中空纤维陶瓷膜制备过程与性能表征的研究
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摘要
中空纤维陶瓷膜不但具有陶瓷材料优良的热稳定性、化学稳定性和持久性,适用于强酸、强碱和高温等苛刻环境下的分离体系；而且比表面积大、单位体积装填密度高,在商业用地费用较高的今天,可极大节约运行成本,具有重要实际应用价值。本文分别以α-Al2O3、SiO2、TiO2、高岭土为无机主体,采用相转化法与高温烧结耦合过程制备一系列中空纤维陶瓷膜,随后分别以勃母石溶胶、Si02溶胶、Ti02溶胶、α-Al2O3-水分散液、铝粉-水分散液、聚酰胺酸(PA)及其与Al2O3和SiO2复合材料为涂膜液,采用不同工艺过程制备α-Al2O3中空纤维复合膜,并运用铸膜液黏度、SEM、XRD、FTIR、TGA、机械性能、水接触角、孔隙率、膜密度、孔径分布分析、纯水通量和气体分离性能等手段进行表征,主要结果如下：
首先以α-Al2O3颗粒在聚醚砜(PES)/1－甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶液中的分散体系为铸膜液,采用湿法纺丝工艺制备中空纤维坯体膜,经过高温烧结制备了Al2O3中空纤维膜。铸膜液体系中固含量和聚合物含量均会直接影响铸膜液黏度,铸膜液黏度越大,假塑性流体特征越明显；Al2O3颗粒的存在使得坯体膜壁上未形成常见的指状孔结构,取而代之的是大量不规则孔结构；随着PES含量的增加,中空纤维坯体膜表面聚合物层逐渐致密化；聚合物在烧结过程中完全受热分解,烧结前后及不同的烧结温度下,α-Al2O3晶型均无发生变化；当Al2O3含量为55wt.%时,膜平均孔径为1μm左右,抗弯强度为49.5 MPa；当固含量为50wt.%时,PES含量存在一个最优值,即8～9wt.%,其微观形貌、抗弯强度、平均孔径及其分布等各方面参数均比较突出。实验结果表明,适当降低PES含量,同时增加体系固含量有利于改进膜性能。
其次以优选的Al2O3中空纤维膜(PES含量为8wt.%)为基膜,分别制备勃母石溶胶和钛溶胶,在基膜上进行涂覆与烧结,制备具有大孔修复功能的分离层。通过考察涂膜次数、涂膜方式等工艺条件以及溶剂量等溶胶条件对膜层成膜性能的影响,发现颗粒型Al2O3溶胶成膜效果更好,随涂膜次数增加,膜最大孔径和平均孔径均逐渐变小,截留率逐渐增加,涂膜四次后可在基膜表面形成10μm左右的膜层；A1颗粒分散液熔点较低,更易于在载体膜表面负载分离层,抽滤形成的滤饼与浸涂形成的吸附层之间的差异主要表现在厚度及与膜表面的结合力方面,这种差异造成的结果对于Al2O3颗粒分散液更加明显；以一缩二乙二醇(DegOH)为溶剂、钛酸四正丁酯(TBT)为前躯体制备的聚合型TiO2溶胶成膜效果受溶剂添加量影响较大,当nDegOH: nTBT在8.0左右时,经四次涂膜后最大孔径和平均孔径达到最小值,分别为1.1μm和0.7μm；烧结温度的提高有利于颗粒生成,但不利于形成膜层；采用溶胶-凝胶法制备复合膜涂层时,需要严格控制溶胶性质、涂膜方式、晾干与烧结环境参数,以及烧结过程中的升温速率和空氛。
随后以聚酰胺酸(PA)、Al2O3颗粒、SiO2颗粒、铝溶胶和硅溶胶为原料,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,配制5种不同的涂膜液,对载体膜进行涂覆,经300℃真空煅烧完成热亚胺化,再经800℃真空炭化,制得聚酰亚胺基碳膜。PA原料液经DMAc稀释后,液体黏度降低,表面张力趋于稳定化。在空气中自然晾干比起水浴凝胶和加热干燥更加便于操作,成本更低；添加无机成分后,涂膜液黏度降至100 cP以下,有利于涂层吸附,无机成分可改善膜表面孔结构,提高亲水性,降低气体通量,但其仍保持在通量较高的水平(0～600 GPU), O2/N2选择性总体上有明显提高,其中溶胶法所形成的表面孔比直接添加无机粒子更为均匀。
同时依据Al2O3-SiO2和Al2O3－高岭土体系在高温下的反应,利用相转化法和原位反应烧结法制备含有莫来石的SiO2/高岭土-Al2O3中空纤维膜。通过添加不同大小的颗粒可控制分散体系内颗粒间相互作用,减少团聚与絮凝现象,强化铸膜液体系的稳定性和可用性；烧结过程中,部分α-Al2O3在与SiO2/高岭土的反应过程中消耗,其余仍保持α-Al2O3形态,鳞石英型SiO2在烧结过程中先转变为方石英,再与α-Al2O3反应,生成莫来石相(3Al2O3-2SiO2);该反应在1450℃时,以固相反应为主,1600℃时以液-固相反应为主,液相的产生极大地强化反应进行的程度。高岭土中有效反应成分有限,Al2O3－高岭土体系随烧结温度的变化情况受反应影响不大,总趋势与Al2O3中空纤维膜制备过程中现象一致,但同样可改善膜形态与结构参数。SiO2-Al2O3体系在较低的烧结温度(1450℃)下制备得到的膜性能可以与较高温度(1600℃)下制备的Al2O3中空纤维膜相匹敌；而当Al2O3与高岭土的质量比为1：1时,经1600℃烧结得到的中空纤维膜平均孔径可降至0.5μm左右。制备含有莫来石的SiO2/高岭土-Al2O3中空纤维膜,在保证膜性能的同时,不仅可降低制膜材料成本,更能节约烧结过程能耗成本。但是如何保持烧结温度与反应体系的材料配比的匹配性是关键。
最后采用相同的工艺制备四种不同组分与含量的TiO2中空纤维膜,分别在1000℃、1200℃、1450℃及1600℃下进行烧结,得到Ti02中空纤维气体渗透膜。与A12O3中空纤维膜不同,随着烧结温度的提高,TiO2膜性能呈现先上升后下降的趋势,这是因为Ti02熔点(1858℃)低于A1203熔点(2050℃)。由N2通量随压力的变化曲线确定了气体通过TiO2中空纤维膜的渗透机理为Knudsen扩散；金红石相的TiO2在烧结前后以及不同的烧结温度下,晶型保持稳定,颗粒受热膨胀现象十分显著。添加铝粉在膜制备过程中发挥了显著的开孔作用,使得膜孔隙率和N2通量显著增加,但是同时损失了很大的力学性能。当烧结温度为1200℃时,固含量为60wt.%的TiO2中空纤维膜性能最佳。
Hollow fiber ceramic membranes not only possess the advantages of ceramic materials such as high thermal and chemical stability and long-term durability, allowing them applicable in harsh environment with strong acid, strong alkali and high temperature, the high specific area and bulking density of hollow fibers reduce the space requirement, which is significant to practical application due to the expensive commercial place. In this paper, usingα-Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2 and kaolin as main body, a series of hollow fiber ceramic membranes were prepared via phase inversion method combined with high-temperature sintering process. Thenα-Al2O3 hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared by coating boehmite sol, silica sol, titanium sol, a-Al2O3-H2O dispersion, Al powder-H2O dispersion, PA solution and its mixture with the inorganic particles through different technologies and processes. These membranes were characterized by means of dope solution viscosity, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, mechanical properties, water contact angle, porosity, density, pore size and pore size distribution, pure water flux and gas separation performance. The main results are listed as follows:
Firstly, the system withα-Al2O3 particles dispersed in poly(ether sulfone) (PES)/ 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution was used as dope solution, Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes were prepared with the solution through wet-spinning technology and sintering process. Solid and polymer content directly affected the dope solution viscosity. Higher solid and polymer content brought higher viscosity and more obvious characteristics of the pseudoplastic fluid. The existence of Al2O3 particles prevented the formation of common finger-like pore structure, replaced by a large quantity of irregular macroporous structure. The polymer layer on membrane surface was densified with PES content increasing. Polymer chains completed thermal decomposition during sintering process.α-Al2O3 presented no crystal change before and after sintering process with different aimed sintering temperatures. With Al2O3 content of 55 wt.%, the membrane mean pore size was about 1μm and the bending strength was 49.5 MPa. There was an optimal value of PES content, viz.8～9 wt.%, that the microstructure, flexural strength, average pore size and distribution of various parameters were more prominent. Through the experiment process, applicably lower PES content and higher solid content would help improve membrane performance.
Secondly, the previous preferred Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane (with PES content of 8 wt.%) was used as substrate, coated by boehmite sol and titanium sol. After sintering process, separation layers were obtained with macro-pore modification function. The effect of coating times, coating technology and the amount of solvent on membrane formation process were examined, and the results indicated that particle-type Al2O3 sol possessed better properties, and with more coating times, maximum pore size and mean pore size decreased and rejection increased gradually. After coated by 4 times, separation layer of about 10μm was formed on the substrate surface. Aluminium was much easier to load on the substrate after sintering because of its lower melting point. The main difference between leaching cake by filtration and the adsorption layer of coating solution was in the thickness and surface binding interaction, which was more obvious for Al2O3 particle dispersion. Membrane formation property of polymer-TiO2 sol was largely influenced by the amount of solvent addition if DegOH was used as solvent. When nDegOH:nTBT was at 8.0 or so, the membrane maximum and mean pore size reached a minimum value after 4 times coating viz.1.1μm and 0.8μm respectively. Higher sintering temperature helped grain production, but was not conducive to membrane layer formation. When sol-gel method was used to prepare composite membrane, the sol property, coating methods, drying and sintering environment parameters, heating rate and air atmosphere during the sintering process were all required to be controlled.
Then using polyamic acid (PA), Al2O3 particles, SiO2 particles, aluminum and silica sol as raw materials, DMAc as the solvent, five different coating solution were prepared and coated on the substrate surface. After thermal imidization at 300℃vacuum calcination and then carbonized at 800℃vacuum, polyimide (PI)-derived carbon membranes were obtained. After diluted by DMAc, the viscosity of PA solution decreased and surface tension tended to stabilize. Natural drying in air was adopted, with more easier operation and lower cost than water bath and heating process. After adding inorganic material, coating solution viscosity reduced to 100 cP or less, which was good for coating layer absorption. Inorganic components were conducive to improve membrane surface pore structure and hydrophilicity, restraining gas permeation which still remained at a high flux level (0～600 GPU). The overall selectivity of O2/N2 significantly improved. The surface pore structure formed by sol-gel method was more uniform than that of direct adding particles.
Meanwhile, the reaction in Al2O3-SiO2 and Al2O3-kaolin system at a high temperature was introduced to the phase inversion method and the in situ reaction sintering process to prepare SiO2/Kaolin-Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes containing mullite. By adding different sized particles into the dispersion system, particle interaction could be controlled, with less aggregation and flocculation and more system stability and availability. During the sintering process, some amount ofα-Al2O3 was consumed in the reaction with SiO2/kaolin, and the residual still remained asα-Al2O3. Tridymite type of SiO2 first transformed into cristobalite and then reacted withα-Al2O3 to produce mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2). The reaction was in solid-state at 1450℃, and majorly in liquid-solid reaction at 1600℃. The presence of liquid phase greatly enhanced the reaction. Since the effective component of reaction was limited in kaolin, Al2O3-kaolin system did not change much with the sintering temperature, consistent with Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane preparation process, but could also improve membrane morphology and structure. Properties of membranes prepared by SiO2-Al2O3 system at a lower sintering temperature (1450℃) even could compete with Al2O3 membrane with higher temperature (1600℃). When the mass ratio of Al2O3 and kaolin was 1:1, the mean pore size of obtained hollow fiber membrane sintered at 1600℃could be reduced to about 0.5μm. To achieve required membrane performance, the preparation of SiO2/kaolin-Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane containing mullite could not only reduce the manufacturing cost of membrane materials, but also lead to more savings in energy costs during the sintering process. But how to maintain the sintering temperature and the reaction ratio of the materials is the key.
Finally, using the same process with the previous work, four different TiO2 hollow fiber gas permeable membranes was obtained after sintered at 1000℃,1200℃,1450℃and 1600℃. Different with Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes, as sintering temperature increased, membrane properties were first improved then deteriorated, caused by lower melting point of TiO2 (1858℃) than that of Al2O3 (2050℃). Based on the N2 flux curves under different pressures, the gas permeation mechanism of TiO2 hollow fiber membrane was considered to be Knudsen diffusion. Rutile phase of TiO2 remained stable before and after sintering at different temperatures and the phenomenon of thermal expansion of particles was very significant. The addition of aluminum powder in the membrane preparation process played a significant role in the pore structure formation, resulted in the increment of membrane porosity and N2 flux. When the sintering temperature was 1200℃, TiO2 hollow fiber membrane with solid content of 60 wt.% presented the optimum performance.
首先以α-Al2O3颗粒在聚醚砜(PES)/1－甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶液中的分散体系为铸膜液,采用湿法纺丝工艺制备中空纤维坯体膜,经过高温烧结制备了Al2O3中空纤维膜。铸膜液体系中固含量和聚合物含量均会直接影响铸膜液黏度,铸膜液黏度越大,假塑性流体特征越明显；Al2O3颗粒的存在使得坯体膜壁上未形成常见的指状孔结构,取而代之的是大量不规则孔结构；随着PES含量的增加,中空纤维坯体膜表面聚合物层逐渐致密化；聚合物在烧结过程中完全受热分解,烧结前后及不同的烧结温度下,α-Al2O3晶型均无发生变化；当Al2O3含量为55wt.%时,膜平均孔径为1μm左右,抗弯强度为49.5 MPa；当固含量为50wt.%时,PES含量存在一个最优值,即8～9wt.%,其微观形貌、抗弯强度、平均孔径及其分布等各方面参数均比较突出。实验结果表明,适当降低PES含量,同时增加体系固含量有利于改进膜性能。
其次以优选的Al2O3中空纤维膜(PES含量为8wt.%)为基膜,分别制备勃母石溶胶和钛溶胶,在基膜上进行涂覆与烧结,制备具有大孔修复功能的分离层。通过考察涂膜次数、涂膜方式等工艺条件以及溶剂量等溶胶条件对膜层成膜性能的影响,发现颗粒型Al2O3溶胶成膜效果更好,随涂膜次数增加,膜最大孔径和平均孔径均逐渐变小,截留率逐渐增加,涂膜四次后可在基膜表面形成10μm左右的膜层；A1颗粒分散液熔点较低,更易于在载体膜表面负载分离层,抽滤形成的滤饼与浸涂形成的吸附层之间的差异主要表现在厚度及与膜表面的结合力方面,这种差异造成的结果对于Al2O3颗粒分散液更加明显；以一缩二乙二醇(DegOH)为溶剂、钛酸四正丁酯(TBT)为前躯体制备的聚合型TiO2溶胶成膜效果受溶剂添加量影响较大,当nDegOH: nTBT在8.0左右时,经四次涂膜后最大孔径和平均孔径达到最小值,分别为1.1μm和0.7μm；烧结温度的提高有利于颗粒生成,但不利于形成膜层；采用溶胶-凝胶法制备复合膜涂层时,需要严格控制溶胶性质、涂膜方式、晾干与烧结环境参数,以及烧结过程中的升温速率和空氛。
随后以聚酰胺酸(PA)、Al2O3颗粒、SiO2颗粒、铝溶胶和硅溶胶为原料,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,配制5种不同的涂膜液,对载体膜进行涂覆,经300℃真空煅烧完成热亚胺化,再经800℃真空炭化,制得聚酰亚胺基碳膜。PA原料液经DMAc稀释后,液体黏度降低,表面张力趋于稳定化。在空气中自然晾干比起水浴凝胶和加热干燥更加便于操作,成本更低；添加无机成分后,涂膜液黏度降至100 cP以下,有利于涂层吸附,无机成分可改善膜表面孔结构,提高亲水性,降低气体通量,但其仍保持在通量较高的水平(0～600 GPU), O2/N2选择性总体上有明显提高,其中溶胶法所形成的表面孔比直接添加无机粒子更为均匀。
同时依据Al2O3-SiO2和Al2O3－高岭土体系在高温下的反应,利用相转化法和原位反应烧结法制备含有莫来石的SiO2/高岭土-Al2O3中空纤维膜。通过添加不同大小的颗粒可控制分散体系内颗粒间相互作用,减少团聚与絮凝现象,强化铸膜液体系的稳定性和可用性；烧结过程中,部分α-Al2O3在与SiO2/高岭土的反应过程中消耗,其余仍保持α-Al2O3形态,鳞石英型SiO2在烧结过程中先转变为方石英,再与α-Al2O3反应,生成莫来石相(3Al2O3-2SiO2);该反应在1450℃时,以固相反应为主,1600℃时以液-固相反应为主,液相的产生极大地强化反应进行的程度。高岭土中有效反应成分有限,Al2O3－高岭土体系随烧结温度的变化情况受反应影响不大,总趋势与Al2O3中空纤维膜制备过程中现象一致,但同样可改善膜形态与结构参数。SiO2-Al2O3体系在较低的烧结温度(1450℃)下制备得到的膜性能可以与较高温度(1600℃)下制备的Al2O3中空纤维膜相匹敌；而当Al2O3与高岭土的质量比为1：1时,经1600℃烧结得到的中空纤维膜平均孔径可降至0.5μm左右。制备含有莫来石的SiO2/高岭土-Al2O3中空纤维膜,在保证膜性能的同时,不仅可降低制膜材料成本,更能节约烧结过程能耗成本。但是如何保持烧结温度与反应体系的材料配比的匹配性是关键。
最后采用相同的工艺制备四种不同组分与含量的TiO2中空纤维膜,分别在1000℃、1200℃、1450℃及1600℃下进行烧结,得到Ti02中空纤维气体渗透膜。与A12O3中空纤维膜不同,随着烧结温度的提高,TiO2膜性能呈现先上升后下降的趋势,这是因为Ti02熔点(1858℃)低于A1203熔点(2050℃)。由N2通量随压力的变化曲线确定了气体通过TiO2中空纤维膜的渗透机理为Knudsen扩散；金红石相的TiO2在烧结前后以及不同的烧结温度下,晶型保持稳定,颗粒受热膨胀现象十分显著。添加铝粉在膜制备过程中发挥了显著的开孔作用,使得膜孔隙率和N2通量显著增加,但是同时损失了很大的力学性能。当烧结温度为1200℃时,固含量为60wt.%的TiO2中空纤维膜性能最佳。
Hollow fiber ceramic membranes not only possess the advantages of ceramic materials such as high thermal and chemical stability and long-term durability, allowing them applicable in harsh environment with strong acid, strong alkali and high temperature, the high specific area and bulking density of hollow fibers reduce the space requirement, which is significant to practical application due to the expensive commercial place. In this paper, usingα-Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2 and kaolin as main body, a series of hollow fiber ceramic membranes were prepared via phase inversion method combined with high-temperature sintering process. Thenα-Al2O3 hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared by coating boehmite sol, silica sol, titanium sol, a-Al2O3-H2O dispersion, Al powder-H2O dispersion, PA solution and its mixture with the inorganic particles through different technologies and processes. These membranes were characterized by means of dope solution viscosity, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, mechanical properties, water contact angle, porosity, density, pore size and pore size distribution, pure water flux and gas separation performance. The main results are listed as follows:
Firstly, the system withα-Al2O3 particles dispersed in poly(ether sulfone) (PES)/ 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solution was used as dope solution, Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes were prepared with the solution through wet-spinning technology and sintering process. Solid and polymer content directly affected the dope solution viscosity. Higher solid and polymer content brought higher viscosity and more obvious characteristics of the pseudoplastic fluid. The existence of Al2O3 particles prevented the formation of common finger-like pore structure, replaced by a large quantity of irregular macroporous structure. The polymer layer on membrane surface was densified with PES content increasing. Polymer chains completed thermal decomposition during sintering process.α-Al2O3 presented no crystal change before and after sintering process with different aimed sintering temperatures. With Al2O3 content of 55 wt.%, the membrane mean pore size was about 1μm and the bending strength was 49.5 MPa. There was an optimal value of PES content, viz.8～9 wt.%, that the microstructure, flexural strength, average pore size and distribution of various parameters were more prominent. Through the experiment process, applicably lower PES content and higher solid content would help improve membrane performance.
Secondly, the previous preferred Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane (with PES content of 8 wt.%) was used as substrate, coated by boehmite sol and titanium sol. After sintering process, separation layers were obtained with macro-pore modification function. The effect of coating times, coating technology and the amount of solvent on membrane formation process were examined, and the results indicated that particle-type Al2O3 sol possessed better properties, and with more coating times, maximum pore size and mean pore size decreased and rejection increased gradually. After coated by 4 times, separation layer of about 10μm was formed on the substrate surface. Aluminium was much easier to load on the substrate after sintering because of its lower melting point. The main difference between leaching cake by filtration and the adsorption layer of coating solution was in the thickness and surface binding interaction, which was more obvious for Al2O3 particle dispersion. Membrane formation property of polymer-TiO2 sol was largely influenced by the amount of solvent addition if DegOH was used as solvent. When nDegOH:nTBT was at 8.0 or so, the membrane maximum and mean pore size reached a minimum value after 4 times coating viz.1.1μm and 0.8μm respectively. Higher sintering temperature helped grain production, but was not conducive to membrane layer formation. When sol-gel method was used to prepare composite membrane, the sol property, coating methods, drying and sintering environment parameters, heating rate and air atmosphere during the sintering process were all required to be controlled.
Then using polyamic acid (PA), Al2O3 particles, SiO2 particles, aluminum and silica sol as raw materials, DMAc as the solvent, five different coating solution were prepared and coated on the substrate surface. After thermal imidization at 300℃vacuum calcination and then carbonized at 800℃vacuum, polyimide (PI)-derived carbon membranes were obtained. After diluted by DMAc, the viscosity of PA solution decreased and surface tension tended to stabilize. Natural drying in air was adopted, with more easier operation and lower cost than water bath and heating process. After adding inorganic material, coating solution viscosity reduced to 100 cP or less, which was good for coating layer absorption. Inorganic components were conducive to improve membrane surface pore structure and hydrophilicity, restraining gas permeation which still remained at a high flux level (0～600 GPU). The overall selectivity of O2/N2 significantly improved. The surface pore structure formed by sol-gel method was more uniform than that of direct adding particles.
Meanwhile, the reaction in Al2O3-SiO2 and Al2O3-kaolin system at a high temperature was introduced to the phase inversion method and the in situ reaction sintering process to prepare SiO2/Kaolin-Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes containing mullite. By adding different sized particles into the dispersion system, particle interaction could be controlled, with less aggregation and flocculation and more system stability and availability. During the sintering process, some amount ofα-Al2O3 was consumed in the reaction with SiO2/kaolin, and the residual still remained asα-Al2O3. Tridymite type of SiO2 first transformed into cristobalite and then reacted withα-Al2O3 to produce mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2). The reaction was in solid-state at 1450℃, and majorly in liquid-solid reaction at 1600℃. The presence of liquid phase greatly enhanced the reaction. Since the effective component of reaction was limited in kaolin, Al2O3-kaolin system did not change much with the sintering temperature, consistent with Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane preparation process, but could also improve membrane morphology and structure. Properties of membranes prepared by SiO2-Al2O3 system at a lower sintering temperature (1450℃) even could compete with Al2O3 membrane with higher temperature (1600℃). When the mass ratio of Al2O3 and kaolin was 1:1, the mean pore size of obtained hollow fiber membrane sintered at 1600℃could be reduced to about 0.5μm. To achieve required membrane performance, the preparation of SiO2/kaolin-Al2O3 hollow fiber membrane containing mullite could not only reduce the manufacturing cost of membrane materials, but also lead to more savings in energy costs during the sintering process. But how to maintain the sintering temperature and the reaction ratio of the materials is the key.
Finally, using the same process with the previous work, four different TiO2 hollow fiber gas permeable membranes was obtained after sintered at 1000℃,1200℃,1450℃and 1600℃. Different with Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes, as sintering temperature increased, membrane properties were first improved then deteriorated, caused by lower melting point of TiO2 (1858℃) than that of Al2O3 (2050℃). Based on the N2 flux curves under different pressures, the gas permeation mechanism of TiO2 hollow fiber membrane was considered to be Knudsen diffusion. Rutile phase of TiO2 remained stable before and after sintering at different temperatures and the phenomenon of thermal expansion of particles was very significant. The addition of aluminum powder in the membrane preparation process played a significant role in the pore structure formation, resulted in the increment of membrane porosity and N2 flux. When the sintering temperature was 1200℃, TiO2 hollow fiber membrane with solid content of 60 wt.% presented the optimum performance.
引文
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