秦岭大熊猫取食点微生境研究
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摘要
本研究于2005年4月至2008年9月期间,采用样方法调查老县城自然保护区(春季和夏季)和长青自然保护区(春季)大熊猫的取食点,从微生境尺度上研究了大熊猫取食点的选择,得出了如下结论:
1、在春季,老县城大熊猫秦岭箭竹取食点微生境选择偏爱灌木稀少、样方内乔木1至2株、偏上坡位的阳坡、贴近兽径、草本盖度小、竹林基径平均在9.00mm—12.00mm、幼竹比例处于10%—30%区间范围的竹林地带;在夏季,大熊猫秦岭箭竹取食点的选择偏好于灌木稀少、样方内乔木1—2株、能见度3m—10m,有林间空地、有石块、草本盖度小,竹子盖度高,竹基径平均在8.00mm—10.00mm范围的竹林地带。在长青保护区,春季大熊猫巴山木竹取食点选择偏向于灌木适中、样方内乔木1—2株,草本盖度10%—40%,距离兽径近、林间有石块,竹平均基径在12.00mm—16.00mm,幼竹比例处于10%—30%区间的竹林带。
2、老县城保护区春夏两季大熊猫取食点的比较得知,大熊猫对海拔、灌木数量、草本均高及能见距离因子的选择存在显著性差异,对竹基径平均值、竹1m高处直径平均值、幼竹比例因子存在极显著差异,而对乔木数、郁闭度、坡度、水源距离、兽径距离、草本盖度、竹子均高等因子的选择差异不显著。
3、老县城和长青两个保护区大熊猫春季取食点选择的比较得知,大熊猫对乔木数量、灌木均高、水源距离、能见距离以及幼竹比例因子选择的差异性不显著,而对郁闭度、灌木数量、灌木盖度、坡度、兽径距离、竹子高度、竹子基径等因子选择的差异极显著,表明大熊猫在这两个保护区对取食点微生境的选择存在较大的差异。
4、大熊猫取食竹子的残茬研究显示,各个季节大熊猫的取食竹子残茬高度与基径均不相关,说明大熊猫取食咬断残茬高度不取决于所食竹子的粗细;残茬粗细测定表明,大熊猫对取食竹子的粗细有一定的选择性,在春季对秦岭箭竹基径的选择范围为9.00mm—10.99mm,偏离这一区间则选择喜好呈逐渐降低趋势,在夏季对秦岭箭竹基径的选择范围为8.00mm—9.99mm,尤其喜食基径大于12.00mm的竹子;在春季对巴山木竹的基径选择多为14.00mm—15.99mm,偏离这一区间则喜好度逐渐降低。
In this research, we investigated the feeding sites of wild giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in Laoxiancheng (in spring and summer) and Changqing Nature Reserve (in spring) of Shanxi with one kind of quadrat methods, during the period from April of 2005 to September of 2008. Then this paper mainly discusses the microhabitat selection characters of these feeding sites by the wild giant pandas. The main results are showed as follows:
1. In spring, the wild giant pandas of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve are likely to choose the feeding microhabitats, which are mainly consisted of Fargesia qinlingensis, with the characteristics below: plant density of bushes is sparse, the site is near uphill sunny slope and close to beast's foot-path, there are one or two arbors in the quadrat, herb cover is lower, the average basal diameter of bamboo is between 9.00mm-12.00mm, and the proportion of young bamboo is between 10%-30%. Then in summer, the wild giant pandas of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve may prefer the feeding site with these characteristics: plant density of bushes is sparse, there are one or two arbors in one microhabitat, visibility distance of the concealment is between 3m-10m, there are some stones and glade in the bamboo forests, with lower herb cover and higher bamboo cover, and the average basal diameter of bamboo is between 8.00mm-10.00mm.
In the Changqing Nature Reserve, the wild giant pandas want to choose the feeding site in spring ,with the characteristics below: the plant density of bushes is moderate, with one or two arbors and some stones, herb cover is between 10%-40%, the feeding site is close to beast's foot-path, the average basal diameter of bamboo is between 12.00mm-16.00mm, and the proportion of young bamboo is between 10%-30%.
2. According to the feeding sites comparison results in the two seasons of spring and summer of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve, the altitude the data of shrub amount, average highness of the herb and visibility distance in spring are significant different from the correlative data in summer, then the data of average basal diameter of bamboo, average diameter which is measured at the bamboo height of one meter, and proportion of young bamboo in spring are very significant different from the correlative data in summer. On the other hand, there are not significant differences about these data of factors in spring and summer: the amount of arbors, canopy density of plant, slope, distance from the source of water, distance from the beast's foot-path, herb coverage, and average highness of bamboo, ect.
3. Based on the feeding sites comparison results between the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve and the Changqing Nature Reserve in spring, there are not significant difference about the data of the amount of arbors, average highness of shrub, distance from the source of water, visibility distances and proportion of young bamboo between the two nature reserve, but the data of the canopy density of plant, amount of shrub, shrub coverage, slope, distance from the beast's foot-path, average highness of the bamboo, and the average basal diameter of bamboo of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve are significant different from the correlative data of the Changqing Nature Reserve. All the results above indicate that the wild giant pandas are likely to choose a different feeding microhabitat in the two different nature reserve.
4. The results of bamboo stubble investigations by the wild giant pandas indicate that there are not significant correlations between the stubble highness and the average basal diameter of bamboo in each season, and the stubble highness is not related to the thickness of the bamboo. The results of the stubble highness indicate that the wild giant pandas are likely to choose the certain thick bamboo. In spring, the wild giant pandas of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve choose the Fargesia qinlingensis with the average basal diameter of bamboo between 9.00mm-10.99mm, when data are beside this extent, the feeding fancy grade decreases gradually. And in summer, the wild giant pandas choose the Fargesia qinlingensis with the average basal diameter of bamboo between 8.00mm-9.99mm, especially like to choose the bamboo which basal diameter is thicker than 12mm directly. Then in spring, the wild giant pandas in the Changqing Nature Reserve choose the Bashania fargesii which basal diameter is between 14.00mm-15.99mm, and the feeding fancy grade decreases gradually also when the data are beside this extent.
1、在春季,老县城大熊猫秦岭箭竹取食点微生境选择偏爱灌木稀少、样方内乔木1至2株、偏上坡位的阳坡、贴近兽径、草本盖度小、竹林基径平均在9.00mm—12.00mm、幼竹比例处于10%—30%区间范围的竹林地带;在夏季,大熊猫秦岭箭竹取食点的选择偏好于灌木稀少、样方内乔木1—2株、能见度3m—10m,有林间空地、有石块、草本盖度小,竹子盖度高,竹基径平均在8.00mm—10.00mm范围的竹林地带。在长青保护区,春季大熊猫巴山木竹取食点选择偏向于灌木适中、样方内乔木1—2株,草本盖度10%—40%,距离兽径近、林间有石块,竹平均基径在12.00mm—16.00mm,幼竹比例处于10%—30%区间的竹林带。
2、老县城保护区春夏两季大熊猫取食点的比较得知,大熊猫对海拔、灌木数量、草本均高及能见距离因子的选择存在显著性差异,对竹基径平均值、竹1m高处直径平均值、幼竹比例因子存在极显著差异,而对乔木数、郁闭度、坡度、水源距离、兽径距离、草本盖度、竹子均高等因子的选择差异不显著。
3、老县城和长青两个保护区大熊猫春季取食点选择的比较得知,大熊猫对乔木数量、灌木均高、水源距离、能见距离以及幼竹比例因子选择的差异性不显著,而对郁闭度、灌木数量、灌木盖度、坡度、兽径距离、竹子高度、竹子基径等因子选择的差异极显著,表明大熊猫在这两个保护区对取食点微生境的选择存在较大的差异。
4、大熊猫取食竹子的残茬研究显示,各个季节大熊猫的取食竹子残茬高度与基径均不相关,说明大熊猫取食咬断残茬高度不取决于所食竹子的粗细;残茬粗细测定表明,大熊猫对取食竹子的粗细有一定的选择性,在春季对秦岭箭竹基径的选择范围为9.00mm—10.99mm,偏离这一区间则选择喜好呈逐渐降低趋势,在夏季对秦岭箭竹基径的选择范围为8.00mm—9.99mm,尤其喜食基径大于12.00mm的竹子;在春季对巴山木竹的基径选择多为14.00mm—15.99mm,偏离这一区间则喜好度逐渐降低。
In this research, we investigated the feeding sites of wild giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in Laoxiancheng (in spring and summer) and Changqing Nature Reserve (in spring) of Shanxi with one kind of quadrat methods, during the period from April of 2005 to September of 2008. Then this paper mainly discusses the microhabitat selection characters of these feeding sites by the wild giant pandas. The main results are showed as follows:
1. In spring, the wild giant pandas of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve are likely to choose the feeding microhabitats, which are mainly consisted of Fargesia qinlingensis, with the characteristics below: plant density of bushes is sparse, the site is near uphill sunny slope and close to beast's foot-path, there are one or two arbors in the quadrat, herb cover is lower, the average basal diameter of bamboo is between 9.00mm-12.00mm, and the proportion of young bamboo is between 10%-30%. Then in summer, the wild giant pandas of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve may prefer the feeding site with these characteristics: plant density of bushes is sparse, there are one or two arbors in one microhabitat, visibility distance of the concealment is between 3m-10m, there are some stones and glade in the bamboo forests, with lower herb cover and higher bamboo cover, and the average basal diameter of bamboo is between 8.00mm-10.00mm.
In the Changqing Nature Reserve, the wild giant pandas want to choose the feeding site in spring ,with the characteristics below: the plant density of bushes is moderate, with one or two arbors and some stones, herb cover is between 10%-40%, the feeding site is close to beast's foot-path, the average basal diameter of bamboo is between 12.00mm-16.00mm, and the proportion of young bamboo is between 10%-30%.
2. According to the feeding sites comparison results in the two seasons of spring and summer of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve, the altitude the data of shrub amount, average highness of the herb and visibility distance in spring are significant different from the correlative data in summer, then the data of average basal diameter of bamboo, average diameter which is measured at the bamboo height of one meter, and proportion of young bamboo in spring are very significant different from the correlative data in summer. On the other hand, there are not significant differences about these data of factors in spring and summer: the amount of arbors, canopy density of plant, slope, distance from the source of water, distance from the beast's foot-path, herb coverage, and average highness of bamboo, ect.
3. Based on the feeding sites comparison results between the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve and the Changqing Nature Reserve in spring, there are not significant difference about the data of the amount of arbors, average highness of shrub, distance from the source of water, visibility distances and proportion of young bamboo between the two nature reserve, but the data of the canopy density of plant, amount of shrub, shrub coverage, slope, distance from the beast's foot-path, average highness of the bamboo, and the average basal diameter of bamboo of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve are significant different from the correlative data of the Changqing Nature Reserve. All the results above indicate that the wild giant pandas are likely to choose a different feeding microhabitat in the two different nature reserve.
4. The results of bamboo stubble investigations by the wild giant pandas indicate that there are not significant correlations between the stubble highness and the average basal diameter of bamboo in each season, and the stubble highness is not related to the thickness of the bamboo. The results of the stubble highness indicate that the wild giant pandas are likely to choose the certain thick bamboo. In spring, the wild giant pandas of the Laoxiancheng Nature Reserve choose the Fargesia qinlingensis with the average basal diameter of bamboo between 9.00mm-10.99mm, when data are beside this extent, the feeding fancy grade decreases gradually. And in summer, the wild giant pandas choose the Fargesia qinlingensis with the average basal diameter of bamboo between 8.00mm-9.99mm, especially like to choose the bamboo which basal diameter is thicker than 12mm directly. Then in spring, the wild giant pandas in the Changqing Nature Reserve choose the Bashania fargesii which basal diameter is between 14.00mm-15.99mm, and the feeding fancy grade decreases gradually also when the data are beside this extent.
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