紫色土区主要农业活动对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响
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摘要
我国紫色土地区土壤肥力高、水热资源丰富,是农业生产的重要基地。由于紫色土地区人口密度大、坡地高强度利用,紫色土地区土壤侵蚀严重,仅次于我国黄土地区。人类活动是土壤侵蚀加剧或减缓的主导因素。针对紫色土坡地严重的土壤侵蚀退化,开展人为开垦种植和水土保持措施对土壤侵蚀的影响研究,对治理坡地土壤侵蚀、合理利用紫色土坡地资源具有重要意义。本文以三峡库区典型紫色土坡地为研究对象,通过人工降雨试验系统分析土壤侵蚀对坡地开垦种植的响应,通过野外调查和资料分析,探讨了紫色土坡地不同种植模式对土壤侵蚀强度的影响。此外,通过小区观测资料分析和野外取样调查,定量分析了紫色土坡地常见水土保持措施效益。取得的主要结果有：
(1)通过改进传统径流收集装置,在野外人工降雨过程中收集了壤中流,分析了壤中流和地表径流共同作用下的紫色土坡地土壤侵蚀过程。结果表明,紫色土荒坡地和坡耕地降雨产流过程差别显著,荒坡地壤中流平均径流系数是坡耕地的4.7倍。降雨过程中,坡耕地壤中流产流过程呈现先增大后减小,而荒坡地壤中流流量先增加后趋于稳定。坡耕地壤中流径流系数随降雨强度增加而减小,但在荒坡地壤中流径流系数受降雨强度影响不明显,坡耕地壤中流径流强度随降雨强度的增加而减小,荒地壤中流径流强度随雨强增大而增大。坡耕地地表径流系数是荒坡地的2.0倍。坡耕地和荒坡地降雨产流的差异也导致二者在侵蚀产沙差异明显,模拟降雨过程中坡耕地的平均含沙量为42.2g/L,而荒坡地的平均含沙量仅为2.3g/L。
(2)荒坡地植被割除和翻耕后的降雨侵蚀过程发生明显变化。植被割除后,壤中流径流系数迅速减少地表径流增加,壤中流占总径流的比例从30.3%降低到6.2%,表明植被覆盖是影响紫色土坡地壤中流的重要因素。坡地在翻耕初期壤中流较裸地明显增大,在小雨强下壤中流占到总径流的29.1%,但随着雨强的增加和疏松地表的压实,壤中流迅速减少。不同地表状况下壤中流与地表径流的比例变化显著,显示人为扰动导致了紫色土坡地降雨产流机制的转变。此外,荒坡地割除植被和耕作后,土壤侵蚀量明显增加,割除植被后裸地和翻耕地的平均土壤侵蚀强度是未扰动荒坡地的3.0和10.2倍。为减少土壤侵蚀,陡坡地最好不要开垦种植。在开垦种植的坡地,要尽量免耕和保持植被覆盖以减少土壤侵蚀。
(3)通过分析三峡库区紫色土坡地主要农作物的农作期、种植模式,降雨侵蚀力的年内分布以及不同农作期的土壤流失比率,计算得22种种植模式下的作物覆盖管理因子C值。结果表明C值变化范围在0.16-0.65之间,不同种植方式中C值大小顺序为：间/轮作<轮作<单作。在单种作物中,油菜、马铃薯C值较高分别为0.65和0.60,棉花和红薯较低分别为0.29和0.33；轮作模式中小麦-棉花、玉米-油菜、小麦-红薯、马铃薯-黄豆C值相近,都在0.2左右；在所有种植模式中,玉米-红薯间作C值最小,为0.16。作物生长期和降雨侵蚀力年内分布之间的关系决定不同作物发生土壤侵蚀差别明显。
(4)径流小区长期观察结果表明,梯田措施减少径流泥沙的效果受土地利用的影响。坡耕农地采取梯田措施后,年均径流量和侵蚀量分别减少23.0%和52.0%；而在坡地果园采取梯田措施后,年均径流量和侵蚀量分别减少了60.0%和68.0%。梯田措施减少了果园大径流和强侵蚀量事件的次数,而在农地只减少了大径流量事件的次数。梯田措施在果园保水保土效益更明显梯田措施还增加了作物产量,在梯田措施农地和橘园,作物产量分别增加了13.0%和15.0%。植物篱和植物篱+作物覆盖措施在减少侵蚀方面的作用相差不大,与无水保措施小区相比,植物篱措施小区的年均径流系数和侵蚀量减少了36.0%和67.0%。这一结果表明在紫色土陡坡农地,水土保持措施应优先考虑选择植物篱措施。
(5)通过长期观测资料的分析,研究区侵蚀性降雨可分为三类降雨模式。降雨模式Ⅰ是降雨强度大、持续时间短,重现频率高的次降雨的集合,降雨模式Ⅲ降雨强度小,但持续时间长、降雨量大,降雨模式Ⅱ的次降雨强度和降雨量都很大,但重现次数少。结果表明,次降雨的径流系数受降雨模式影响不明显,但次降雨侵蚀量受降雨模式影响较大,在三种降雨模式下的径流小区的平均侵蚀量分别为1.1,2.0和0.5 kg。土地利用和梯田措施改变了降雨模式对坡地侵蚀的影响,在坡地农作小区,在降雨模式Ⅰ的侵蚀量明显高于降雨模式Ⅲ,而在坡地橘园小区,土壤侵蚀强度差别不明显。梯田措施小区土壤侵蚀受降雨模式的影响较小。
(6)采取水土保持措施后,土壤性质明显得到改善。有水土保持措施橘园水稳性团聚体、饱和导水率、有机质及养分含量明显增加,砾石含量和土壤容重减少。在梯田+种草措施中土壤有机质和含量增加最多,平均有机质和速效N、P、K的含量分别增加了0.3、0.5、1.8和1.7倍。水土保持措施改变了土壤的机械组成,植物篱措施增加土壤粉粒含量,而梯田和梯田+种草措施增加了土壤粘粒含量。水土保持措施还改变了土壤性质的空间变异,在无水土保持措施小区砾石含量沿坡面向下递减,粘粒含量沿坡面向下递增,但在有水土保持措施小区没有这种空间变化特征。植物篱措施还明显增加植物篱坎前土壤氮的含量,改变了养分在地块的分布特征。
Purple soil region are abundant in hydrothermal resources and soil fertility, playing an important role in agriculture development of China. Soil erosion has long been recognized as a major environmental problem in the purple soil region where slope farming is commonly practiced. Human activities can accelerate or reduce soil erosion and exerts a first-order control on soil erosion. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the impact of human agricultural cultivation and protection on soil erosion. Field simulated rainfall experiments were used to exam the effect of vegetation removal and hoeing tillage on soil erosion processes. The effects of soil and water conservation measurements on runoff, erosion and plant production were analyzed through long term plots monitoring. The changes of soil properties in citrus orchards with different conservation measurements also were analyzed. The main content of this dissertation are as following:
1. The surface and subsurface runoff were simultaneously collected during rainfall experiment with an original adaptation of common experimental frame. Results showed that the average runoff coefficient of subsurface runoff generated from wasteland was 4.7 times larger than that from cultivated land. The subsurface runoff in cultivated land was increased after rainfall started and then decreased, however, subsurface runoff in wasteland kept steady after increased. The runoff coefficient of subsurface runoff on cultivated land was increased with rainfall intensity. However, the subsurface runoff coefficient was not significantly affected by rainfall intensity on the wasteland. The average surface runoff coefficient in cultivated land were 1.0 times large than that in wasteland. Soil erosion rate in cultivated land were significant higher than in wasteland. The average sediment concentration in cultivated land and wasteland were 2.3 g/L and 42.2g/L, respectively
2. The runoff generation was changed by vegetation removal and hoeing tillage. The ratio of subsurface runoff to total runoff was reduced from 30.3% to 6.2% caused by vegetation removal practice. For hoeing tillage practice, the subsurface runoff occupied 29.1% of total runoff during low rainfall intensity, and that ratio reduced quickly with rainfall intensity increased. Vegetation removal and hoeing tillage also significantly increased soil erosion. The average soil erosion rates at vegetation removal and hoeing tillage plots were 3.0 and 10.2 times larger than that at vegetation cover plots, respectively. Results of this study reflected both runoff generation mechanism and soil erosion were changed as a consequent of altering land use on steeplands. Thus, conservation practices with maximum vegetation cover and minimum tillage should be useful for reducing surface runoff and soil erosion on steeplands.
3. The effects of cropping system on soil loss (C values) were analyzed through calculating crop stage, rainfall erosivity, and SLR in the USLE model. The results reflected the C values of 22 cropping system changed from 0.16 to 0.65 in the sloping crop land of purple soil. The order of C values of different cropping system were intercrop/rotation 4. Five years field monitoring results reflected that the effectiveness of terracing influenced by land use. After terracing, the average annual runoff and soil erosion rate were reduced by 23.0 and 52.0% in arable plots; in orchard plots, the average annual runoff and soil erosion rate were reduced by 60 and 68%, respectively. Moreover, the terracing measurement reduced the frequencies of events of high runoff amount and high soil erosion rate in orchard plots, but only reduced the frequencies of events of high soil erosion rates in arable plots. The terracing measurement also increased crop production. After terracing, crop production increased by 13.0% and 15.0% in arable and orchard plots, respectively. For contour strip-cropping measurements, the average annual runoff and soil erosion rate in plots with contour hedgerow were 36 and 67% lower than in plots without conservation measurements, respectively. These results showed the contour hedgerows measurement could be regarded as the best measurement in sloping arable land, and the terracing measurement in citrus orchard could be acceptable based on the ecological and economic benefits of that measurement.
5. Based on ten years of field observation and K-mean clusters, erosive rainfall events were grouped into three rainfall regimes. Rainfall regimeⅠwas the group of events with strong rainfall intensity, high frequency, and short duration. Rainfall regimeⅢconsisted of events with low intensity, long duration, and high rainfall amount. Rainfall regimeⅡwas the aggregation of events of high intensity and amount, and less frequent occurrence. The results showed that event runoff coefficients were not significantly different among rainfall regimes. However, the average soil erosion rates in rainfall regimeⅠandⅡwere significantly higher than that in regimeⅢ. The average erosion rates under rainfall regimeⅠ,Ⅱ, andⅢwere 1.1,2.0 and 0.5 kg, respectively. The effect of rainfall regime on soil erosion also was changed by terracing and land use. Terracing significantly reduced runoff and soil erosion, and compensated the effects of rainfall regime on soil erosion, which indicated that runoff and erosion in terraced system may little influenced by climate change. On unterraced cropland, soil erosion rate in rainfall regimeⅠis significantly higher than that in regimeⅢ. However, but the situation did not exist in unterraced orchard. Based on these results, it was suggested more attention should paid to the timing of rainfall events in relation to crop development and the high erosion on unterraced citrus orchard to control soil erosion in this area.
6. Soil conservation measurements significantly increased saturated hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability, soil organic matter, and available N, P, K, but decreased bulk density. The terracing with grass cover measurement had the best effectiveness in improving soil fertility among the three measurements. The average soil organic matter, available P, N, K in TCG were 0.3,0.5,1.8 and 1.7 rates larger than in SC, respectively. Compared to control plot, silt content was increased in SCH, while clay content was increased in TC and TCG. There was a downslope increase in clay content and total N but a decrease in gravels in SC plot. However, that trend did not exist in the other plots. In the field scale, the total nitrogen was significantly higher near the hedgerow in SCH.
(1)通过改进传统径流收集装置,在野外人工降雨过程中收集了壤中流,分析了壤中流和地表径流共同作用下的紫色土坡地土壤侵蚀过程。结果表明,紫色土荒坡地和坡耕地降雨产流过程差别显著,荒坡地壤中流平均径流系数是坡耕地的4.7倍。降雨过程中,坡耕地壤中流产流过程呈现先增大后减小,而荒坡地壤中流流量先增加后趋于稳定。坡耕地壤中流径流系数随降雨强度增加而减小,但在荒坡地壤中流径流系数受降雨强度影响不明显,坡耕地壤中流径流强度随降雨强度的增加而减小,荒地壤中流径流强度随雨强增大而增大。坡耕地地表径流系数是荒坡地的2.0倍。坡耕地和荒坡地降雨产流的差异也导致二者在侵蚀产沙差异明显,模拟降雨过程中坡耕地的平均含沙量为42.2g/L,而荒坡地的平均含沙量仅为2.3g/L。
(2)荒坡地植被割除和翻耕后的降雨侵蚀过程发生明显变化。植被割除后,壤中流径流系数迅速减少地表径流增加,壤中流占总径流的比例从30.3%降低到6.2%,表明植被覆盖是影响紫色土坡地壤中流的重要因素。坡地在翻耕初期壤中流较裸地明显增大,在小雨强下壤中流占到总径流的29.1%,但随着雨强的增加和疏松地表的压实,壤中流迅速减少。不同地表状况下壤中流与地表径流的比例变化显著,显示人为扰动导致了紫色土坡地降雨产流机制的转变。此外,荒坡地割除植被和耕作后,土壤侵蚀量明显增加,割除植被后裸地和翻耕地的平均土壤侵蚀强度是未扰动荒坡地的3.0和10.2倍。为减少土壤侵蚀,陡坡地最好不要开垦种植。在开垦种植的坡地,要尽量免耕和保持植被覆盖以减少土壤侵蚀。
(3)通过分析三峡库区紫色土坡地主要农作物的农作期、种植模式,降雨侵蚀力的年内分布以及不同农作期的土壤流失比率,计算得22种种植模式下的作物覆盖管理因子C值。结果表明C值变化范围在0.16-0.65之间,不同种植方式中C值大小顺序为：间/轮作<轮作<单作。在单种作物中,油菜、马铃薯C值较高分别为0.65和0.60,棉花和红薯较低分别为0.29和0.33；轮作模式中小麦-棉花、玉米-油菜、小麦-红薯、马铃薯-黄豆C值相近,都在0.2左右；在所有种植模式中,玉米-红薯间作C值最小,为0.16。作物生长期和降雨侵蚀力年内分布之间的关系决定不同作物发生土壤侵蚀差别明显。
(4)径流小区长期观察结果表明,梯田措施减少径流泥沙的效果受土地利用的影响。坡耕农地采取梯田措施后,年均径流量和侵蚀量分别减少23.0%和52.0%；而在坡地果园采取梯田措施后,年均径流量和侵蚀量分别减少了60.0%和68.0%。梯田措施减少了果园大径流和强侵蚀量事件的次数,而在农地只减少了大径流量事件的次数。梯田措施在果园保水保土效益更明显梯田措施还增加了作物产量,在梯田措施农地和橘园,作物产量分别增加了13.0%和15.0%。植物篱和植物篱+作物覆盖措施在减少侵蚀方面的作用相差不大,与无水保措施小区相比,植物篱措施小区的年均径流系数和侵蚀量减少了36.0%和67.0%。这一结果表明在紫色土陡坡农地,水土保持措施应优先考虑选择植物篱措施。
(5)通过长期观测资料的分析,研究区侵蚀性降雨可分为三类降雨模式。降雨模式Ⅰ是降雨强度大、持续时间短,重现频率高的次降雨的集合,降雨模式Ⅲ降雨强度小,但持续时间长、降雨量大,降雨模式Ⅱ的次降雨强度和降雨量都很大,但重现次数少。结果表明,次降雨的径流系数受降雨模式影响不明显,但次降雨侵蚀量受降雨模式影响较大,在三种降雨模式下的径流小区的平均侵蚀量分别为1.1,2.0和0.5 kg。土地利用和梯田措施改变了降雨模式对坡地侵蚀的影响,在坡地农作小区,在降雨模式Ⅰ的侵蚀量明显高于降雨模式Ⅲ,而在坡地橘园小区,土壤侵蚀强度差别不明显。梯田措施小区土壤侵蚀受降雨模式的影响较小。
(6)采取水土保持措施后,土壤性质明显得到改善。有水土保持措施橘园水稳性团聚体、饱和导水率、有机质及养分含量明显增加,砾石含量和土壤容重减少。在梯田+种草措施中土壤有机质和含量增加最多,平均有机质和速效N、P、K的含量分别增加了0.3、0.5、1.8和1.7倍。水土保持措施改变了土壤的机械组成,植物篱措施增加土壤粉粒含量,而梯田和梯田+种草措施增加了土壤粘粒含量。水土保持措施还改变了土壤性质的空间变异,在无水土保持措施小区砾石含量沿坡面向下递减,粘粒含量沿坡面向下递增,但在有水土保持措施小区没有这种空间变化特征。植物篱措施还明显增加植物篱坎前土壤氮的含量,改变了养分在地块的分布特征。
Purple soil region are abundant in hydrothermal resources and soil fertility, playing an important role in agriculture development of China. Soil erosion has long been recognized as a major environmental problem in the purple soil region where slope farming is commonly practiced. Human activities can accelerate or reduce soil erosion and exerts a first-order control on soil erosion. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the impact of human agricultural cultivation and protection on soil erosion. Field simulated rainfall experiments were used to exam the effect of vegetation removal and hoeing tillage on soil erosion processes. The effects of soil and water conservation measurements on runoff, erosion and plant production were analyzed through long term plots monitoring. The changes of soil properties in citrus orchards with different conservation measurements also were analyzed. The main content of this dissertation are as following:
1. The surface and subsurface runoff were simultaneously collected during rainfall experiment with an original adaptation of common experimental frame. Results showed that the average runoff coefficient of subsurface runoff generated from wasteland was 4.7 times larger than that from cultivated land. The subsurface runoff in cultivated land was increased after rainfall started and then decreased, however, subsurface runoff in wasteland kept steady after increased. The runoff coefficient of subsurface runoff on cultivated land was increased with rainfall intensity. However, the subsurface runoff coefficient was not significantly affected by rainfall intensity on the wasteland. The average surface runoff coefficient in cultivated land were 1.0 times large than that in wasteland. Soil erosion rate in cultivated land were significant higher than in wasteland. The average sediment concentration in cultivated land and wasteland were 2.3 g/L and 42.2g/L, respectively
2. The runoff generation was changed by vegetation removal and hoeing tillage. The ratio of subsurface runoff to total runoff was reduced from 30.3% to 6.2% caused by vegetation removal practice. For hoeing tillage practice, the subsurface runoff occupied 29.1% of total runoff during low rainfall intensity, and that ratio reduced quickly with rainfall intensity increased. Vegetation removal and hoeing tillage also significantly increased soil erosion. The average soil erosion rates at vegetation removal and hoeing tillage plots were 3.0 and 10.2 times larger than that at vegetation cover plots, respectively. Results of this study reflected both runoff generation mechanism and soil erosion were changed as a consequent of altering land use on steeplands. Thus, conservation practices with maximum vegetation cover and minimum tillage should be useful for reducing surface runoff and soil erosion on steeplands.
3. The effects of cropping system on soil loss (C values) were analyzed through calculating crop stage, rainfall erosivity, and SLR in the USLE model. The results reflected the C values of 22 cropping system changed from 0.16 to 0.65 in the sloping crop land of purple soil. The order of C values of different cropping system were intercrop/rotation
5. Based on ten years of field observation and K-mean clusters, erosive rainfall events were grouped into three rainfall regimes. Rainfall regimeⅠwas the group of events with strong rainfall intensity, high frequency, and short duration. Rainfall regimeⅢconsisted of events with low intensity, long duration, and high rainfall amount. Rainfall regimeⅡwas the aggregation of events of high intensity and amount, and less frequent occurrence. The results showed that event runoff coefficients were not significantly different among rainfall regimes. However, the average soil erosion rates in rainfall regimeⅠandⅡwere significantly higher than that in regimeⅢ. The average erosion rates under rainfall regimeⅠ,Ⅱ, andⅢwere 1.1,2.0 and 0.5 kg, respectively. The effect of rainfall regime on soil erosion also was changed by terracing and land use. Terracing significantly reduced runoff and soil erosion, and compensated the effects of rainfall regime on soil erosion, which indicated that runoff and erosion in terraced system may little influenced by climate change. On unterraced cropland, soil erosion rate in rainfall regimeⅠis significantly higher than that in regimeⅢ. However, but the situation did not exist in unterraced orchard. Based on these results, it was suggested more attention should paid to the timing of rainfall events in relation to crop development and the high erosion on unterraced citrus orchard to control soil erosion in this area.
6. Soil conservation measurements significantly increased saturated hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability, soil organic matter, and available N, P, K, but decreased bulk density. The terracing with grass cover measurement had the best effectiveness in improving soil fertility among the three measurements. The average soil organic matter, available P, N, K in TCG were 0.3,0.5,1.8 and 1.7 rates larger than in SC, respectively. Compared to control plot, silt content was increased in SCH, while clay content was increased in TC and TCG. There was a downslope increase in clay content and total N but a decrease in gravels in SC plot. However, that trend did not exist in the other plots. In the field scale, the total nitrogen was significantly higher near the hedgerow in SCH.
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