贵州中高海拔区玉米产量与品质的研究
摘要
玉米是贵州省的主要粮食作物之一,全省各地均有种植,种植面积和产量仅次于水稻,居旱地作物的首位。目前,全省常年种植玉米73.5万hm~2,超过粮食总面积的30%,但总产量不到粮食总产量的25%。改进品种布局和栽培施肥技术,有益于进一步提高玉米产量,改善营养品质。
试验从当前贵州省主推的遵玉和黔兴系列玉米品种中,以种植面积最大的遵玉3号和黔兴2302为材料,首先研究了它们的产量和品质等农艺性状;然后在贵州省中西部的玉米主产区,选择典型、具有代表性的高、中、低海拔高度,通过田间试验研究了气候、播期和密度对玉米产量和品质的影响;最后利用当地广泛分布的石灰岩黄壤为供试土壤,研究了施肥对玉米产量和品质的影响,为实现贵州中西部中高海拔区玉米高产优质提供了科学依据。结果表明:
1.不同玉米品种由于遗传背景不一样,其产量和品质差异较大。遵玉3号的株高、子粒产量、穗粒数、穗粒重和百粒重显著高于黔兴2302。遵玉3号的生育期较长,有益于光合产物的积累,这可能是子粒产量高于黔兴2302的主要原因。两个品种的脂肪酸和淀粉含量差异不大,黔兴2302的子粒蛋白质含量显著高于遵玉3号。所以,遵玉3号的子粒产量较高,品质略差;黔兴2302的子粒产量较低,品质略好。
2.在玉米生育期间,光、温、水等气候因素与玉米生长发育和产量密切相关。在高、中、低海拔高度,遵玉3号的株高和子粒产量均显著高于黔兴2302。玉米株高还随海拔的上升而降低,日均温的升高而增加;海拔低,气温高,降雨多,玉米生育期短;海拔高,气温低,降雨少,玉米生育期长。昼夜温差大,玉米产量高;昼夜温差小,玉米产量低。因此,玉米的产量性状既受遗传因素的控制,又受到气候条件的影响。在不同海拔高度,玉米子粒的蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪酸含量,以及它们的组成均无显著变化,说明气象条件对玉米营养品质和口感无显著影响,子粒的营养成分主要受遗传因素的控制,不因气象条件的变化而改变,遗传育种是提高玉米子粒的营养品质关键措施。
3.不同地区的适宜播期不一样。在低、高海拔的安顺和水城,遵玉3号的适宜播期在4月25日左右;在中海拔的盘县为4月15日左右。对黔兴2302而言,在安顺以4月25日左右播种为宜;在盘县和水城,以4月15日左右播种为好。不同地区的最适高产密度也不一样。在安顺和水城,最适高产密度为52500～60000株.hm~(-2),盘县的最适高产密度为60000株.hm~(-2)左右。播期和密度对玉米产量的影响大于对品质的影响。
4.施用氮肥不仅显著提高籽粒产量,增产9.59%～23.14%,而且还不同程度地增加了蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉和脂肪酸的含量。施用氮肥不改变直链淀粉:支链淀粉的比值,对玉米口感无不良影响。在玉米籽粒中,蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、亚麻酸含量比较稳定,主要受到遗传基因的控制,难于因施肥而改变;其余营养成分,如清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸、直链和支链淀粉、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量因施用氮肥而发生变化,说明它们既受遗传基因的控制,也受施用氮肥的影响。综合考虑玉米籽粒的产量品质表现,较为适宜的氮肥用量约为150 kg N·hm~(-2)。
施用磷肥不仅显著提高了子粒产量,增产6.98%～26.87%,且不同程度上增加了蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸和淀粉含量,但是各种营养成分在不同磷肥用量间无显著差异。清蛋白、球蛋白、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸和赖氨酸、丝氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量及直链淀粉/支链淀粉的比值比较稳定,不受磷肥施用量的影响,说明它们的含量主要受遗传基因的控制,施肥对它们的影响不大。但是,施磷显著提高缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、酪氨酸、天门冬氨酸、丙氨酸含量,表明这几种氨基酸的含量既受遗传基因的控制,也受施用磷肥的影响。综合考虑玉米的产量和品质,较为适宜的磷肥用量约为P_2O_5 75～105kg·hm~(-2)。
钾对玉米品质的影响大于产量。施用钟肥提高玉米产量,但用量之间差异不显著。施用钾肥不仅提高了玉米子粒蛋白质含量,而且还改善了蛋白质品质,提高了苏氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和赖氨酸等必需氨基酸的含量,使必需氨基酸的总量平均增加了16.88%。此外,施用钾肥还使玉米子粒中的淀粉总量增加,直/支比降低,一定程度上改善了玉米的口感。脂肪酸总量也因施用钾肥而提高,其中包括油酸、亚油酸两种不饱和脂肪酸等。综合考虑玉米的产量和品质,较为适宜的施钾量为60 kg K_2O·hm~(-2)。
在不施肥、氮磷、氮钾、磷钾、氮磷钾等施肥处理中,玉米产量以氮磷钾配合施用最高,接着依次为氮磷,氮钾、磷钾、不施肥,说明在玉米增产作用中,氮的贡献最大,磷次之,钾最小。氮磷钾配合施用还显著提高了玉米子粒蛋白质、必须氨基酸、淀粉和脂肪酸的含量,降低了直链淀粉/支链淀粉的比值,说明氮磷钾配合施用显著改善了玉米的营养品质及口感。值得注意的是,施肥后玉米子粒的产量变幅显著大于蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪酸等,说明玉米产量和营养品质受遗传和环境的双重影响,环境因素对玉米产量的影响大于对子粒品质的影响,子粒营养性状主要受遗传基因的控制。
Maize is one of major food crops in Guizhou province. Both the yields and growing area are just less than rice but largest in drought crop. There are now 73.5 million hectare land for growing maize in Guizhou, accounting for more than 30% of till land and 25% of whole crop output. The improvement of cultivar distribution and cultivation techniques could be beneficial to the increment of the yield and quality of maize.
Series of field experiments were carried out to study the characters of two maize cultivars, Zunyu No.3 and Qianxing-2302, which were widely grown in Guizhaou. Then three site experiments at different height (high, middle and low) above the sea were established in the central and west of Guizhou to study the impact of climate, slowing date and density on the yields and qualities of maize. The investigations were also conducted on the fertilization with typical and representative yellow soil derived from lime stone of Triassic Period. The main objective was to provide scientific guidance for high yields and qualities of maize in Guizhou province. Following are the main results:
1. Two maize cultivars varied greatly in the yields and qualities due to different genetic backgrounds. The plant height, yield, ear grain number, weight per grain or per 100 grains were much higher for Zunyu No.3 than Qianxing-2302. The growth period of the former was longer than the later, which led to more photoproducts accumulated and high yields. There were no significant differences in the content of starches and fatty acids in the grains of the two cultivars, but higher in protein content in Qianxing-2302 than Zunyu No.3. Therefore, Zunyu No. was higher in the yield and poorer in quality than Qianxing-2302.
2. The growth and yield of maize were influenced significantly by the climate factors, such as light, temperature and rainfall during maize growth period. Both plant height and yield of Zunyu No.3 were higher in three field site experiments at high, middle and low elevations than Qianxing-2302. The plant height was decreased as the elevation increased. The growth period was prolonged in experimental site at high elevation with low temperature and less rainfall, while it behaved otherwise in low elevation site. Higher yield of maize was found at the site with large temperature difference during the day and night compared to that with less. The yield of maize could thus be controlled not only by genes, but also influenced by climate. There was no significant difference in the contents of proteins, starches, and fatty acids in maize grains at three experiment sites at variable heights above the sea. It seems thus reasonable to suggest the strict control of the grain qualities by genes but no significant influence of climate on it. The breeding could be the main measurement for the improvement of grain qualities.
3. Sowing date was different at variable places. Zunyu No.3 was suitable to sow approximately on 25 Aprill in Anshun (the low elevation site) and Shuicheng (the high elevation site) but on 15 Aprill in Panxian (the middle elevation site). However, Qianxing-2302 was suitable to sow approximately on 25 Aprill in Anshun and but on 15 Aprill in Shuicheng and Panxian. The density also varied in different places and the optimal intensities were from 52500 seedlings per hectare to 60000 seedlings per hectare in Ashun and Shuicheng, and 60000 seedlings per hectare in Panxian. Greater influence of climate on the yields of maize was observed than qualities.
4. N fertilization increased grain yield from 9.59% to 23.14% compared with blank control (without N fertilizer), and also enhanced the contents of proteins, amino acids, starches and fatty acids in grains, but did not change the ratio of amylase to amylopetine. In maize grains, the contents of MET, PHE, LYS, ASP, SER, GLU, GLY, HIS and flax acid were rather consistent and mainly controlled by genes instead of fertilization. However, the other nutrient components, such as albumin, globulin, prolomine, glutamine, THR, VAL, ILE, LUE, ALA, TYR, PRO, amylase, amylopetine, oleic acid, sub-oleic acid, palm acid and stearic acid was varied, which could be influenced both genes and nitrogen fertilization. 150 kg N·ha~(-1) could be optimal for higher yield with better qualities.
P fertilization increased grain yield from 6.98% to 26.87% compared with blank control (without P fertilizer), and also improve the contents of proteins, amino acids, fatty acids and starch in grains. Albumin, globulin, THR, MET, PHE,LYS, SER, HIS, ARG,PRO and the ratio of amylase to amylopetine were relatively stable, indicating the strict control by genes but not by P fertilization. The contents of VAL, ILE, LUE, GLU, GLY, TYR, ASP and ALA were increased by P fertilization, suggesting that they were influenced by both genes and P fertilization. Optimal amount of P fertilizer was from 75 kg P_2O_5·ha~(-1) to 105 P_2O_5 kg/ha for higher yield with better qualities of maize.
The yield of maize varied greatly under different K fertilization as compared to the quality. K fertilization increased the yield of maize but had little impact on the quality, if any. K fertilization not only increased the content of proteins, but also improve their qualities, since high contents of THR, ILE, LUE, VAL , PHE and LYS, and 16.88% of increment in total essential amino acids were detected in maize grains, K fertilization also increased total content of starch but decreased the ratio of amylase to amylopetine, indicating the improvement of the test of food made from maize grains. Total content of fatty acids, including oleic acid and sub-oleic acid, was increased by K fertilization at same times. Approximately, 60 Kg K·ha~(-1) was optimal for higher yield with better qualities.
Among no fertilizer, NP, NK, PK, NPK treatment, The yield of maize changed in the sequence: NPK > NP > NK >PK> CK (without fertilization) indicating the most importance of N, less of P and least of K for the maize yield. NPK fertilization increased the contents of proteins, essential amino acids, starches and fatty acids content, but decreased the ratio of amylase to amylopetine in maize grains. It seems thus reasonable to suggest the improvement of NPK fertilization kernel nutrient quality and the food test. It was worthy to point out the obvious changes in the yield as compared to the quality, such as the contents of proteins, starches and fatty acids and so forth, in combination fertilization treatments. Therefore, the yields and qualities of maize yield could be controlled by both genes and environment. The yields were greatly influenced by environments in contrast to the qualities which could be controlled mainly by genes.
试验从当前贵州省主推的遵玉和黔兴系列玉米品种中,以种植面积最大的遵玉3号和黔兴2302为材料,首先研究了它们的产量和品质等农艺性状;然后在贵州省中西部的玉米主产区,选择典型、具有代表性的高、中、低海拔高度,通过田间试验研究了气候、播期和密度对玉米产量和品质的影响;最后利用当地广泛分布的石灰岩黄壤为供试土壤,研究了施肥对玉米产量和品质的影响,为实现贵州中西部中高海拔区玉米高产优质提供了科学依据。结果表明:
1.不同玉米品种由于遗传背景不一样,其产量和品质差异较大。遵玉3号的株高、子粒产量、穗粒数、穗粒重和百粒重显著高于黔兴2302。遵玉3号的生育期较长,有益于光合产物的积累,这可能是子粒产量高于黔兴2302的主要原因。两个品种的脂肪酸和淀粉含量差异不大,黔兴2302的子粒蛋白质含量显著高于遵玉3号。所以,遵玉3号的子粒产量较高,品质略差;黔兴2302的子粒产量较低,品质略好。
2.在玉米生育期间,光、温、水等气候因素与玉米生长发育和产量密切相关。在高、中、低海拔高度,遵玉3号的株高和子粒产量均显著高于黔兴2302。玉米株高还随海拔的上升而降低,日均温的升高而增加;海拔低,气温高,降雨多,玉米生育期短;海拔高,气温低,降雨少,玉米生育期长。昼夜温差大,玉米产量高;昼夜温差小,玉米产量低。因此,玉米的产量性状既受遗传因素的控制,又受到气候条件的影响。在不同海拔高度,玉米子粒的蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪酸含量,以及它们的组成均无显著变化,说明气象条件对玉米营养品质和口感无显著影响,子粒的营养成分主要受遗传因素的控制,不因气象条件的变化而改变,遗传育种是提高玉米子粒的营养品质关键措施。
3.不同地区的适宜播期不一样。在低、高海拔的安顺和水城,遵玉3号的适宜播期在4月25日左右;在中海拔的盘县为4月15日左右。对黔兴2302而言,在安顺以4月25日左右播种为宜;在盘县和水城,以4月15日左右播种为好。不同地区的最适高产密度也不一样。在安顺和水城,最适高产密度为52500～60000株.hm~(-2),盘县的最适高产密度为60000株.hm~(-2)左右。播期和密度对玉米产量的影响大于对品质的影响。
4.施用氮肥不仅显著提高籽粒产量,增产9.59%～23.14%,而且还不同程度地增加了蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉和脂肪酸的含量。施用氮肥不改变直链淀粉:支链淀粉的比值,对玉米口感无不良影响。在玉米籽粒中,蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、天门冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、亚麻酸含量比较稳定,主要受到遗传基因的控制,难于因施肥而改变;其余营养成分,如清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、脯氨酸、直链和支链淀粉、油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量因施用氮肥而发生变化,说明它们既受遗传基因的控制,也受施用氮肥的影响。综合考虑玉米籽粒的产量品质表现,较为适宜的氮肥用量约为150 kg N·hm~(-2)。
施用磷肥不仅显著提高了子粒产量,增产6.98%～26.87%,且不同程度上增加了蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸和淀粉含量,但是各种营养成分在不同磷肥用量间无显著差异。清蛋白、球蛋白、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸和赖氨酸、丝氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸含量及直链淀粉/支链淀粉的比值比较稳定,不受磷肥施用量的影响,说明它们的含量主要受遗传基因的控制,施肥对它们的影响不大。但是,施磷显著提高缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、酪氨酸、天门冬氨酸、丙氨酸含量,表明这几种氨基酸的含量既受遗传基因的控制,也受施用磷肥的影响。综合考虑玉米的产量和品质,较为适宜的磷肥用量约为P_2O_5 75～105kg·hm~(-2)。
钾对玉米品质的影响大于产量。施用钟肥提高玉米产量,但用量之间差异不显著。施用钾肥不仅提高了玉米子粒蛋白质含量,而且还改善了蛋白质品质,提高了苏氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、苯丙氨酸和赖氨酸等必需氨基酸的含量,使必需氨基酸的总量平均增加了16.88%。此外,施用钾肥还使玉米子粒中的淀粉总量增加,直/支比降低,一定程度上改善了玉米的口感。脂肪酸总量也因施用钾肥而提高,其中包括油酸、亚油酸两种不饱和脂肪酸等。综合考虑玉米的产量和品质,较为适宜的施钾量为60 kg K_2O·hm~(-2)。
在不施肥、氮磷、氮钾、磷钾、氮磷钾等施肥处理中,玉米产量以氮磷钾配合施用最高,接着依次为氮磷,氮钾、磷钾、不施肥,说明在玉米增产作用中,氮的贡献最大,磷次之,钾最小。氮磷钾配合施用还显著提高了玉米子粒蛋白质、必须氨基酸、淀粉和脂肪酸的含量,降低了直链淀粉/支链淀粉的比值,说明氮磷钾配合施用显著改善了玉米的营养品质及口感。值得注意的是,施肥后玉米子粒的产量变幅显著大于蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪酸等,说明玉米产量和营养品质受遗传和环境的双重影响,环境因素对玉米产量的影响大于对子粒品质的影响,子粒营养性状主要受遗传基因的控制。
Maize is one of major food crops in Guizhou province. Both the yields and growing area are just less than rice but largest in drought crop. There are now 73.5 million hectare land for growing maize in Guizhou, accounting for more than 30% of till land and 25% of whole crop output. The improvement of cultivar distribution and cultivation techniques could be beneficial to the increment of the yield and quality of maize.
Series of field experiments were carried out to study the characters of two maize cultivars, Zunyu No.3 and Qianxing-2302, which were widely grown in Guizhaou. Then three site experiments at different height (high, middle and low) above the sea were established in the central and west of Guizhou to study the impact of climate, slowing date and density on the yields and qualities of maize. The investigations were also conducted on the fertilization with typical and representative yellow soil derived from lime stone of Triassic Period. The main objective was to provide scientific guidance for high yields and qualities of maize in Guizhou province. Following are the main results:
1. Two maize cultivars varied greatly in the yields and qualities due to different genetic backgrounds. The plant height, yield, ear grain number, weight per grain or per 100 grains were much higher for Zunyu No.3 than Qianxing-2302. The growth period of the former was longer than the later, which led to more photoproducts accumulated and high yields. There were no significant differences in the content of starches and fatty acids in the grains of the two cultivars, but higher in protein content in Qianxing-2302 than Zunyu No.3. Therefore, Zunyu No. was higher in the yield and poorer in quality than Qianxing-2302.
2. The growth and yield of maize were influenced significantly by the climate factors, such as light, temperature and rainfall during maize growth period. Both plant height and yield of Zunyu No.3 were higher in three field site experiments at high, middle and low elevations than Qianxing-2302. The plant height was decreased as the elevation increased. The growth period was prolonged in experimental site at high elevation with low temperature and less rainfall, while it behaved otherwise in low elevation site. Higher yield of maize was found at the site with large temperature difference during the day and night compared to that with less. The yield of maize could thus be controlled not only by genes, but also influenced by climate. There was no significant difference in the contents of proteins, starches, and fatty acids in maize grains at three experiment sites at variable heights above the sea. It seems thus reasonable to suggest the strict control of the grain qualities by genes but no significant influence of climate on it. The breeding could be the main measurement for the improvement of grain qualities.
3. Sowing date was different at variable places. Zunyu No.3 was suitable to sow approximately on 25 Aprill in Anshun (the low elevation site) and Shuicheng (the high elevation site) but on 15 Aprill in Panxian (the middle elevation site). However, Qianxing-2302 was suitable to sow approximately on 25 Aprill in Anshun and but on 15 Aprill in Shuicheng and Panxian. The density also varied in different places and the optimal intensities were from 52500 seedlings per hectare to 60000 seedlings per hectare in Ashun and Shuicheng, and 60000 seedlings per hectare in Panxian. Greater influence of climate on the yields of maize was observed than qualities.
4. N fertilization increased grain yield from 9.59% to 23.14% compared with blank control (without N fertilizer), and also enhanced the contents of proteins, amino acids, starches and fatty acids in grains, but did not change the ratio of amylase to amylopetine. In maize grains, the contents of MET, PHE, LYS, ASP, SER, GLU, GLY, HIS and flax acid were rather consistent and mainly controlled by genes instead of fertilization. However, the other nutrient components, such as albumin, globulin, prolomine, glutamine, THR, VAL, ILE, LUE, ALA, TYR, PRO, amylase, amylopetine, oleic acid, sub-oleic acid, palm acid and stearic acid was varied, which could be influenced both genes and nitrogen fertilization. 150 kg N·ha~(-1) could be optimal for higher yield with better qualities.
P fertilization increased grain yield from 6.98% to 26.87% compared with blank control (without P fertilizer), and also improve the contents of proteins, amino acids, fatty acids and starch in grains. Albumin, globulin, THR, MET, PHE,LYS, SER, HIS, ARG,PRO and the ratio of amylase to amylopetine were relatively stable, indicating the strict control by genes but not by P fertilization. The contents of VAL, ILE, LUE, GLU, GLY, TYR, ASP and ALA were increased by P fertilization, suggesting that they were influenced by both genes and P fertilization. Optimal amount of P fertilizer was from 75 kg P_2O_5·ha~(-1) to 105 P_2O_5 kg/ha for higher yield with better qualities of maize.
The yield of maize varied greatly under different K fertilization as compared to the quality. K fertilization increased the yield of maize but had little impact on the quality, if any. K fertilization not only increased the content of proteins, but also improve their qualities, since high contents of THR, ILE, LUE, VAL , PHE and LYS, and 16.88% of increment in total essential amino acids were detected in maize grains, K fertilization also increased total content of starch but decreased the ratio of amylase to amylopetine, indicating the improvement of the test of food made from maize grains. Total content of fatty acids, including oleic acid and sub-oleic acid, was increased by K fertilization at same times. Approximately, 60 Kg K·ha~(-1) was optimal for higher yield with better qualities.
Among no fertilizer, NP, NK, PK, NPK treatment, The yield of maize changed in the sequence: NPK > NP > NK >PK> CK (without fertilization) indicating the most importance of N, less of P and least of K for the maize yield. NPK fertilization increased the contents of proteins, essential amino acids, starches and fatty acids content, but decreased the ratio of amylase to amylopetine in maize grains. It seems thus reasonable to suggest the improvement of NPK fertilization kernel nutrient quality and the food test. It was worthy to point out the obvious changes in the yield as compared to the quality, such as the contents of proteins, starches and fatty acids and so forth, in combination fertilization treatments. Therefore, the yields and qualities of maize yield could be controlled by both genes and environment. The yields were greatly influenced by environments in contrast to the qualities which could be controlled mainly by genes.
引文
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