. Two stubble retention treatments can improve carbon pool management index in 0-30cm. NT can improve carbon pool management index in 0-5cm rather than in 5-30cm. These showed that not no-tillage but stubble retention that could help improve carbon pool management index, indicating NTS is a sustainable measure for soil organic carbon pool management.
6) The effect of conservation tillage on soil temperature varied in different environments and different mulch. NTS decreased soil temperature, while NT and TS increased soil temperature. TP and NTP could keep stable temperature arose from buffering the soil temperature changing on the night
7) During the whole growing stages, spring wheat and field pea had similar diurnal variation trend of leaf water potential, i. e., the highest in early morning, followed by a descent, and a gradual ascent after the descent. Compared with T, TS, NT and NTS could improve the leaf water potential and relative water content of spring wheat and field pea, while the water saturation deficient was just in adverse. The order of leaf relative water content of spring wheat from high to low was heading stage, jointing, flowering stages and filling stage. The order of leaf water potential of field pea from high to low was squaring stage, branching stage, flowering stage and podding stage.
8) For both spring wheat and field pea, grain yield, evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly higher under NTS, NTP and TP than under T, NT and TS . The result in 2008 showed that the order of evaporation from high to low was: TS, T, NTS and NT in spring wheat while T, TS NT and NTS in field pea. For both spring wheat and field pea, NTS increased total amount of evaporation and transpiration significantly. Order of evapotranspiration from high to low was: NTS, T, NT and TS. To sum up, with the crops growth, evapotranspiration of spring wheat and field pea raised and then declined regardless till or not, cover or not, and covered by stubble or plastic film mulch.
9) Since the soil water storage was affected by different factors at different stages, such as precipitation, crop growth and evaporation, the difference between treatments were various at different times. There was no big difference between different conservation tillage practices’soil water storage at 0-200cm profiles. But, there was huge difference over years and seasons, and the soil profile had never been full to drainage upper limit (DUL) during research period. From these soil water storage dynamics over 8 years, annual regime for total soil water storage in the whole soil profile (0-200cm) can be divided into three periods: Soil moisture decreasing rapid with crop growth from late spring to early summer (mid of May-mid of July), soil water profile recharging during the rainy season in summer and autumn (mid of July-end of October) and soil moisture keeping relatively constant in winter and early spring (November-early May).
10) Path analysis showed that air water potential is the dominant factor for spring wheat to affect diurnal variation of leaf water potential, followed by relative air humidity, soil water suction and air temperature. Relative air humidity is the dominant factor for field pea to affect daily dynamics of leaf water potential, followed by air water potential, soil water suction ,air temperature and solar radiation.
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