奶牛子宫内膜炎真菌病原nest PCR-DGGE检测方法建立及临床应用效果研究
|
摘要
奶牛子宫内膜炎是危害畜牧业生产发展的主要产科疾病,每年在世界范围内造成巨大的直接损失和间接损失。迄今为止,对其研究已经有近百年的历史,但由于其病原不明确、病理学机制尚未阐述清楚等多方面的原因,导致此疾病的防控及治疗仍然没有有效的方法。因此,寻找快速有效的病原检查方法,探索相应的治疗措施,选择有针对性的治疗药物等措施,是对本病研究的关键。本研究通过对奶牛子宫内膜炎真菌病原的巢式PCR-DGGE检测方法的建立和临床诊断效果的研究,既为奶牛子宫内膜炎病原学的临床检查建立快速、准确、有效的技术手段,也为以后有针对性的药物研究提供了指导和理论帮助,为奶牛子宫内膜炎有效的防控及治疗提供科学依据。
本论文分四个阶段完成,首先利用传统的方法对子宫内膜炎患牛子宫内的真菌进行分离鉴定,并以此菌建立检测方法；其次在实验室条件下,建立奶牛子宫内膜炎真菌病原的巢式PCR-DGGE检测方法,并对其检测限、重复性等指标进行检测；然后结合临床实际应用,进一步完善该检测方法,并与传统方法进行比较；最后有针对性地给药,观察治疗效果。主要试验和结果如下：
1.以传统方法分离到的病原性真菌作为参考菌种,在实验室条件下建立方法。利用真菌固有的18S rDNA保守区域设计通用引物,确立靶基因进行分析。结果表明：巢式PCR-DGGE方法检测灵敏度高、特异性强,且具有良好的可重复性。与传统方法比较,快速准确。临床应用该方法检测真菌病原,比传统方法更为优越,分离鉴定到的致病性真菌更为全面,适合应用于奶牛子宫内膜炎真菌病原的检测。
2.利用药物对此方法的诊断效果进行检验,结果显示：根据巢式PCR-DGGE分析方法给以药物治疗,针对性强。对于真菌性子宫内膜炎奶牛的治疗具有确实的效果,实验动物病情的转归十分明确,缩短了治疗时间,降低滥用抗生素的风险。
3.研究中应用巢式PCR-DGGE分析方法对吉林市某奶牛场奶牛子宫内的主要致病性真菌进行了流行病学调查,结果发现：念珠球菌属的白色念珠球菌、热带念珠菌、土曲霉为主要致病菌。一年四季子宫内膜炎均有发生,在秋冬季节真菌性子宫内膜炎的发生比例最高。
Cow endometritis is a major obstetric disease which is harmful to the development of livestock production. It results huge direct and indirect losses in the worldwide each year. So far it has been studied for 100 years, but because its variable pathogens and pathological mechanisms were not clear and so many other causes, there still have no effective methods to the prevention of this disease. Therefore, the main points of this research are to find fast and effective methods of pathogen diagnosis, to explore the relative treating measures, and to give drugs more targeted. Through establishing the nest PCR-DGGE diagnosis method to cow endometritis fungal pathogen and studying the effect of clinical diagnosis, i.e., to establish accurate, rapid and effective techniques and tools for the clinical diagnosis of the etiology of cow endometritis. This research gives guidance and theory assistance for the targeted drug research and affords helps for the effective prevention and treatment of cow endometritis.
This paper is divided into four parts, which the first part is that used a traditional method to isolate and to indentify the fungi in the cow's womb which the cow has suffered from endometritis, regarded this as a comparison, and provided bacteria for the establishment of method. The second part is that established a nest PCR-DGGE diagnosis method to cow endometritis fungal pathogen under the present laboratory conditions, and tested its detection limit, repeatability, and so on. The third part is that combined with the actual clinical condition to apply this method and to improve it, and compared with the traditional method and made it more suitable for practical applications. The last part is that tested the effect of diagnosis by giving drugs purposely, observed the treating condition after giving medicine, and combined with the clinical symptoms to assure the disease prognosis. The main test and result are as follow:
1、Regarded pathogenic fungi which was isolated by traditional method as reference strain, and established method under the present laboratory condition. Designed universal primers by the public 18S rDNA conserved regions of the fungi, and established target genes for analysis. The result shows that nest PCR-DGGE method was with highly sensitive detection, strong specificity and good reproducibility. Compared with the traditional method, it is more quickly and more accurate. It is superior to the traditional method on clinical application, and the isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi were more comprehensive. This method is adapted to the diagnosis of cow endometritis fungi pathogen.
2、Tested the diagnosis effect of drug by using this method, the result shows that it had a stronger direction to give treating drug according to nest PCR-DGGE analysis method. This method had exact effect on the treatment of fungal endometritis cows, the disease prognosis of experimental animals were very clear, it greatly shorten the treating time, and it could reduce the risk of the abuse of antibiotics.
3、The researchers applied nest PCR-DGGE analysis method to make epidemiological survey on the main pathogenic fungi in cow's womb from Jilin dairy cow uterus. From the survey we found that the main pathogenic fungi were white candidiasis,candida tropicalis, which were belong to candidiasis, and aspergillus terreus. Endometritis have occurred throughout the year. Autumn and winter were the higher occurrence times of fungal endometritis.
本论文分四个阶段完成,首先利用传统的方法对子宫内膜炎患牛子宫内的真菌进行分离鉴定,并以此菌建立检测方法；其次在实验室条件下,建立奶牛子宫内膜炎真菌病原的巢式PCR-DGGE检测方法,并对其检测限、重复性等指标进行检测；然后结合临床实际应用,进一步完善该检测方法,并与传统方法进行比较；最后有针对性地给药,观察治疗效果。主要试验和结果如下：
1.以传统方法分离到的病原性真菌作为参考菌种,在实验室条件下建立方法。利用真菌固有的18S rDNA保守区域设计通用引物,确立靶基因进行分析。结果表明：巢式PCR-DGGE方法检测灵敏度高、特异性强,且具有良好的可重复性。与传统方法比较,快速准确。临床应用该方法检测真菌病原,比传统方法更为优越,分离鉴定到的致病性真菌更为全面,适合应用于奶牛子宫内膜炎真菌病原的检测。
2.利用药物对此方法的诊断效果进行检验,结果显示：根据巢式PCR-DGGE分析方法给以药物治疗,针对性强。对于真菌性子宫内膜炎奶牛的治疗具有确实的效果,实验动物病情的转归十分明确,缩短了治疗时间,降低滥用抗生素的风险。
3.研究中应用巢式PCR-DGGE分析方法对吉林市某奶牛场奶牛子宫内的主要致病性真菌进行了流行病学调查,结果发现：念珠球菌属的白色念珠球菌、热带念珠菌、土曲霉为主要致病菌。一年四季子宫内膜炎均有发生,在秋冬季节真菌性子宫内膜炎的发生比例最高。
Cow endometritis is a major obstetric disease which is harmful to the development of livestock production. It results huge direct and indirect losses in the worldwide each year. So far it has been studied for 100 years, but because its variable pathogens and pathological mechanisms were not clear and so many other causes, there still have no effective methods to the prevention of this disease. Therefore, the main points of this research are to find fast and effective methods of pathogen diagnosis, to explore the relative treating measures, and to give drugs more targeted. Through establishing the nest PCR-DGGE diagnosis method to cow endometritis fungal pathogen and studying the effect of clinical diagnosis, i.e., to establish accurate, rapid and effective techniques and tools for the clinical diagnosis of the etiology of cow endometritis. This research gives guidance and theory assistance for the targeted drug research and affords helps for the effective prevention and treatment of cow endometritis.
This paper is divided into four parts, which the first part is that used a traditional method to isolate and to indentify the fungi in the cow's womb which the cow has suffered from endometritis, regarded this as a comparison, and provided bacteria for the establishment of method. The second part is that established a nest PCR-DGGE diagnosis method to cow endometritis fungal pathogen under the present laboratory conditions, and tested its detection limit, repeatability, and so on. The third part is that combined with the actual clinical condition to apply this method and to improve it, and compared with the traditional method and made it more suitable for practical applications. The last part is that tested the effect of diagnosis by giving drugs purposely, observed the treating condition after giving medicine, and combined with the clinical symptoms to assure the disease prognosis. The main test and result are as follow:
1、Regarded pathogenic fungi which was isolated by traditional method as reference strain, and established method under the present laboratory condition. Designed universal primers by the public 18S rDNA conserved regions of the fungi, and established target genes for analysis. The result shows that nest PCR-DGGE method was with highly sensitive detection, strong specificity and good reproducibility. Compared with the traditional method, it is more quickly and more accurate. It is superior to the traditional method on clinical application, and the isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi were more comprehensive. This method is adapted to the diagnosis of cow endometritis fungi pathogen.
2、Tested the diagnosis effect of drug by using this method, the result shows that it had a stronger direction to give treating drug according to nest PCR-DGGE analysis method. This method had exact effect on the treatment of fungal endometritis cows, the disease prognosis of experimental animals were very clear, it greatly shorten the treating time, and it could reduce the risk of the abuse of antibiotics.
3、The researchers applied nest PCR-DGGE analysis method to make epidemiological survey on the main pathogenic fungi in cow's womb from Jilin dairy cow uterus. From the survey we found that the main pathogenic fungi were white candidiasis,candida tropicalis, which were belong to candidiasis, and aspergillus terreus. Endometritis have occurred throughout the year. Autumn and winter were the higher occurrence times of fungal endometritis.
引文
1、Arthur, G.H., Noakes, D.E., Pearson, H.,1989. Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, sixth ed. Bailliere Tindall,England, pp.340
2、Sheldon, I.M., Dobson, H.,2004. Postpartum uterine health in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci.82, 295-306.
3、Lewis, G.S.,1997. Health problems of the postpartum cow, uterine health and disorders. J. Dairy Sci.80,984-994.
4、Borsbery, S., Dobson, H.,1989. Periparturent diseases and their effect on reproductive performance in five dairy herds. Vet. Rec.124,217-219.
5、Gilbert, R.O., Shin, S.T., Guard, C.L., Erb, H.N., Frajblat, M.,2005. Prevalence of endometritis and its effect on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 64, 1879-1888.
6、Miller, H.V., Kimsey, P.B., Kendrick, J.W.,1980. Endometritis of dairy cattle:Diagnosis, treatment and fertility. Bovine Practioner 15,13-23.
7、Lopez-Gatius, F.,2003. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in Northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 60,89-99.
8、Bruun, J., Ersbull, A.R., Alban, L.,2002. Risk factors for metritis in Danish dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med.54,179-190.
9、Kim, I.H., Kang, H.C.,2003. Risk factors for postpartum endometritis and the effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea. J. Reprod. Dev.49, 485-491.
10、Bartlett, P.C., Kirk, J.H.,Wilke, M.A., Kaneene, J.B., Mather, E.C.,1986. Metritis complex in Michigan Holstein Frisian cattle:incidence, description, epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Prev. Vet. Med.4,235-248.
11、Al-Fahad, T.A., Alwan, A.F., Ibraheem, N.S.,2004. Histological and morphological study of abnormal cases of female reproductive system in Iraqi buffaloes. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci.18, 109-115.
12、Ali, A., Gilles, M., Fiedlak, C., Henrion, E., Glatzel, P.S.,2000. Reproductive efficiency of a buffalo herd (Bubalus bubalis) reared close to Berlin. Reprod. Dom. Anim.35,26-33.
13、Ali, A., Abdel-Razek, A.K., Abdel-Ghaffar, S., Glatzel, P.S.,2003. Ovarian follicular dynamic in buffalo cows (Bubalus Bubalis). Reprod. Dom. Anim.38,214-218.
14、Gupta, P.P., Singh, B., Mandal, P.C., Gill, B.S., Grewal, G.S.,1978. A postmortem study of mortality pattern in adult buffaloes in Punjab India. Indian J. Anim. Sci.48,669-673.
15、Cady, R.A., Shah, S.K., Schermerchorn, E.C., McDowell, R.E.,1983. Factors affecting performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in Pakistan. J. Dairy Sci.66,578-586.
16、Ghanem, M., Shalaby, A.H., Sharawy, S., Saleh, N.,2002. Factors leading to endometritis in Egypt with special reference to reproductive performance. J. Reprod. Sci.48,371-375.
17、Abdalla, E.B.,2003. Improving the reproductive performance of Egyptian buffalo cows by changing the management system. Anim. Reprod. Sci.75,1-8.
18、Serur, B.H., Farra, A.A., Goma, A.,1982. Incidence of certain infertility problems among cow and buffaloes in Upper Egypt. Assiut Vet. Med. J.10,39-41.19、Moghami, S.M., Saiyari, M., Mayatri, M., Sharma, R.N.,1996. Pathology of uterus in buffalo slaughtered in Ahwaz (Iran) abattoir. Buffalo J.12,213-218.
20、Moghaddam, A.A.I., Mamoei, M.,2004. A survey on some of the reproductive and productive traits of the buffalo in Iran,23rd World Buiatrics Cong. Qu & Eacute, be, p.1910.
21、Al-Fahad, T.A.,2000. Morphological study of abnormal cases of female reproductive system of buffaloes in Basra province. M.Sc. Thesis. College Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad Univ., pp.31-40.
22、Alwan, A.F., Abdul-Hammed, A.N., Khammas, D.J.,2001. A macroscopical study of abnormal genitalia of Iraqi female buffaloes. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci.14,129-132.
23、Azawi, O.I.,2006. Clinical, bacteriological and pathological studies of uterine infection in Iraqi buffaloes. Ph.D. Thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, pp.145-169.
24、Azawi, O.I., Taha, M.B.,2002. Clinical and bacteriological study of endometritis in Iraqi buffaloes. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci.16,167-178.
25 Vale-Filho, V.R., Pinherio, J., Basner, P.K.,1986. Reproduction in Zebu cattle. In:Morrow, D.A. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 437-442.
26、Youngquist, R.S., Shore, M.D.,1997. Postpartum uterine infection. In:Youngquist, R.S. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 335-340.
27、Sheldon, I.M., Rycroft, A.N., Zhon, C.,2004c. Association between postpartum pyrexia and uterine bacterial infection in dairy cattle. Vet. Rec.154,289-293.
28、Hussain, A.M., Daniel, R.C.W.,1992b. Effect of intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin in normal cows and in cows with endometritis induced by experimental infection with Streptococcus agalactiae. Theriogenology 37,791-810.
29、Kamiyama, S., Teruya, Y., Nohara, M., Kenazawa, K.,2004. Bacterial endotoxin in the endometrium and its clinical significance in reproduction. Fertil. Steril.82,805-810.
30、Dohmen, M.J.W., Joop, K., Strurk, A., Bols, P.E.J., Lohuis, J.A.C.M.,2000. Relationship between intra-uterine bacterial contamination endotoxin levels and the development of endometritis in postpartum cows with Dystocia or retained placenta. Theriogenology 54, 1019-1032.
31、Bondurant, R.H.,1999. Inflammation in the bovine female reproductive tract. J. Anim. Sci.77, 101-110.
32、Dawson, F.L.M.,1959. The normal bovine uterus physiology, histology, and bacteriology. Vet. Rev. Annot.5,73-89.
33、Chaudhery, S.K., Gupta, R.C., Uppal, R.P.,1987. Administration of experimentally induced metritis condition in buffaloes. Theriogenology 28,961-969.
34、Hussain, A.M.,1989. Bovine uterine defense mechanisms:A review. J. Vet. Med. B 36, 641-651.
35、Foldi, J., Kulcsar, M., Pecsi, A., Huyghe, B., de Sa, C., Lohuis, J.A.C.M., Cox, P., Huszenicza, Gy.,2006. Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci.96,265-281.
36、Jainudeen, M.R.,1986. Reproduction in water buffalo. In:Morrow, D.A. (Ed.), Current Therapy in Theriogenology.W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp.443-449.
37、Raman, S.R.P., Bawa, S.J.S.,1977. Incidence of pre and post partum reproductive disorders in buffaloes. Haryana Veterinarian 16,99-101.
38、Rao, A.V.N.,1982. Causes and incidence of reproductive disorders among Zebu cross Taurus cross breed cows in Andhra Pradesh. Theriogenology 17,189-191.
39、Rao, A.V.N., Sreemannarayana, O.,1983. Clinical analysis of reproductive failure among female buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) under village management in Andhra Pradesh. Theriogenology 18,403-411.
40、Baishya, S.K., Das, K.K., Rahman, H., Borgohain, M.,1998. Antibiogram of bacteria isolated from uterine discharge of repeat breeding buffaloes. Indian J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis.19,130-131.
41、Baron, S.,2004. Medical Microbiology. Texas Univ., Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, pp. 312-344
42、Watson, E.D., Diehl, N.K., Evans, J.F.,1990. Antibody response in the bovine genital tract to intrauterine infusion ofActinomyces pyogenes. Res.Vet.Sci.48,70-75.
43、Farin, P.W., Ball, L., Olson, J.D., Mortimer, R.G., Jones, R.L., Andey,W.S., McChesney, A.E., 1989. Effect of Actinomyces pyogenes and gram negative anaerobic bacteria on the development of bovine pyometra. Theriogenology 31.979-989.
44、Dohmen, M.J.W., Lohuis, J.A.C.M., Huszeniczea, G., Nagy, P., Gacs, M.,1995. The relationship between bacteriological and clinical findings in cows with sub acute/chronic endometritis. Theriogenology 43,1379-1388.
45、El-Azab, M., Whitmore, H.L., Kakoma, I., Brodie, B.O., McKenna, D.J., Gustafsson, B.K., 1988. Evaluation of the uterine environment in experimental and spontaneous bovine metritis. Theriogenology 29,1327-1334.
46、Cohen, R.O., Colodner, R., Ziv, G., Keness, J.,1996. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of obligate anaerobic bacteria recovered from the uterus of dairy postparturent endometritis. Zentralbl Veterinarmed. B 43,193-199.
47、Noakes, D.E., Till, D., Smith, G.R.,1989. Bovine uterine flora postpartum:A comparison of swabbing and biopsy. Vet. Rec.124,563-564.
48、Noakes, D.E., Wallace, L., Smith, G.R.,1991. Bacterial flora of the uterus of cows after calving on two hygienicallycontrasting farms. Vet. Rec.128,440-442.49、Cohen, R.O., Bernstein, M., Ziv, G.,1995. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinomyces pyogenes recovered from the uterus of dairy with retained fetal membranes and postparturent endometritis. Theriogenology 43,1389-1397.
50、Carter, G.R.,Wise, D.J.,2004. Essentials of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, sixth ed. Iowa State Press, Blackwell Pub., Iowa, pp.202-238.
51、Bekana, M., Jonsson, P., Kindahl, H.,1997. Bacterial isolates associated with retained fetal membranes and subsequent ovarian activity in cattle. Vet. Rec.140,232-234.
52、Ruder, C.A., Sasser, R.G., Williams, R.J., Ely, J.K., Bull, R.C., Butler, J.E.,1981. Uterine infections in the postpartum cow:Ⅱ Possible synergistic effect of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes. Theriogenology 15,573-581.
53、Singh, A.K., Nigam, J.M., Sharma, D.N.,1983. Histological observation on endometrial gland of cows and buffaloes in relation to fertility. Trop. Vet. Anim. Sci. Res.1,37-41.
54、Usmani, R.H., Ahmad, N., Shafiq, P., Mirza, M.A.,2001. Effect of subclinical uterine infections on cervical and uterine involution, estrus activity and fertility in postpartum buffaloes. Theriogenology 55,563-571.
55、Wira, C.R., Grant-Tschudy, K.S., Crone-Godrean, M.A.,2005. Epithelial cells in the female reproductive tract:A central role as sentinels of immune protection. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 53,65-81.
56、Wira, C.R., Rossoll, R.M.,1995. Antigen presenting cells in the female reproductive tract: Influence of estrus cycle on antigen presentation by uterine epithelial and stromal cells. Endocrinology 136,4526-4534.
57、Pierro, E., Minici, F., Alesiani, O., Miveli, F., Proto, C., Screpanti, I., Mancuso, S., Lanzone, A.,2001. Stromal epithelial interaction modulates estrogen responsiveness in normal human endometritis. Biol. Reprod.64,831-838.
58、Stevenson, J.S.,1997. Clinical reproductive physiology of the cow. In:Youngquist, R.S. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 257-267.
59、Hansen, P.J.,1998. Review:Regulation of uterine immune function by progesterone—lessons from the sheep. J. Reprod. Immunol.40,63-79.
60、Correa, M.T., Erb, H., Scarlet, I.,1993. Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci.76,1305-1312.
61、Herath, S., Dobson, H., Bryant, C.E., Sheldon, I.M.,2006a. Use of the cow as a large animal model of uterine infection and immunity. J. Reprod. Immunol.69,13-22.
62、Curtis, C.R., Erb, H., Sniffer, C.J., Smith, R.D., Kornfeld, D.S.,1985. Path analysis of dry period, nutrition, postparturent metabolic and reproductive disorders and mastitis in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci.68,2397-2403.
63、Smith, B.I., Donovan, G.A., Risco, C.A., Young, C.R., Stauken, L.H.,1998. Serum haptoglobin concentration in Holstein dairy cattle with toxic puerperal metritis. Vet. Rec.128, 83-85.
64、Buchanan, D.L., Setiawan, T., Lublahn, D.B., Tylor, J.A., Kurota, T., gunha, G.R., Cooke, P.S.,1999. Tissue compartment specific estrogen receptor alpha participation in the mouse uterine epithelial secretory response. Endocrinology 140,484—491.
65、Kaushic, C., Murdin, A.D., Undersown, B.J., Wira, C.R.,1998. Influence of progesterone on infectivity and immune response. Infect. Immun.66,893-898.
66、Kaushic, C., Zhou, F., Murdin, A.D., Wira, C.R.,1999. Effects of estradiol and progesterone on susceptibility and early immune response to infection in the female reproductive tract. Infect. Immune 68,4207-4316.
67、Slama, H., Vaillancourt, D., Goff, A.D.,1991. Pathophsiology of the puerperal period: Relationship between PGE2 and uterine involution in the cow. Theriogenology 36, 1071-1090.
68、Shaw, D., Griffin, F.,1981. Phagocytosis requires repeated triggering of macrophage phagocytic receptors during particle ingestion. Nature 289,409-411.
69、Wade, D.E., Lewis, G.S.,1996. Exogenous prostaglandins F2_ stimulate utero-ovarian release of PGF2_ in sheep:A possible component of the leukocyte mechanism of action of PGF2_Dom. Anim. Endocrinol.13,383-395.
70、Ramadan, A.A., Johnson, G.L., Lewis, G.S.,1997. Regulation of uterine immune function during the estrus cycle and in response to infectious bacteria in sheep. J. Anim. Sci.75, 1622-1632.
71. DelVecchio, R.P., Matsas, D.J., Fortin, S., Sponenberg, D.P., Lewis, G.S.,1994. Spontaneous uterine infections are associated with elevated PGF2_ metabolite concentration in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 41,413-421.
72. DelVecchio, R.P., Matsas, D.J., Inzana, T.J., Sponenberg, D.P., Lewis, G.S.,1992. Effect of intrauterine bacterial infusion and subsequent endometritis on PGF2_ metabolite concentration in postpartum beef cows. J. Anim. Sci.70,3158-3162.
73、Herath, S., Fischer, D.P., Erin, D.W.,Williams, J., Lilly, S.T., Dobson, H., Bryant, C.E., Sheldon, I.M.,2006b. Expression and function of toll-like receptor
74、Hoedemakei, M., Lund, L.A., Wagner, W.C.,1992. Influence of arachidonic acid metabolites and steroids on function of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Am. J. Vet. Res.53, 534-539.
75、Hunt, J.S., Miller, L., Roby, K.F., Huang, J., Platt, J.S., DeBrot, B.I.,1997. Female steroid hormones regulate production of pro-inflammatory molecules in uterine leukocytes. J. Reprod. Immunol.35,87-99.
76、Zerbe, E., Schuberth, H.J., Hodemaker, M., Gunert, E., Leibold, W.,1996. A new model system for endometritis basic concepts and characterization of phenotypic and functional properties of bovine uterine neutrophils. Theriogenology 46,1339-1356.77、Butt, B.M., Senger, P.L., Widders, P.R.,1991. Neutrophil migration into the bovine uterine lumen following intrauterine inoculation with killed Haemophilus somnus. J. Reprod. Fertil.93, 341-345
78、Cai, T.Q., Weston, P.G., Lund, L.A., Brodie, B., McKenna, D.J., Wagner, W.C.,1994. Association between neutrophil function and periparturent disorders in cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55,934-943.
79、Parr, M.B., Parr, E.L.,1994. Mucosal immunity in the female and male reproductive tract. In: Ogra, P.L. (Ed.), Hand Book of Mucosal Immunology, first ed. Academic Press, New York, NY, pp.677-689
80、Parr, M.B., Parr, E.L.,1999. Female genital tract immunity in animal models. In:Ogra, P.L. (Ed.), Mucosal Immunity, second ed. Academic Press, San Diego, pp.1395-1409.
81、in the endometrial cells of the uterus. Endocrinology 147,562-570.
82、Wira, C.R., Kaushic, C.,Richardson, J.,1999. Role of sex hormones and cytokines in regulating the mucosal immunesystem in the female reproductive tract. In:Ogra, P.L. (Ed.), Mucosal Immunology, second ed. Academic Press, SanDiego (Cited by Robertson,2000).
83、Roberts, S.J.,1986. Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases, third ed. S.J. Roberts-Woodstock, NY, pp.381-359.
84、Robertson, S.A.,2000. Control of the immunological environment of the uterus. Rev. Reprod. 5,164-174.
85、Zargham-Khan, M., Muhammad, G., Vmar, A., Ali-Khan, S.,1998. A preliminary comparison of plasma fibrinogenconcentration leukocyte numbers and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and nonspecific indicators of inflammatoryconditions in buffalo(Bubalus bubalis).Vet. Res. Commun.21,265-271.
86、Hussain, A.M., Daniel, R.C.W.,1992a. Phagocytosis by uterine fluid and blood neutrophils and homological changes in postpartum cows following normal and abnormal parturition. Theriogenology 37,1253-1267.
87、Kimura, K., Jesse, P., Goff, O., Kehreli, M.E., Reinhardt, T.,2002. Decreased neutrophil function as a cause of retained placenta in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci.85,544-550.
88、Wegner, C.C., Carson, D.D.,1992. Mouse uterine stromal cells secrete a 30-kilodalton protein in response to co culture with uterine epithelial cells. Endocrinology 131,2565-2572.
89、Robertson, S.A., Mau, V.L., Hudson, S.N., Trmellen, K.P.,1997. Cytokine-leukocyte network and the establishment of pregnancy. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.37,438-442.
90、Mateus, L., Lopes da Costa, L., Carval, H., Serra, P., Robolo Silva, J.,2002b. Blood and intrauterine leukocyte profile and function in dairy cows that spontaneously recovered from postpartum endometritis. Reprod. Dom. Anim.37,176-181.
91、Jacobs, A.L., Carson, D.D.,1993. Uterine epithelial cell secretions of interleukin-1 alpha induce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2_ secretion by uterine stromal cells in vitro. Endocrinology 132,300-308.
92、Kelly, R.W., King, A.E., Critchley, H.O.,2001. Cytokine control in human endometrium. Reproduction 121,3-19.
93、Tizard, I.R.,1996. Veterinary Immunology:An Introduction, fifth ed. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp.32-87.
94、Blecha, F.,1991. Cytokines:applications in domestic food animals. J. Dairy Sci.74,328-339.
95、Lanier, L.L., Benike, C.J., Phillips, J.H., Engleman, E.G.,1985. Recombinant interleukin-2 enhanced natural killer cellmediated cytotoxicity in human lymphocytes subpopulations expressing the Leu 7 and Leu 11 antigen. J. Immunol.134,794-802.
96、Tekin, S., Hansen, P.,2002. Natural killer like cells in the sheep:Functional characterization and regulation by pregnancy associated proteins. Exp. Biol. Med.227,803-811.
97、Blecha, F.,1988. Immunomodulation a means of disease prevention in stressed livestock. J. Anim. Sci.66,284-294.
98、Montes, A.J., Pugh, D.G.,1993. Clinical approach to postpartum metritis. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet.15,1131产后子宫炎的临床方法
99、Sheldon, I.M., Lewis, S.L., LeBlanc, S., Gilbert, R.O. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology, in press.
100、Bonnett, B.N., Martin, S.W.,1995. Path analysis of peripartum and postpartum events, rectal palpation findings,endometrial biopsy results and reproductive performance in Holstein Frisian dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med.21,279-288.
101、Studer, E., Morrow, D.A.,1978. Postpartum evaluation of bovine reproductive potential: Comparison of findings from genital tract examination per rectum, uterine culture and endometrial biopsy. JAVMA 172,489-494.
102、Williams, F.J., Fischer, D.P., Drik, V., England, C.W., Noakes, D.E., Dobson, H., Sheldon, I.M.,2005. Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology 63,102-117.
103、Sheldon, I.M., Noakes, D.E., Rycroft, A.N., Dobson, H.,2002. Effect of postpartum manual examination of the vagina on uterine bacterial contamination in cows. Vet. Rec.151, 531-534.
104、Sar, G.C., Mohunty, B.N., Ray, S.K.H., Mohunty, D.N.,1996. Endometrial biopsy in infertile cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci.66,1100-1105.
105、El-Dossokey, Y.E., Juma, K.H.,1973. Infertility problems among cows and buffaloes in Iraq. Indian J. Anim. Sci.43,187-192.
106、de Bois, C.H.W., Manspeaker, J.E.,1986. Endometrial biopsy of the bovine. In:Morrow, D.A. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 424-427.
107、Dzhuroua, I., Gulubinov, G.,1981. Histological endometrial changes in cows with latent endometritis. Vet. Med. Nauki 18,98-103.
108、 Bonnett, B.N., Martin, S.W., Gannon, V.P.G., Miller, R.B., Etherington, W.G.,1991. Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Frisian dairy cows. III. Bacteriological analysis and correlation with histopathological findings. Can. J. Vet. Res.55,168-173.
109、 Bollo, E., Biolatti, B., Pau, S., Galloni, M.,1990. Scanning electron microscopy of pathogenic changes in the epithelial surfaces of the uterus and uterine tubes of cows. Am. J. Vet. Res.51,137-142.
110、Bonnett, B.N., Martin, S.W., Meek, A.H.,1993. Associations of clinical findings, bacteriological and histological results of endometrial biopsy with reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med.15,205-220.
111、Mortimer, R.C., Farin, P.W., Stevens, R.D.,1997. Reproductive examination of the non-pregnant cow. In:Youngquist, R.S. (Ed.), Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp.268-275.
112 Wingfield-Digby, N.J.,1987. The technique and clinical application of endometrial cytology in mares. Equine Vet. J.10,176-180.
113、 Beal, W.E., Perry, R.C., Corah, L.R.,1992. The use of ultrasound in monitoring reproductive physiology of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci.70,924-929.
114、 Kastelic, J.P., Curran, S., Pierson, R.A., Ginther, O.J.,1988. Ultrasonic evaluation of the bovine conceptus. Theriogenology 29,39-45.
115、 Patterson, D.J., Perry, R.C., Call, E.P., Beal,W.E., Corah, L.R.,1989. Comparison of ultrasonography and ovarian palpation for determination of puberty in bee & heifers. J. Anim. Sci. Suppl.67,463.
116、Kastelic, J.P., Curran, S., Ginther, O.J.,1989. Accuracy of ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis on days 10 to 22 in heifers. Theriogenology 31,813-818.
117、Pierson, R.A., Ginther, O.J.,1984. Ultrasonography for detection of pregnancy and study of embryonic development in heifers. Theriogenology 22,225-229.
118、Curran, S., Kastelic, J.P., Ginther, O.J.,1989. Determination sex of the bovine fetus by ultrasonic assessment of the relative location of the genital tubercle. Anim. Reprod. Sci.19, 217-227.
119、Sprencher, D.J., Nebel, R.L.,1988. B-mode ultrasonic morphology of bovine follicular and luteal ovarian cyst. Agri.Practice 9,5-9.
120、Fricke, P.M.,2002. Scanning the future ultrasonography as reproductive management tool for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.85,1918-1926.
121、Kasimanickam, R., Duffield, T.E., Foster, R.A., Gartley, C.L., Leslie, K.E.,Walton, J.S., Johnson,W.H.,2004. Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of sub clinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 62,9-23.
122、Bearden, H.J., Fuquay, J.W.,1997. Applied Animal Reproduction, fourth ed. Simon and Schuster Co., Upper Saddle River, NY, pp.309-328应用动物繁殖学,第四版。123、Ginther, O.J.,1995. Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction. Equine Services Publishing, Cross Plains, WI (Cited by Fricke,2002).
124、Bretzlaff, K.,1987. Rationale for treatment of endometritis in dairy cows. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Prac.3,593-598.
125、Sheldon, I.M., Noakes, D.E.,1998. Comparison of three treatments for bovine endometritis. Vet. Rec.142,575-579.
126、Bateman, K.C., Keel, G.P., Walter, J.S., Johnson, W.H.,2002. The effect of treatment of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.85, 2237-2249.
127、Ball, L., Olson, J.D., Mortimer, R.G.,1984. Therapeutic consideration for the postpartum bovine uterus. Soc. Theriogenol. Newslett.7,4-5.
128、Kaczmarowski, M., Malinowsk, E., Markiewicz, H.,2004. Influence of various treatment methods on bacteriological findings in cows with puerperal endometritis. Pol. J. Vet. Sci.7, 171-174.
129、Girardi, C.R.G., Farca, A.M., Dacasto, M., Ferrero, E., Eandim, M.,1990. Blood kinetic of sulfamonomethoxine and oxytetracycline following intrauterine spray injection in dairy cows. Pharmacol. Res.22,79-86.
130、Singh, A.K., Aghtor, P.G., Singh, R.B., Singh, A.P., Verma, S.B.,2001. Efficiency of treatment of endometritis with chemotherapeutic agents in cows and buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Reprod.2,9-12.
131、Dhaliwal, G.S., Murray, R.D., Woldehiwet, Z.,2001. Some aspects of immunology of the bovine uterus related to treatments for endometritis. Anim. Reprod. Sci.67,135-152.
132、Risco, C.A., Hernandez, J.,2003. Comparison of ceftiofur hydrochloride and estradiol cypionate for metritis prevention and reproductive performance in dairy cows affected with retained fetal membranes. Theriogenology 60,47-58.
133、Khan, A., Khan, M.Z.,1989. Efficacy of different antibiotics in the treatment of endometritis in Pakistan buffaloes. J.Islamic Acad. Sci.2,153.
134、Drillich, M., Raab, D., Wittke, M., Heuwieser, W.,2005. Treatment of chronic endometritis in dairy cows with an intrauterine application of enzymes a field trail. Theriogenology 63, 1811-1823.
135、Dwivedi, J.N., Singh, S.,1975. Studies on the histopathology of uterus of Indian buffalo. Indian J. Anim. Sci.45,21-24.
136、Amiridis, G.S., Fthenakis, G.C., Dafopoulas, J., Papanikolaou, T., Mavrogianni, V.S.,2003. Use of cefquinome for prevention and treatment of bovine endometritis. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap.26,387-390.
137、Bretzlaff, K.N.,1986. Factors of importance for the disposition of antibiotics in the female genital tract. In:Morrow, D.A. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp.34-47.
138、Roncada, P., Ermine, n., Schleuning, A., Stracciari, G.L., Strocchia, A.,2000. Pharmacokinetic and residual behavior in milk of oxytetracycline in cows following administration of uterine pessaries. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap.23,281-285.
139、Bretzlaff, K., Ott, R.S., Kortiz, G.D., Bevill, R.F., Gustafsson, B.K., Davis, L.E.,1983. Distribution of oxytetracycline in genital tract tissues of postpartum cows given the drug by intravenous and intrauterine routes. Am. J. Vet. Res.44,764-767.
140、Hajurk, J., Nagy, J., Popelka, P., Rozemska, H., Sokol, J., Cabadaj, R., Hura, V.,2003. Tetracycline concentration in blood and milk of cows following intrauterine treatment of acute or sub acute/chronic endometritis. Bull. Vet. Pulawy 47,435-447.
141 Cairoli, F., Ferrariol, L., Carli, S., Soldano, F.,1993. Efficiency of oxytetracycline-benzydamine in the prevention of infection after placental retention in cattle. Vet. Rec.133,394-395.
142、Drillich, M., Beetz, O., Pfutzner, A., Sabin, M., Sabin, H.J., Kuzer, P., Natterman, H., Hewieser, W.,2001. Evaluation of a systemic antibiotic treatment of toxic puerperal metritis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.84,2010-2017.
143、Sheldon, I.M., Bushnell, M., Montgomery, J., Rycroft, A.N.,2004a. Minimum inhibitory concentration of some antimicrobial drugs against bacteria causing uterine infections in cattle. Vet. Rec.155,383-387.
144、Hussain, A.M., Daniel, R.C.W.,1991. Bovine endometritis current and future alternative therapy. J. Vet. Med.38,641-651.
145、Mansour, U.M.,Wahba, T.M., Hegazy, M.A., Essamy, S.A.,2003. Biophysical changes in cervical mucus of buffaloes in response to PGF2_ treatment. Assiut Vet. Med. J.49, 232-248.
146、Melendez, P., McHale, J., Bartolome, J., Archbald, L.F., Donovan, G.A.,2004. Uterine involution and fertility of Holstein cows subsequent to early postpartum PGF2_ treatment for acute puerperal metritis. J. Dairy Sci.87,3238-3246.
147、Abou-El-Roos, M.E.A., Abdel-Ghaffar, A.E.,2000. Some trails to improve the reproductive efficiency of sub estrus buffalo cows using PGF2_ at mid luteal phase. Assiut Vet. Med. J.43, 327-334.
148、Janowski, S., Zdunczyk, S., Mwaanya, E.S.,2001. Combined GnRH and PGF2_ application in cows with endometritis puerperal is treated with antibiotics. Reprod. Dom. Anim.36, 244-246.
149、Al-Eknah, M.M., Noakes, D.E.,1989. Uterine activity in cows during the estrus cycle after ovariectomy and following exogenous estradiol and progesterone. Br. Vet. J.145,328-336.
150、 Sheldon, I.M., Noakes, D.E., Rycroft, A.N., Dobson, H.,2004b. Effect of intrauterine administration of estradiol on postpartum uterine bacterial infection in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci.8,13-23.
151、Etherington, W.C., Bosu, W.T., Martin, S.W.,1985. Reproductive performance in dairy cows following postpartum treatment with GnRH and/or PGF2_:A field trail. Can. J. Comp. Med.48,245-250.
152、Fischer, S. G., and L. S. Lerman.1983. DNA fragments differing by single base-pair substitutions are separated in denaturing gradient gels:correspondence with melting theory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80:1579-83.
153、Lerman, L. S., S. G. Fischer, I. Hurley, K. Silverstein, and N. Lumelsky.1984. Sequence-determined DNA separations. Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng 13:399-423.
154、Myers, R. M., S. G. Fischer, L. S. Lerman, and T. Maniatis.1985. Nearly all single base substitutions in DNA fragments joined to a GC-clamp can be detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 13:3131-45.
155、Myers, R. M., S. G. Fischer, T. Maniatis, and L. S. Lerman.1985. Modification of the melting properties of duplex DNA by attachment of a GC-rich DNA sequence as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 13:3111-29.
156、Muyzer, G., E. C. de Waal, and A. G. Uitterlinden.1993. Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:695-700.
157、Muyzer, G.1999. DGGE/TGGE a method for identifying genes from natural ecosystems. Curr Opin Microbiol 2:317-22.
158、Muyzer, G., and K. Smalla.1998. Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) in microbial ecology. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 73:127-41.
159、Sanguinetti, C. J., E. Dias Neto, and A. J. Simpson.1994. Rapid silver staining and recovery of PCR products separated on polyacrylamide gels. Biotechniques 17:914-21.
160、Sekiguchi, H., N. Tomioka, T. Nakahara, and H. Uchiyama.2001. A single band does not always represent single bacterial strains in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. Biotechnology Letters 23:1205-1208.
161、Gomes, N. C., O. Fagbola, R. Costa, N.G. Rumjanek, A. Buchner, L. Mendona-Hagler, and K. Smalla.2003. Dynamics of fungal communities in bulk and maize rhizosphere soil in the tropics. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:3758-66.
162、Heuer, H., M. Krsek, P. Baker, K. Smalla, and E, M. Wellington.1997. Analysis of actinomycete communities by specific amplification of genes encoding 16S rRNA and gel-electrophoretic separation in denaturing gradients. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3233-41.
163、Smalla, K., G. Wieland, A. Buchner, A. Zock, J. Parzy, S. Kaiser, N. Roskot, H. Heuer, and G. Berg.2001. Bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis:plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4742-51.
164、Eichner, C. A., R. W. Erb, K. N. Timmis, and I. Wagner-Dobler.1999. Thermal gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of bioprotection from pollutant shocks in the activated sludge microbial community. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:102-9.
165、Watanabe, K., M. Teramoto, H. Futamata, and S. Harayama.1998. Molecular detection, isolation, and physiological characterization of functionally dominant phenol-degrading bacteria in activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4396-402.
166、Simpson, J. M., V. J. McCracken, B. A. White, H. R. Gaskins, and R. I. Mackie.1999. Application of denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis for the analysis of the porcine gastrointestinal microbiota. J Microbiol Methods 36:167-79.
167、Zoetendal, E. G., A. D. Akkermans, and W. M. De Vos.1998. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA from human fecal samples reveals stable and host-specific communities of active bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:3854-9.
168、Ferris, M. J., G. Muyzer, and D. M. Ward.1996. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of 16S rRNA-defined populations inhabiting a hot spring microbial mat community. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:340-6.
169、Teske, A., C. Wawer, G. Muyzer, and N. B. Ramsing.1996. Distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a stratified fjord (Mariager Fjord, Denmark) as evaluated by most-probable-number counts and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA fragments. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:1405-15.
170、Sekiguchi, H., M. Watanabe, T. Nakahara, B. Xu, and H. Uchiyama.2002. Succession of bacterial community structure along the Changjiang River determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5142-50.
171、Wang, G. C., and Y. Wang.1997. Frequency of formation of chimeric molecules as a consequence of PCR coamplification of 16S rRNA genes from mixed bacterial genomes. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4645-50.
172、Santegoeds, C. M., S. C. Nold, and D. M. Ward.1996. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis used to monitor the enrichment culture of aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria from a hot spring cyanobacterial mat. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:3922-8.
173、Ward, D. M., C. M. Santegoeds, S. C. Nold, N. B. Ramsing, M. J. Ferris, and M. M. Bateson.1997. Biodiversity within hot spring microbial mat communities:molecular monitoring of enrichment cultures. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 71:143-50.
174、Nubel, U., B. Engelen, A. Felske, J. Snaidr, A. Wieshuber, R. I. Amann, W. Ludwig, and H. Backhaus.1996. Sequence heterogeneities of genes encoding 16S rRNAs in Paenibacillus polymyxa detected by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. J Bacteriol 178:5636-43.
175、Kowalchuk, G. A., J. R. Stephen, W. De Boer, J. I. Prosser, T. M. Embley, and J. W. Woldendorp.1997. Analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the beta subdivision of the class Proteobacteria in coastal sand dunes by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA fragments. Appl Environ Microbiol
176、Keohavong, P., and W. G. Thilly.1989. Fidelity of DNA polymerases in DNA amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:9253-7.
177、Zhang, X., X. Yan, P. Gao, L. Wang, Z. Zhou, and L. Zhao.2004. Optimized sequence retrieval from single bands of TGGE (temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) profiles of the amplified 16S rDNA fragments from an activated sludge system. J Microbiol Methods.
178、高平平,晁群芳,张学礼,王凌华,and赵立平.2003TGGE分析焦化废水处理系统活性污泥细菌种群动态变化及多样性.生态学报23：1963-1969.
179、Wei, G., L. Pan, H. Du, J. Chen, and L. Zhao.2004. ERIC-PCR fingerprinting-based community DNA hybridization to pinpoint genome-specific fragments as molecular markers to identify and track populations common to healthy human guts. J Microbiol Methods.63:1489-97.
180、Farrelly, V., F. A. Rainey, and E. Stackebrandt.1995. Effect of genome size and rrn gene copy number on PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes from a mixture of bacterial species. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2798-801.
181、Picard, C., C. Ponsonnet, E. Paget, X. Nesme, and P. Simonet.1992. Detection and enumeration of bacteria in soil by direct DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:2717-22.
182、Maarit Niemi, R., I. Heiskanen, K. Wallenius, and K. Lindstrom.2001. Extraction and purification of DNA in rhizosphere soil samples for PCR-DGGE analysis of bacterial consortia. J Microbiol Methods 45:155-65.
183、Martin-Laurent, F., L. Philippot, S. Hallet, R. Chaussod, J. C. Germon, G. Soulas, and G. Catroux.2001. DNA extraction from soils:old bias for new microbial diversity analysis methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2354-9.
184、Jensen, M. A., and N. Straus.1993. Effect of PCR conditions on the formation of heteroduplex and single-stranded DNA products in the amplification of bacterial ribosomal DNA spacer regions. PCR Methods Appl 3:186-94.
185、Qiu, X., L. Wu, H. Huang, P. E. McDonel, A. V. Palumbo, J. M. Tiedje, and J. Zhou.2001. Evaluation of PCR-generated chimeras, mutations, and heteroduplexes with 16S rRNA gene-based cloning. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:880-7.
186、Reysenbach, A. L., L. J. Giver, G. S. Wickham, and N. R. Pace.1992. Differential amplification of rRNA genes by polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:3417-8.
187、Holben, W. E., K. P. Feris, A. Kettunen, and J. H. Apajalahti.2004.GC fractionation enhances microbial community diversity assessment and detection of minority populations of bacteria by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:2263-70.
188、Nubel, U., F. Garcia-Pichel, and G. Muyzer.1997. PCR primers to amplify 16S rRNA genes from cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3327-32.
189、Sigler, W. V., C. Miniaci, and J. Zeyer.2004. Electrophoresis time impacts the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis-based assessment of bacterial community structure. J Microbiol Methods 57:17-22.
190、Ferris, M. J., and D. M. Ward.1997. Seasonal distributions of dominant 16S rRNA-defined populations in a hot spring microbial mat examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:1375-81.
191、Speksnijder, A. G., G. A. Kowalchuk, S. De Jong, E. Kline, J. R. Stephen, and H. J. Laanbroek.2001. Microvariation artifacts introduced by PCR and cloning of closely related 16S rRNA gene sequences. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:469-72.
192、Kocherginskaya, S. A., R. I. Aminov, and B. A. White.2001. Analysis of the Rumen Bacterial Diversity under two Different Diet Conditions using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, Random Sequencing, and Statistical Ecology Approaches. Anaerobe 7:119-134.
193、Tannock, G. W., K. Munro, R. Bibiloni, M. A. Simon, P. Hargreaves, P. Gopal, H. Harmsen, and G. Welling.2004. Impact of consumption of oligosaccharide-containing biscuits on the fecal microbiota of humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:2129-36.
194、Jackson, C. R., E. E. Roden, and P. F. Churchill.2000. denaturing gradient gel eletrophoresis can fail to seperate 16S rDNA fragments with multiple base differences. Molecular biology today 1:49-51.
195、Vallaeys, T., E. Topp, G. Muyzer, V. Macheret, G. Laguerre, A. Rigaud, and G. Soulas.1997. Evaluation of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in the detection of 16S rDNA sequence variation in rhizobia and methanotrophs. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.24:279-285.
196、Watanabe, K., Y. Kodama, K. Syutsubo, and S. Harayama.2000. Molecular characterization of bacterial populations in petroleum-contaminated groundwater discharged from underground crude oil storage cavities. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:4803-9.
197、Almirante B, Rodriguez D, Park B J, et al.Epidemiology and predictors of mortality of Candida bloodstream infection:results from population-based surveillance, Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003.J Clin Microbiol,2005,43 (4):1829-1835
198、Andu B M, Kudi A A.Microbial isolates and antibiogram from autocervical swabs of patients with pelvic inflammatory diseases.J Obs Gyn,2004,24:51-65
199、Boo T W, O'reilly B, O'leary J, et al.Candidaemia in an Irish tertiary referral hospital: epidemiology and prognostic factors.Mycoses,2005,48(4):251-245
200、Colombo, Melo, ALASA.et al.Outbreak of Candida rugosa candidemia:an emerging pathogen that may be refractory to amphotericin B therapy.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis, 2003,46:253-257
201、Cooper E E, O'reilly M A, Guest D I.Influence of building construction work on Aspergillus infection in a hospital setting.Infect Center Hosp Epidemiol,2003,24:2-6
202、Dignani M, Tula L, Abrantes R, et al.Alternaria species are the 2ed cause of invasive fungal infections among oncohematological patients at one institution:possible role of high environmental exposure.Program and abstract of the 15th Focus on Fungal Infections,2005, 16-18
203、 Edi-Osagie N E, Emmerson A J.Seasonality of invasive Candida infections in neonates.Acta Paediatr,2005,94 (1):72-74
204、Gozdasoglu S, Ertum M, Buyukekececi Z, et al.Fungal coionization and infection in children with acute leukemia and lymphoma during induction therapy.Med Ped Onc, 1999,32:344-348
205、Gumbo T, Isada C M, Hall G, et al.Candida glabrata fungiemia.Clinical feature of 139 patients.Medicine (Baltimore),1999,78:220-227
206、Hayer-Lattin B, Majiary R T.Update in the epidemiology, prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infection in patient with hematologic disorders.Leukemia Lymphoma, 2004,45:699-680
207、Huang Y C, Lin T Y, Leu H S, et al.Outbreak of Candida parapsilosis fungemia in neonatal intensive care units;clinical implication and genotype analysis.Infection,1999,27:97-102
208、Johnson M D, Perfect J R, Smith L L,et al.Epidemiology and mortality of nosocomial candidemia with stratification according to age:poor prognostic for the elderly.Program and abstracts of the 43th Annual ICAAC,2003,4-17, M1000
209、KaoAS, Brandt M E, Pruitt W R, et al.The epidemiology of candidemia in two United States cities:results of a population-based active surveillance.Clin Infec Dis, 1999,75:142-156
210、Kwan-Chung K J, Sorrell T C, Dromer F, et al.Cryptococcosis:clinical and biological aspects.Med Myool,2000,38 (Suppl 1):205-213
211、Morgan J, Alexander B, Wannemuehler K, et al.Quantification of risk for invasive fungal infections (IFI) among transplant (TX) recipients reporting to TRANSNET.Program and abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherp, 2004, Abstract M-1058
212、Rani R, Mohapatra N P, Menta G, et al.Changing trends of Candida species in neonatal septicaemiA in a tertiary North India hospital.India J Med Microbiol,2002,20:42-44
213、Rosen G P, Nielsen K, Klenn S, et al.Invasive fungal infections in pediatric oncology patients:11-year experience at a single institution.J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005,27:135-140
214、Sallah S.Heptosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia:increasingly encountered complication.Anticancer Research,1997,19:757-760
Sander M A, Ronald A R.Update in infectious diseases. Am Inter Med,2004,140:290-295
Schaffner A.Hospital-parasitic relation in invasive aspergillosis.Jap J Med Mycol, 2002,43:161
217、Wilson L S, Reyes C M, Stolpman M, et al.The direct cost and incidence of systemic fungal infections.Value Health,2002,5:26-34
218、Yamazaki T, Kume H, Murase S, et al.Epidemiology of visceral mycoses:analysis of data of annul pathological autopsy cases in Japan.J Clin Microb,1999,37:1732-1738
219、尹红斌,李素华,郭定宗,等.奶牛产后子宫内膜炎分类及研究进展[J].中国奶牛2009,(2)：36-39.
220、廉翠红,张正华,赵敬军,等.外阴阴道念珠菌病患者临床分离菌株的菌种及基因型分析[J].中华皮肤科杂志[J],2004,37(1)：44-46.
221、Watanabe T,Tanaka H,Nakao H,et al,Hemoglobin is utilized by Candida albicans in the hyphal form but not yeast form[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1997;232:350-3.
222、FENNJ P, SEGAL H BARLAND B,Comparison of updaed Vitek yeast biochemical card and API 20C yeast identification systerms[J].J Clin Microbiol,1994,32:1184-1187.
223、PAULA S,LEONOR G,C INTIA A, et al, Highly Polymorphic Micosatellite for identification of Candida albicans Strains[J]. J Clin Microbiol,2003,2:552-557.
224、王玲；中药提取物体外抗真菌活性的实验研究[M].大连医科大学2007：8-9.
225、Ferrer J. Vaginal candidosis:epidemiological and etiological factors[J]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2000,71(Suppl 1):21
226、Manns JM, Mosser DM, Buckley HR.Production of a hemolytic factor by Candida albicans[J].Infact Immun,1994;62:5154-5156.
227、Luo G, Samaranayake LP, Yau JJY. Candida species exhibit differential in vitro hemolytic activities[J],Clin Microbiol.2001;39:2971-2974
228、Koga-Ito CY,Lyon JP,Vidotto V,de Resende MA.Virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates from oral candidosis patients and control individuals [J].Mycopathologia.2006;161;219-23.
229、Furlancto-Maia L,Specian AF, Bizerra FC et al, In vitro evaluation of putative virulence attributes of oral isolates of Candida spp.obtaned form elderly heathly individuals [J]. Mycopathologia.2008;166:209-217.
230、Crawshaw WM,MacDonald NR,Duncan G.Outbreak of Candida rugosa mastitis in a dairy herd after intramammary antibiotic treatment[J].Vet Rec.2005;156:812-813.
231、Sheldon IM, Lewis GS, LeBlanc S, et al. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle[J]. Theriogenology,2006,65:1516-1530.
232、吴培星,成章瑞,段习文,等.奶牛子宫内膜炎胎衣不下治疗前后血液流变学观察[J].中国兽医科技,1990,(7)：29-31.
233、王良娟,李跃民,马勋,等.产后健康母牛与子宫炎牛子宫内细菌分离与鉴定[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,1996,26(2)：11-12.
234、郭顺元,王淑华,郑星道,等.奶牛坏死杆菌性子宫内膜炎的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1996,(7)：29-31.
235、FrazierK, PenceM, MauelM J, et al. Endometritis in postparturient cattle associated with bovine herpesvirus-4 infection:15 cases [J]. JVetDiagn Invest,2001,13(6):502-508.
236、王国卿.产后正常奶牛和子宫内膜炎患牛子宫内细菌的研究[D].哈尔滨：东北农业大学,2000.
237、Griffin J. F. T., Hartigan P. J., Nunn W. R., Non-specific uterine infection and bovine fertility. I. Infection patterns and endometritis during the first 7 weeks post-partum[J]. Theriogenology 1974.1,91-106.
238、Sheldon I. M., NoakesD.E., Rycroft A. N.,et al, Influence of uterine bacterial contamination after parturition on ovarian dominant follicle selection and follicle growth and function in cattle[J]. Reproduction,2002,123,837-845.
239、Ruder C. A., Sasser R. G., Williams R. J., et al, Uterine infections in the postpartum cow. Ⅱ. Possible synergistic effect of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes [J]. Theriogenology 1981.15,573-580.
240、Olson J. D., Ball L., Mortimer R.G., et al. Aspects of bacteriology and endocrinology of cows with pyometra and retained foetal membranes [J]. Am. J. Vet. Res.1984.45, 2251-2255.
241、Bonnett B.N., Martin S.W., Gannon V.P., et al, Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Ⅲ. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings[J]. Can. J. Vet. Res.1991.55,168-173.
242、FENNJ P, SEGAL H BARLAND B,Comparison of updaed Vitek yeast biochemical card and API 20C yeast identification systerms[J]. J Clin Microbiol,1994,32:1184-1187.
243、PAULA S, LEONOR G, C INTIA A, et al, Highly Polymorphic Micosatellite for identification of Candida albicans Strains[J]. J Clin Microbiol,2003,2:552-557
2、Sheldon, I.M., Dobson, H.,2004. Postpartum uterine health in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci.82, 295-306.
3、Lewis, G.S.,1997. Health problems of the postpartum cow, uterine health and disorders. J. Dairy Sci.80,984-994.
4、Borsbery, S., Dobson, H.,1989. Periparturent diseases and their effect on reproductive performance in five dairy herds. Vet. Rec.124,217-219.
5、Gilbert, R.O., Shin, S.T., Guard, C.L., Erb, H.N., Frajblat, M.,2005. Prevalence of endometritis and its effect on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 64, 1879-1888.
6、Miller, H.V., Kimsey, P.B., Kendrick, J.W.,1980. Endometritis of dairy cattle:Diagnosis, treatment and fertility. Bovine Practioner 15,13-23.
7、Lopez-Gatius, F.,2003. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle? A retrospective study in Northeastern Spain. Theriogenology 60,89-99.
8、Bruun, J., Ersbull, A.R., Alban, L.,2002. Risk factors for metritis in Danish dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med.54,179-190.
9、Kim, I.H., Kang, H.C.,2003. Risk factors for postpartum endometritis and the effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea. J. Reprod. Dev.49, 485-491.
10、Bartlett, P.C., Kirk, J.H.,Wilke, M.A., Kaneene, J.B., Mather, E.C.,1986. Metritis complex in Michigan Holstein Frisian cattle:incidence, description, epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Prev. Vet. Med.4,235-248.
11、Al-Fahad, T.A., Alwan, A.F., Ibraheem, N.S.,2004. Histological and morphological study of abnormal cases of female reproductive system in Iraqi buffaloes. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci.18, 109-115.
12、Ali, A., Gilles, M., Fiedlak, C., Henrion, E., Glatzel, P.S.,2000. Reproductive efficiency of a buffalo herd (Bubalus bubalis) reared close to Berlin. Reprod. Dom. Anim.35,26-33.
13、Ali, A., Abdel-Razek, A.K., Abdel-Ghaffar, S., Glatzel, P.S.,2003. Ovarian follicular dynamic in buffalo cows (Bubalus Bubalis). Reprod. Dom. Anim.38,214-218.
14、Gupta, P.P., Singh, B., Mandal, P.C., Gill, B.S., Grewal, G.S.,1978. A postmortem study of mortality pattern in adult buffaloes in Punjab India. Indian J. Anim. Sci.48,669-673.
15、Cady, R.A., Shah, S.K., Schermerchorn, E.C., McDowell, R.E.,1983. Factors affecting performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in Pakistan. J. Dairy Sci.66,578-586.
16、Ghanem, M., Shalaby, A.H., Sharawy, S., Saleh, N.,2002. Factors leading to endometritis in Egypt with special reference to reproductive performance. J. Reprod. Sci.48,371-375.
17、Abdalla, E.B.,2003. Improving the reproductive performance of Egyptian buffalo cows by changing the management system. Anim. Reprod. Sci.75,1-8.
18、Serur, B.H., Farra, A.A., Goma, A.,1982. Incidence of certain infertility problems among cow and buffaloes in Upper Egypt. Assiut Vet. Med. J.10,39-41.19、Moghami, S.M., Saiyari, M., Mayatri, M., Sharma, R.N.,1996. Pathology of uterus in buffalo slaughtered in Ahwaz (Iran) abattoir. Buffalo J.12,213-218.
20、Moghaddam, A.A.I., Mamoei, M.,2004. A survey on some of the reproductive and productive traits of the buffalo in Iran,23rd World Buiatrics Cong. Qu & Eacute, be, p.1910.
21、Al-Fahad, T.A.,2000. Morphological study of abnormal cases of female reproductive system of buffaloes in Basra province. M.Sc. Thesis. College Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad Univ., pp.31-40.
22、Alwan, A.F., Abdul-Hammed, A.N., Khammas, D.J.,2001. A macroscopical study of abnormal genitalia of Iraqi female buffaloes. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci.14,129-132.
23、Azawi, O.I.,2006. Clinical, bacteriological and pathological studies of uterine infection in Iraqi buffaloes. Ph.D. Thesis. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq, pp.145-169.
24、Azawi, O.I., Taha, M.B.,2002. Clinical and bacteriological study of endometritis in Iraqi buffaloes. Iraqi J. Vet. Sci.16,167-178.
25 Vale-Filho, V.R., Pinherio, J., Basner, P.K.,1986. Reproduction in Zebu cattle. In:Morrow, D.A. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 437-442.
26、Youngquist, R.S., Shore, M.D.,1997. Postpartum uterine infection. In:Youngquist, R.S. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 335-340.
27、Sheldon, I.M., Rycroft, A.N., Zhon, C.,2004c. Association between postpartum pyrexia and uterine bacterial infection in dairy cattle. Vet. Rec.154,289-293.
28、Hussain, A.M., Daniel, R.C.W.,1992b. Effect of intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin in normal cows and in cows with endometritis induced by experimental infection with Streptococcus agalactiae. Theriogenology 37,791-810.
29、Kamiyama, S., Teruya, Y., Nohara, M., Kenazawa, K.,2004. Bacterial endotoxin in the endometrium and its clinical significance in reproduction. Fertil. Steril.82,805-810.
30、Dohmen, M.J.W., Joop, K., Strurk, A., Bols, P.E.J., Lohuis, J.A.C.M.,2000. Relationship between intra-uterine bacterial contamination endotoxin levels and the development of endometritis in postpartum cows with Dystocia or retained placenta. Theriogenology 54, 1019-1032.
31、Bondurant, R.H.,1999. Inflammation in the bovine female reproductive tract. J. Anim. Sci.77, 101-110.
32、Dawson, F.L.M.,1959. The normal bovine uterus physiology, histology, and bacteriology. Vet. Rev. Annot.5,73-89.
33、Chaudhery, S.K., Gupta, R.C., Uppal, R.P.,1987. Administration of experimentally induced metritis condition in buffaloes. Theriogenology 28,961-969.
34、Hussain, A.M.,1989. Bovine uterine defense mechanisms:A review. J. Vet. Med. B 36, 641-651.
35、Foldi, J., Kulcsar, M., Pecsi, A., Huyghe, B., de Sa, C., Lohuis, J.A.C.M., Cox, P., Huszenicza, Gy.,2006. Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci.96,265-281.
36、Jainudeen, M.R.,1986. Reproduction in water buffalo. In:Morrow, D.A. (Ed.), Current Therapy in Theriogenology.W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp.443-449.
37、Raman, S.R.P., Bawa, S.J.S.,1977. Incidence of pre and post partum reproductive disorders in buffaloes. Haryana Veterinarian 16,99-101.
38、Rao, A.V.N.,1982. Causes and incidence of reproductive disorders among Zebu cross Taurus cross breed cows in Andhra Pradesh. Theriogenology 17,189-191.
39、Rao, A.V.N., Sreemannarayana, O.,1983. Clinical analysis of reproductive failure among female buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) under village management in Andhra Pradesh. Theriogenology 18,403-411.
40、Baishya, S.K., Das, K.K., Rahman, H., Borgohain, M.,1998. Antibiogram of bacteria isolated from uterine discharge of repeat breeding buffaloes. Indian J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis.19,130-131.
41、Baron, S.,2004. Medical Microbiology. Texas Univ., Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, pp. 312-344
42、Watson, E.D., Diehl, N.K., Evans, J.F.,1990. Antibody response in the bovine genital tract to intrauterine infusion ofActinomyces pyogenes. Res.Vet.Sci.48,70-75.
43、Farin, P.W., Ball, L., Olson, J.D., Mortimer, R.G., Jones, R.L., Andey,W.S., McChesney, A.E., 1989. Effect of Actinomyces pyogenes and gram negative anaerobic bacteria on the development of bovine pyometra. Theriogenology 31.979-989.
44、Dohmen, M.J.W., Lohuis, J.A.C.M., Huszeniczea, G., Nagy, P., Gacs, M.,1995. The relationship between bacteriological and clinical findings in cows with sub acute/chronic endometritis. Theriogenology 43,1379-1388.
45、El-Azab, M., Whitmore, H.L., Kakoma, I., Brodie, B.O., McKenna, D.J., Gustafsson, B.K., 1988. Evaluation of the uterine environment in experimental and spontaneous bovine metritis. Theriogenology 29,1327-1334.
46、Cohen, R.O., Colodner, R., Ziv, G., Keness, J.,1996. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of obligate anaerobic bacteria recovered from the uterus of dairy postparturent endometritis. Zentralbl Veterinarmed. B 43,193-199.
47、Noakes, D.E., Till, D., Smith, G.R.,1989. Bovine uterine flora postpartum:A comparison of swabbing and biopsy. Vet. Rec.124,563-564.
48、Noakes, D.E., Wallace, L., Smith, G.R.,1991. Bacterial flora of the uterus of cows after calving on two hygienicallycontrasting farms. Vet. Rec.128,440-442.49、Cohen, R.O., Bernstein, M., Ziv, G.,1995. Isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinomyces pyogenes recovered from the uterus of dairy with retained fetal membranes and postparturent endometritis. Theriogenology 43,1389-1397.
50、Carter, G.R.,Wise, D.J.,2004. Essentials of Veterinary Bacteriology and Mycology, sixth ed. Iowa State Press, Blackwell Pub., Iowa, pp.202-238.
51、Bekana, M., Jonsson, P., Kindahl, H.,1997. Bacterial isolates associated with retained fetal membranes and subsequent ovarian activity in cattle. Vet. Rec.140,232-234.
52、Ruder, C.A., Sasser, R.G., Williams, R.J., Ely, J.K., Bull, R.C., Butler, J.E.,1981. Uterine infections in the postpartum cow:Ⅱ Possible synergistic effect of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes. Theriogenology 15,573-581.
53、Singh, A.K., Nigam, J.M., Sharma, D.N.,1983. Histological observation on endometrial gland of cows and buffaloes in relation to fertility. Trop. Vet. Anim. Sci. Res.1,37-41.
54、Usmani, R.H., Ahmad, N., Shafiq, P., Mirza, M.A.,2001. Effect of subclinical uterine infections on cervical and uterine involution, estrus activity and fertility in postpartum buffaloes. Theriogenology 55,563-571.
55、Wira, C.R., Grant-Tschudy, K.S., Crone-Godrean, M.A.,2005. Epithelial cells in the female reproductive tract:A central role as sentinels of immune protection. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 53,65-81.
56、Wira, C.R., Rossoll, R.M.,1995. Antigen presenting cells in the female reproductive tract: Influence of estrus cycle on antigen presentation by uterine epithelial and stromal cells. Endocrinology 136,4526-4534.
57、Pierro, E., Minici, F., Alesiani, O., Miveli, F., Proto, C., Screpanti, I., Mancuso, S., Lanzone, A.,2001. Stromal epithelial interaction modulates estrogen responsiveness in normal human endometritis. Biol. Reprod.64,831-838.
58、Stevenson, J.S.,1997. Clinical reproductive physiology of the cow. In:Youngquist, R.S. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 257-267.
59、Hansen, P.J.,1998. Review:Regulation of uterine immune function by progesterone—lessons from the sheep. J. Reprod. Immunol.40,63-79.
60、Correa, M.T., Erb, H., Scarlet, I.,1993. Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci.76,1305-1312.
61、Herath, S., Dobson, H., Bryant, C.E., Sheldon, I.M.,2006a. Use of the cow as a large animal model of uterine infection and immunity. J. Reprod. Immunol.69,13-22.
62、Curtis, C.R., Erb, H., Sniffer, C.J., Smith, R.D., Kornfeld, D.S.,1985. Path analysis of dry period, nutrition, postparturent metabolic and reproductive disorders and mastitis in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci.68,2397-2403.
63、Smith, B.I., Donovan, G.A., Risco, C.A., Young, C.R., Stauken, L.H.,1998. Serum haptoglobin concentration in Holstein dairy cattle with toxic puerperal metritis. Vet. Rec.128, 83-85.
64、Buchanan, D.L., Setiawan, T., Lublahn, D.B., Tylor, J.A., Kurota, T., gunha, G.R., Cooke, P.S.,1999. Tissue compartment specific estrogen receptor alpha participation in the mouse uterine epithelial secretory response. Endocrinology 140,484—491.
65、Kaushic, C., Murdin, A.D., Undersown, B.J., Wira, C.R.,1998. Influence of progesterone on infectivity and immune response. Infect. Immun.66,893-898.
66、Kaushic, C., Zhou, F., Murdin, A.D., Wira, C.R.,1999. Effects of estradiol and progesterone on susceptibility and early immune response to infection in the female reproductive tract. Infect. Immune 68,4207-4316.
67、Slama, H., Vaillancourt, D., Goff, A.D.,1991. Pathophsiology of the puerperal period: Relationship between PGE2 and uterine involution in the cow. Theriogenology 36, 1071-1090.
68、Shaw, D., Griffin, F.,1981. Phagocytosis requires repeated triggering of macrophage phagocytic receptors during particle ingestion. Nature 289,409-411.
69、Wade, D.E., Lewis, G.S.,1996. Exogenous prostaglandins F2_ stimulate utero-ovarian release of PGF2_ in sheep:A possible component of the leukocyte mechanism of action of PGF2_Dom. Anim. Endocrinol.13,383-395.
70、Ramadan, A.A., Johnson, G.L., Lewis, G.S.,1997. Regulation of uterine immune function during the estrus cycle and in response to infectious bacteria in sheep. J. Anim. Sci.75, 1622-1632.
71. DelVecchio, R.P., Matsas, D.J., Fortin, S., Sponenberg, D.P., Lewis, G.S.,1994. Spontaneous uterine infections are associated with elevated PGF2_ metabolite concentration in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 41,413-421.
72. DelVecchio, R.P., Matsas, D.J., Inzana, T.J., Sponenberg, D.P., Lewis, G.S.,1992. Effect of intrauterine bacterial infusion and subsequent endometritis on PGF2_ metabolite concentration in postpartum beef cows. J. Anim. Sci.70,3158-3162.
73、Herath, S., Fischer, D.P., Erin, D.W.,Williams, J., Lilly, S.T., Dobson, H., Bryant, C.E., Sheldon, I.M.,2006b. Expression and function of toll-like receptor
74、Hoedemakei, M., Lund, L.A., Wagner, W.C.,1992. Influence of arachidonic acid metabolites and steroids on function of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Am. J. Vet. Res.53, 534-539.
75、Hunt, J.S., Miller, L., Roby, K.F., Huang, J., Platt, J.S., DeBrot, B.I.,1997. Female steroid hormones regulate production of pro-inflammatory molecules in uterine leukocytes. J. Reprod. Immunol.35,87-99.
76、Zerbe, E., Schuberth, H.J., Hodemaker, M., Gunert, E., Leibold, W.,1996. A new model system for endometritis basic concepts and characterization of phenotypic and functional properties of bovine uterine neutrophils. Theriogenology 46,1339-1356.77、Butt, B.M., Senger, P.L., Widders, P.R.,1991. Neutrophil migration into the bovine uterine lumen following intrauterine inoculation with killed Haemophilus somnus. J. Reprod. Fertil.93, 341-345
78、Cai, T.Q., Weston, P.G., Lund, L.A., Brodie, B., McKenna, D.J., Wagner, W.C.,1994. Association between neutrophil function and periparturent disorders in cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55,934-943.
79、Parr, M.B., Parr, E.L.,1994. Mucosal immunity in the female and male reproductive tract. In: Ogra, P.L. (Ed.), Hand Book of Mucosal Immunology, first ed. Academic Press, New York, NY, pp.677-689
80、Parr, M.B., Parr, E.L.,1999. Female genital tract immunity in animal models. In:Ogra, P.L. (Ed.), Mucosal Immunity, second ed. Academic Press, San Diego, pp.1395-1409.
81、in the endometrial cells of the uterus. Endocrinology 147,562-570.
82、Wira, C.R., Kaushic, C.,Richardson, J.,1999. Role of sex hormones and cytokines in regulating the mucosal immunesystem in the female reproductive tract. In:Ogra, P.L. (Ed.), Mucosal Immunology, second ed. Academic Press, SanDiego (Cited by Robertson,2000).
83、Roberts, S.J.,1986. Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases, third ed. S.J. Roberts-Woodstock, NY, pp.381-359.
84、Robertson, S.A.,2000. Control of the immunological environment of the uterus. Rev. Reprod. 5,164-174.
85、Zargham-Khan, M., Muhammad, G., Vmar, A., Ali-Khan, S.,1998. A preliminary comparison of plasma fibrinogenconcentration leukocyte numbers and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and nonspecific indicators of inflammatoryconditions in buffalo(Bubalus bubalis).Vet. Res. Commun.21,265-271.
86、Hussain, A.M., Daniel, R.C.W.,1992a. Phagocytosis by uterine fluid and blood neutrophils and homological changes in postpartum cows following normal and abnormal parturition. Theriogenology 37,1253-1267.
87、Kimura, K., Jesse, P., Goff, O., Kehreli, M.E., Reinhardt, T.,2002. Decreased neutrophil function as a cause of retained placenta in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci.85,544-550.
88、Wegner, C.C., Carson, D.D.,1992. Mouse uterine stromal cells secrete a 30-kilodalton protein in response to co culture with uterine epithelial cells. Endocrinology 131,2565-2572.
89、Robertson, S.A., Mau, V.L., Hudson, S.N., Trmellen, K.P.,1997. Cytokine-leukocyte network and the establishment of pregnancy. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol.37,438-442.
90、Mateus, L., Lopes da Costa, L., Carval, H., Serra, P., Robolo Silva, J.,2002b. Blood and intrauterine leukocyte profile and function in dairy cows that spontaneously recovered from postpartum endometritis. Reprod. Dom. Anim.37,176-181.
91、Jacobs, A.L., Carson, D.D.,1993. Uterine epithelial cell secretions of interleukin-1 alpha induce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2_ secretion by uterine stromal cells in vitro. Endocrinology 132,300-308.
92、Kelly, R.W., King, A.E., Critchley, H.O.,2001. Cytokine control in human endometrium. Reproduction 121,3-19.
93、Tizard, I.R.,1996. Veterinary Immunology:An Introduction, fifth ed. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp.32-87.
94、Blecha, F.,1991. Cytokines:applications in domestic food animals. J. Dairy Sci.74,328-339.
95、Lanier, L.L., Benike, C.J., Phillips, J.H., Engleman, E.G.,1985. Recombinant interleukin-2 enhanced natural killer cellmediated cytotoxicity in human lymphocytes subpopulations expressing the Leu 7 and Leu 11 antigen. J. Immunol.134,794-802.
96、Tekin, S., Hansen, P.,2002. Natural killer like cells in the sheep:Functional characterization and regulation by pregnancy associated proteins. Exp. Biol. Med.227,803-811.
97、Blecha, F.,1988. Immunomodulation a means of disease prevention in stressed livestock. J. Anim. Sci.66,284-294.
98、Montes, A.J., Pugh, D.G.,1993. Clinical approach to postpartum metritis. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet.15,1131产后子宫炎的临床方法
99、Sheldon, I.M., Lewis, S.L., LeBlanc, S., Gilbert, R.O. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenology, in press.
100、Bonnett, B.N., Martin, S.W.,1995. Path analysis of peripartum and postpartum events, rectal palpation findings,endometrial biopsy results and reproductive performance in Holstein Frisian dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med.21,279-288.
101、Studer, E., Morrow, D.A.,1978. Postpartum evaluation of bovine reproductive potential: Comparison of findings from genital tract examination per rectum, uterine culture and endometrial biopsy. JAVMA 172,489-494.
102、Williams, F.J., Fischer, D.P., Drik, V., England, C.W., Noakes, D.E., Dobson, H., Sheldon, I.M.,2005. Clinical evaluation of postpartum vaginal mucus reflects uterine bacterial infection and the immune response in cattle. Theriogenology 63,102-117.
103、Sheldon, I.M., Noakes, D.E., Rycroft, A.N., Dobson, H.,2002. Effect of postpartum manual examination of the vagina on uterine bacterial contamination in cows. Vet. Rec.151, 531-534.
104、Sar, G.C., Mohunty, B.N., Ray, S.K.H., Mohunty, D.N.,1996. Endometrial biopsy in infertile cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci.66,1100-1105.
105、El-Dossokey, Y.E., Juma, K.H.,1973. Infertility problems among cows and buffaloes in Iraq. Indian J. Anim. Sci.43,187-192.
106、de Bois, C.H.W., Manspeaker, J.E.,1986. Endometrial biopsy of the bovine. In:Morrow, D.A. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 424-427.
107、Dzhuroua, I., Gulubinov, G.,1981. Histological endometrial changes in cows with latent endometritis. Vet. Med. Nauki 18,98-103.
108、 Bonnett, B.N., Martin, S.W., Gannon, V.P.G., Miller, R.B., Etherington, W.G.,1991. Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Frisian dairy cows. III. Bacteriological analysis and correlation with histopathological findings. Can. J. Vet. Res.55,168-173.
109、 Bollo, E., Biolatti, B., Pau, S., Galloni, M.,1990. Scanning electron microscopy of pathogenic changes in the epithelial surfaces of the uterus and uterine tubes of cows. Am. J. Vet. Res.51,137-142.
110、Bonnett, B.N., Martin, S.W., Meek, A.H.,1993. Associations of clinical findings, bacteriological and histological results of endometrial biopsy with reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med.15,205-220.
111、Mortimer, R.C., Farin, P.W., Stevens, R.D.,1997. Reproductive examination of the non-pregnant cow. In:Youngquist, R.S. (Ed.), Current Therapy in Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp.268-275.
112 Wingfield-Digby, N.J.,1987. The technique and clinical application of endometrial cytology in mares. Equine Vet. J.10,176-180.
113、 Beal, W.E., Perry, R.C., Corah, L.R.,1992. The use of ultrasound in monitoring reproductive physiology of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci.70,924-929.
114、 Kastelic, J.P., Curran, S., Pierson, R.A., Ginther, O.J.,1988. Ultrasonic evaluation of the bovine conceptus. Theriogenology 29,39-45.
115、 Patterson, D.J., Perry, R.C., Call, E.P., Beal,W.E., Corah, L.R.,1989. Comparison of ultrasonography and ovarian palpation for determination of puberty in bee & heifers. J. Anim. Sci. Suppl.67,463.
116、Kastelic, J.P., Curran, S., Ginther, O.J.,1989. Accuracy of ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis on days 10 to 22 in heifers. Theriogenology 31,813-818.
117、Pierson, R.A., Ginther, O.J.,1984. Ultrasonography for detection of pregnancy and study of embryonic development in heifers. Theriogenology 22,225-229.
118、Curran, S., Kastelic, J.P., Ginther, O.J.,1989. Determination sex of the bovine fetus by ultrasonic assessment of the relative location of the genital tubercle. Anim. Reprod. Sci.19, 217-227.
119、Sprencher, D.J., Nebel, R.L.,1988. B-mode ultrasonic morphology of bovine follicular and luteal ovarian cyst. Agri.Practice 9,5-9.
120、Fricke, P.M.,2002. Scanning the future ultrasonography as reproductive management tool for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.85,1918-1926.
121、Kasimanickam, R., Duffield, T.E., Foster, R.A., Gartley, C.L., Leslie, K.E.,Walton, J.S., Johnson,W.H.,2004. Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of sub clinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Theriogenology 62,9-23.
122、Bearden, H.J., Fuquay, J.W.,1997. Applied Animal Reproduction, fourth ed. Simon and Schuster Co., Upper Saddle River, NY, pp.309-328应用动物繁殖学,第四版。123、Ginther, O.J.,1995. Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction. Equine Services Publishing, Cross Plains, WI (Cited by Fricke,2002).
124、Bretzlaff, K.,1987. Rationale for treatment of endometritis in dairy cows. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Prac.3,593-598.
125、Sheldon, I.M., Noakes, D.E.,1998. Comparison of three treatments for bovine endometritis. Vet. Rec.142,575-579.
126、Bateman, K.C., Keel, G.P., Walter, J.S., Johnson, W.H.,2002. The effect of treatment of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.85, 2237-2249.
127、Ball, L., Olson, J.D., Mortimer, R.G.,1984. Therapeutic consideration for the postpartum bovine uterus. Soc. Theriogenol. Newslett.7,4-5.
128、Kaczmarowski, M., Malinowsk, E., Markiewicz, H.,2004. Influence of various treatment methods on bacteriological findings in cows with puerperal endometritis. Pol. J. Vet. Sci.7, 171-174.
129、Girardi, C.R.G., Farca, A.M., Dacasto, M., Ferrero, E., Eandim, M.,1990. Blood kinetic of sulfamonomethoxine and oxytetracycline following intrauterine spray injection in dairy cows. Pharmacol. Res.22,79-86.
130、Singh, A.K., Aghtor, P.G., Singh, R.B., Singh, A.P., Verma, S.B.,2001. Efficiency of treatment of endometritis with chemotherapeutic agents in cows and buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Reprod.2,9-12.
131、Dhaliwal, G.S., Murray, R.D., Woldehiwet, Z.,2001. Some aspects of immunology of the bovine uterus related to treatments for endometritis. Anim. Reprod. Sci.67,135-152.
132、Risco, C.A., Hernandez, J.,2003. Comparison of ceftiofur hydrochloride and estradiol cypionate for metritis prevention and reproductive performance in dairy cows affected with retained fetal membranes. Theriogenology 60,47-58.
133、Khan, A., Khan, M.Z.,1989. Efficacy of different antibiotics in the treatment of endometritis in Pakistan buffaloes. J.Islamic Acad. Sci.2,153.
134、Drillich, M., Raab, D., Wittke, M., Heuwieser, W.,2005. Treatment of chronic endometritis in dairy cows with an intrauterine application of enzymes a field trail. Theriogenology 63, 1811-1823.
135、Dwivedi, J.N., Singh, S.,1975. Studies on the histopathology of uterus of Indian buffalo. Indian J. Anim. Sci.45,21-24.
136、Amiridis, G.S., Fthenakis, G.C., Dafopoulas, J., Papanikolaou, T., Mavrogianni, V.S.,2003. Use of cefquinome for prevention and treatment of bovine endometritis. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap.26,387-390.
137、Bretzlaff, K.N.,1986. Factors of importance for the disposition of antibiotics in the female genital tract. In:Morrow, D.A. (Ed.), Current Therapy of Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp.34-47.
138、Roncada, P., Ermine, n., Schleuning, A., Stracciari, G.L., Strocchia, A.,2000. Pharmacokinetic and residual behavior in milk of oxytetracycline in cows following administration of uterine pessaries. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap.23,281-285.
139、Bretzlaff, K., Ott, R.S., Kortiz, G.D., Bevill, R.F., Gustafsson, B.K., Davis, L.E.,1983. Distribution of oxytetracycline in genital tract tissues of postpartum cows given the drug by intravenous and intrauterine routes. Am. J. Vet. Res.44,764-767.
140、Hajurk, J., Nagy, J., Popelka, P., Rozemska, H., Sokol, J., Cabadaj, R., Hura, V.,2003. Tetracycline concentration in blood and milk of cows following intrauterine treatment of acute or sub acute/chronic endometritis. Bull. Vet. Pulawy 47,435-447.
141 Cairoli, F., Ferrariol, L., Carli, S., Soldano, F.,1993. Efficiency of oxytetracycline-benzydamine in the prevention of infection after placental retention in cattle. Vet. Rec.133,394-395.
142、Drillich, M., Beetz, O., Pfutzner, A., Sabin, M., Sabin, H.J., Kuzer, P., Natterman, H., Hewieser, W.,2001. Evaluation of a systemic antibiotic treatment of toxic puerperal metritis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.84,2010-2017.
143、Sheldon, I.M., Bushnell, M., Montgomery, J., Rycroft, A.N.,2004a. Minimum inhibitory concentration of some antimicrobial drugs against bacteria causing uterine infections in cattle. Vet. Rec.155,383-387.
144、Hussain, A.M., Daniel, R.C.W.,1991. Bovine endometritis current and future alternative therapy. J. Vet. Med.38,641-651.
145、Mansour, U.M.,Wahba, T.M., Hegazy, M.A., Essamy, S.A.,2003. Biophysical changes in cervical mucus of buffaloes in response to PGF2_ treatment. Assiut Vet. Med. J.49, 232-248.
146、Melendez, P., McHale, J., Bartolome, J., Archbald, L.F., Donovan, G.A.,2004. Uterine involution and fertility of Holstein cows subsequent to early postpartum PGF2_ treatment for acute puerperal metritis. J. Dairy Sci.87,3238-3246.
147、Abou-El-Roos, M.E.A., Abdel-Ghaffar, A.E.,2000. Some trails to improve the reproductive efficiency of sub estrus buffalo cows using PGF2_ at mid luteal phase. Assiut Vet. Med. J.43, 327-334.
148、Janowski, S., Zdunczyk, S., Mwaanya, E.S.,2001. Combined GnRH and PGF2_ application in cows with endometritis puerperal is treated with antibiotics. Reprod. Dom. Anim.36, 244-246.
149、Al-Eknah, M.M., Noakes, D.E.,1989. Uterine activity in cows during the estrus cycle after ovariectomy and following exogenous estradiol and progesterone. Br. Vet. J.145,328-336.
150、 Sheldon, I.M., Noakes, D.E., Rycroft, A.N., Dobson, H.,2004b. Effect of intrauterine administration of estradiol on postpartum uterine bacterial infection in cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci.8,13-23.
151、Etherington, W.C., Bosu, W.T., Martin, S.W.,1985. Reproductive performance in dairy cows following postpartum treatment with GnRH and/or PGF2_:A field trail. Can. J. Comp. Med.48,245-250.
152、Fischer, S. G., and L. S. Lerman.1983. DNA fragments differing by single base-pair substitutions are separated in denaturing gradient gels:correspondence with melting theory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80:1579-83.
153、Lerman, L. S., S. G. Fischer, I. Hurley, K. Silverstein, and N. Lumelsky.1984. Sequence-determined DNA separations. Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng 13:399-423.
154、Myers, R. M., S. G. Fischer, L. S. Lerman, and T. Maniatis.1985. Nearly all single base substitutions in DNA fragments joined to a GC-clamp can be detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 13:3131-45.
155、Myers, R. M., S. G. Fischer, T. Maniatis, and L. S. Lerman.1985. Modification of the melting properties of duplex DNA by attachment of a GC-rich DNA sequence as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res 13:3111-29.
156、Muyzer, G., E. C. de Waal, and A. G. Uitterlinden.1993. Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:695-700.
157、Muyzer, G.1999. DGGE/TGGE a method for identifying genes from natural ecosystems. Curr Opin Microbiol 2:317-22.
158、Muyzer, G., and K. Smalla.1998. Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) in microbial ecology. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 73:127-41.
159、Sanguinetti, C. J., E. Dias Neto, and A. J. Simpson.1994. Rapid silver staining and recovery of PCR products separated on polyacrylamide gels. Biotechniques 17:914-21.
160、Sekiguchi, H., N. Tomioka, T. Nakahara, and H. Uchiyama.2001. A single band does not always represent single bacterial strains in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. Biotechnology Letters 23:1205-1208.
161、Gomes, N. C., O. Fagbola, R. Costa, N.G. Rumjanek, A. Buchner, L. Mendona-Hagler, and K. Smalla.2003. Dynamics of fungal communities in bulk and maize rhizosphere soil in the tropics. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:3758-66.
162、Heuer, H., M. Krsek, P. Baker, K. Smalla, and E, M. Wellington.1997. Analysis of actinomycete communities by specific amplification of genes encoding 16S rRNA and gel-electrophoretic separation in denaturing gradients. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3233-41.
163、Smalla, K., G. Wieland, A. Buchner, A. Zock, J. Parzy, S. Kaiser, N. Roskot, H. Heuer, and G. Berg.2001. Bulk and rhizosphere soil bacterial communities studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis:plant-dependent enrichment and seasonal shifts revealed. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:4742-51.
164、Eichner, C. A., R. W. Erb, K. N. Timmis, and I. Wagner-Dobler.1999. Thermal gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of bioprotection from pollutant shocks in the activated sludge microbial community. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:102-9.
165、Watanabe, K., M. Teramoto, H. Futamata, and S. Harayama.1998. Molecular detection, isolation, and physiological characterization of functionally dominant phenol-degrading bacteria in activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4396-402.
166、Simpson, J. M., V. J. McCracken, B. A. White, H. R. Gaskins, and R. I. Mackie.1999. Application of denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis for the analysis of the porcine gastrointestinal microbiota. J Microbiol Methods 36:167-79.
167、Zoetendal, E. G., A. D. Akkermans, and W. M. De Vos.1998. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA from human fecal samples reveals stable and host-specific communities of active bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:3854-9.
168、Ferris, M. J., G. Muyzer, and D. M. Ward.1996. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles of 16S rRNA-defined populations inhabiting a hot spring microbial mat community. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:340-6.
169、Teske, A., C. Wawer, G. Muyzer, and N. B. Ramsing.1996. Distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria in a stratified fjord (Mariager Fjord, Denmark) as evaluated by most-probable-number counts and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA fragments. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:1405-15.
170、Sekiguchi, H., M. Watanabe, T. Nakahara, B. Xu, and H. Uchiyama.2002. Succession of bacterial community structure along the Changjiang River determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and clone library analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5142-50.
171、Wang, G. C., and Y. Wang.1997. Frequency of formation of chimeric molecules as a consequence of PCR coamplification of 16S rRNA genes from mixed bacterial genomes. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4645-50.
172、Santegoeds, C. M., S. C. Nold, and D. M. Ward.1996. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis used to monitor the enrichment culture of aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria from a hot spring cyanobacterial mat. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:3922-8.
173、Ward, D. M., C. M. Santegoeds, S. C. Nold, N. B. Ramsing, M. J. Ferris, and M. M. Bateson.1997. Biodiversity within hot spring microbial mat communities:molecular monitoring of enrichment cultures. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 71:143-50.
174、Nubel, U., B. Engelen, A. Felske, J. Snaidr, A. Wieshuber, R. I. Amann, W. Ludwig, and H. Backhaus.1996. Sequence heterogeneities of genes encoding 16S rRNAs in Paenibacillus polymyxa detected by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis. J Bacteriol 178:5636-43.
175、Kowalchuk, G. A., J. R. Stephen, W. De Boer, J. I. Prosser, T. M. Embley, and J. W. Woldendorp.1997. Analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria of the beta subdivision of the class Proteobacteria in coastal sand dunes by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA fragments. Appl Environ Microbiol
176、Keohavong, P., and W. G. Thilly.1989. Fidelity of DNA polymerases in DNA amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86:9253-7.
177、Zhang, X., X. Yan, P. Gao, L. Wang, Z. Zhou, and L. Zhao.2004. Optimized sequence retrieval from single bands of TGGE (temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) profiles of the amplified 16S rDNA fragments from an activated sludge system. J Microbiol Methods.
178、高平平,晁群芳,张学礼,王凌华,and赵立平.2003TGGE分析焦化废水处理系统活性污泥细菌种群动态变化及多样性.生态学报23：1963-1969.
179、Wei, G., L. Pan, H. Du, J. Chen, and L. Zhao.2004. ERIC-PCR fingerprinting-based community DNA hybridization to pinpoint genome-specific fragments as molecular markers to identify and track populations common to healthy human guts. J Microbiol Methods.63:1489-97.
180、Farrelly, V., F. A. Rainey, and E. Stackebrandt.1995. Effect of genome size and rrn gene copy number on PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes from a mixture of bacterial species. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2798-801.
181、Picard, C., C. Ponsonnet, E. Paget, X. Nesme, and P. Simonet.1992. Detection and enumeration of bacteria in soil by direct DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:2717-22.
182、Maarit Niemi, R., I. Heiskanen, K. Wallenius, and K. Lindstrom.2001. Extraction and purification of DNA in rhizosphere soil samples for PCR-DGGE analysis of bacterial consortia. J Microbiol Methods 45:155-65.
183、Martin-Laurent, F., L. Philippot, S. Hallet, R. Chaussod, J. C. Germon, G. Soulas, and G. Catroux.2001. DNA extraction from soils:old bias for new microbial diversity analysis methods. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2354-9.
184、Jensen, M. A., and N. Straus.1993. Effect of PCR conditions on the formation of heteroduplex and single-stranded DNA products in the amplification of bacterial ribosomal DNA spacer regions. PCR Methods Appl 3:186-94.
185、Qiu, X., L. Wu, H. Huang, P. E. McDonel, A. V. Palumbo, J. M. Tiedje, and J. Zhou.2001. Evaluation of PCR-generated chimeras, mutations, and heteroduplexes with 16S rRNA gene-based cloning. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:880-7.
186、Reysenbach, A. L., L. J. Giver, G. S. Wickham, and N. R. Pace.1992. Differential amplification of rRNA genes by polymerase chain reaction. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:3417-8.
187、Holben, W. E., K. P. Feris, A. Kettunen, and J. H. Apajalahti.2004.GC fractionation enhances microbial community diversity assessment and detection of minority populations of bacteria by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:2263-70.
188、Nubel, U., F. Garcia-Pichel, and G. Muyzer.1997. PCR primers to amplify 16S rRNA genes from cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3327-32.
189、Sigler, W. V., C. Miniaci, and J. Zeyer.2004. Electrophoresis time impacts the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis-based assessment of bacterial community structure. J Microbiol Methods 57:17-22.
190、Ferris, M. J., and D. M. Ward.1997. Seasonal distributions of dominant 16S rRNA-defined populations in a hot spring microbial mat examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:1375-81.
191、Speksnijder, A. G., G. A. Kowalchuk, S. De Jong, E. Kline, J. R. Stephen, and H. J. Laanbroek.2001. Microvariation artifacts introduced by PCR and cloning of closely related 16S rRNA gene sequences. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:469-72.
192、Kocherginskaya, S. A., R. I. Aminov, and B. A. White.2001. Analysis of the Rumen Bacterial Diversity under two Different Diet Conditions using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis, Random Sequencing, and Statistical Ecology Approaches. Anaerobe 7:119-134.
193、Tannock, G. W., K. Munro, R. Bibiloni, M. A. Simon, P. Hargreaves, P. Gopal, H. Harmsen, and G. Welling.2004. Impact of consumption of oligosaccharide-containing biscuits on the fecal microbiota of humans. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:2129-36.
194、Jackson, C. R., E. E. Roden, and P. F. Churchill.2000. denaturing gradient gel eletrophoresis can fail to seperate 16S rDNA fragments with multiple base differences. Molecular biology today 1:49-51.
195、Vallaeys, T., E. Topp, G. Muyzer, V. Macheret, G. Laguerre, A. Rigaud, and G. Soulas.1997. Evaluation of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in the detection of 16S rDNA sequence variation in rhizobia and methanotrophs. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.24:279-285.
196、Watanabe, K., Y. Kodama, K. Syutsubo, and S. Harayama.2000. Molecular characterization of bacterial populations in petroleum-contaminated groundwater discharged from underground crude oil storage cavities. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:4803-9.
197、Almirante B, Rodriguez D, Park B J, et al.Epidemiology and predictors of mortality of Candida bloodstream infection:results from population-based surveillance, Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003.J Clin Microbiol,2005,43 (4):1829-1835
198、Andu B M, Kudi A A.Microbial isolates and antibiogram from autocervical swabs of patients with pelvic inflammatory diseases.J Obs Gyn,2004,24:51-65
199、Boo T W, O'reilly B, O'leary J, et al.Candidaemia in an Irish tertiary referral hospital: epidemiology and prognostic factors.Mycoses,2005,48(4):251-245
200、Colombo, Melo, ALASA.et al.Outbreak of Candida rugosa candidemia:an emerging pathogen that may be refractory to amphotericin B therapy.Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis, 2003,46:253-257
201、Cooper E E, O'reilly M A, Guest D I.Influence of building construction work on Aspergillus infection in a hospital setting.Infect Center Hosp Epidemiol,2003,24:2-6
202、Dignani M, Tula L, Abrantes R, et al.Alternaria species are the 2ed cause of invasive fungal infections among oncohematological patients at one institution:possible role of high environmental exposure.Program and abstract of the 15th Focus on Fungal Infections,2005, 16-18
203、 Edi-Osagie N E, Emmerson A J.Seasonality of invasive Candida infections in neonates.Acta Paediatr,2005,94 (1):72-74
204、Gozdasoglu S, Ertum M, Buyukekececi Z, et al.Fungal coionization and infection in children with acute leukemia and lymphoma during induction therapy.Med Ped Onc, 1999,32:344-348
205、Gumbo T, Isada C M, Hall G, et al.Candida glabrata fungiemia.Clinical feature of 139 patients.Medicine (Baltimore),1999,78:220-227
206、Hayer-Lattin B, Majiary R T.Update in the epidemiology, prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infection in patient with hematologic disorders.Leukemia Lymphoma, 2004,45:699-680
207、Huang Y C, Lin T Y, Leu H S, et al.Outbreak of Candida parapsilosis fungemia in neonatal intensive care units;clinical implication and genotype analysis.Infection,1999,27:97-102
208、Johnson M D, Perfect J R, Smith L L,et al.Epidemiology and mortality of nosocomial candidemia with stratification according to age:poor prognostic for the elderly.Program and abstracts of the 43th Annual ICAAC,2003,4-17, M1000
209、KaoAS, Brandt M E, Pruitt W R, et al.The epidemiology of candidemia in two United States cities:results of a population-based active surveillance.Clin Infec Dis, 1999,75:142-156
210、Kwan-Chung K J, Sorrell T C, Dromer F, et al.Cryptococcosis:clinical and biological aspects.Med Myool,2000,38 (Suppl 1):205-213
211、Morgan J, Alexander B, Wannemuehler K, et al.Quantification of risk for invasive fungal infections (IFI) among transplant (TX) recipients reporting to TRANSNET.Program and abstracts of the 44th Interscience Conference of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherp, 2004, Abstract M-1058
212、Rani R, Mohapatra N P, Menta G, et al.Changing trends of Candida species in neonatal septicaemiA in a tertiary North India hospital.India J Med Microbiol,2002,20:42-44
213、Rosen G P, Nielsen K, Klenn S, et al.Invasive fungal infections in pediatric oncology patients:11-year experience at a single institution.J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005,27:135-140
214、Sallah S.Heptosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia:increasingly encountered complication.Anticancer Research,1997,19:757-760
Sander M A, Ronald A R.Update in infectious diseases. Am Inter Med,2004,140:290-295
Schaffner A.Hospital-parasitic relation in invasive aspergillosis.Jap J Med Mycol, 2002,43:161
217、Wilson L S, Reyes C M, Stolpman M, et al.The direct cost and incidence of systemic fungal infections.Value Health,2002,5:26-34
218、Yamazaki T, Kume H, Murase S, et al.Epidemiology of visceral mycoses:analysis of data of annul pathological autopsy cases in Japan.J Clin Microb,1999,37:1732-1738
219、尹红斌,李素华,郭定宗,等.奶牛产后子宫内膜炎分类及研究进展[J].中国奶牛2009,(2)：36-39.
220、廉翠红,张正华,赵敬军,等.外阴阴道念珠菌病患者临床分离菌株的菌种及基因型分析[J].中华皮肤科杂志[J],2004,37(1)：44-46.
221、Watanabe T,Tanaka H,Nakao H,et al,Hemoglobin is utilized by Candida albicans in the hyphal form but not yeast form[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun.1997;232:350-3.
222、FENNJ P, SEGAL H BARLAND B,Comparison of updaed Vitek yeast biochemical card and API 20C yeast identification systerms[J].J Clin Microbiol,1994,32:1184-1187.
223、PAULA S,LEONOR G,C INTIA A, et al, Highly Polymorphic Micosatellite for identification of Candida albicans Strains[J]. J Clin Microbiol,2003,2:552-557.
224、王玲；中药提取物体外抗真菌活性的实验研究[M].大连医科大学2007：8-9.
225、Ferrer J. Vaginal candidosis:epidemiological and etiological factors[J]. Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2000,71(Suppl 1):21
226、Manns JM, Mosser DM, Buckley HR.Production of a hemolytic factor by Candida albicans[J].Infact Immun,1994;62:5154-5156.
227、Luo G, Samaranayake LP, Yau JJY. Candida species exhibit differential in vitro hemolytic activities[J],Clin Microbiol.2001;39:2971-2974
228、Koga-Ito CY,Lyon JP,Vidotto V,de Resende MA.Virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates from oral candidosis patients and control individuals [J].Mycopathologia.2006;161;219-23.
229、Furlancto-Maia L,Specian AF, Bizerra FC et al, In vitro evaluation of putative virulence attributes of oral isolates of Candida spp.obtaned form elderly heathly individuals [J]. Mycopathologia.2008;166:209-217.
230、Crawshaw WM,MacDonald NR,Duncan G.Outbreak of Candida rugosa mastitis in a dairy herd after intramammary antibiotic treatment[J].Vet Rec.2005;156:812-813.
231、Sheldon IM, Lewis GS, LeBlanc S, et al. Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle[J]. Theriogenology,2006,65:1516-1530.
232、吴培星,成章瑞,段习文,等.奶牛子宫内膜炎胎衣不下治疗前后血液流变学观察[J].中国兽医科技,1990,(7)：29-31.
233、王良娟,李跃民,马勋,等.产后健康母牛与子宫炎牛子宫内细菌分离与鉴定[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,1996,26(2)：11-12.
234、郭顺元,王淑华,郑星道,等.奶牛坏死杆菌性子宫内膜炎的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1996,(7)：29-31.
235、FrazierK, PenceM, MauelM J, et al. Endometritis in postparturient cattle associated with bovine herpesvirus-4 infection:15 cases [J]. JVetDiagn Invest,2001,13(6):502-508.
236、王国卿.产后正常奶牛和子宫内膜炎患牛子宫内细菌的研究[D].哈尔滨：东北农业大学,2000.
237、Griffin J. F. T., Hartigan P. J., Nunn W. R., Non-specific uterine infection and bovine fertility. I. Infection patterns and endometritis during the first 7 weeks post-partum[J]. Theriogenology 1974.1,91-106.
238、Sheldon I. M., NoakesD.E., Rycroft A. N.,et al, Influence of uterine bacterial contamination after parturition on ovarian dominant follicle selection and follicle growth and function in cattle[J]. Reproduction,2002,123,837-845.
239、Ruder C. A., Sasser R. G., Williams R. J., et al, Uterine infections in the postpartum cow. Ⅱ. Possible synergistic effect of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes [J]. Theriogenology 1981.15,573-580.
240、Olson J. D., Ball L., Mortimer R.G., et al. Aspects of bacteriology and endocrinology of cows with pyometra and retained foetal membranes [J]. Am. J. Vet. Res.1984.45, 2251-2255.
241、Bonnett B.N., Martin S.W., Gannon V.P., et al, Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Ⅲ. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings[J]. Can. J. Vet. Res.1991.55,168-173.
242、FENNJ P, SEGAL H BARLAND B,Comparison of updaed Vitek yeast biochemical card and API 20C yeast identification systerms[J]. J Clin Microbiol,1994,32:1184-1187.
243、PAULA S, LEONOR G, C INTIA A, et al, Highly Polymorphic Micosatellite for identification of Candida albicans Strains[J]. J Clin Microbiol,2003,2:552-557
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |