面向语义Web的多策略本体映射研究
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摘要
随着语义Web的发展,基于本体的开发和应用越来越多。本体是共享概念模型的形式化规范说明。由于本体开发本身具有分布式的特点,不同组织开发的本体可能覆盖相同或者相交的领域,因此在应用中为了更有效地共享和重用本体,就必须找出不同本体之间的映射关系。本体映射就是发现两个异构本体之间的语义关系,并将这种语义关系形式化表达出来的过程,它对于实现语义Web中不同本体之间的互操作具有重要意义。
本文围绕本体映射问题,在分析了本体映射的研究现状的基础上,针对本体间元素名称、实例、结构等特征,提出了一种多策略的本体映射方法,实现了异构本体间的自动映射。主要包括以下几方面内容:
(1)研究本体及本体映射理论,分析了本体异构性产生的原因,给出了本体元素间相似度的形式化定义。
(2)采用了一种基于语言学的策略,利用编辑距离和WordNet词典计算本体元素名称间的相似度,并对利用WordNet计算相似度的方法进行了改进。
(3)针对本体中实例,提出了一种基于实例的策略,通过语义富含,增加实例,并利用向量空间模型对本体间基于实例的相似度进行计算。
(4)提出了一种基于结构的策略,针对本体的结构特点,利用树核函数和相似度传递模型计算本体基于结构的相似度。
(5)通过相似度合并算法得到本体元素对的综合相似度,利用映射发现算法输出本体之间的映射关系。
本文最后设计和实现了一个多策略的本体映射原型系统MSOM,对文中提出的算法进行了实验和分析,实验结果表明该算法可以得到较好的查准率。
With the rapid development of Semantic Web, there are more and more ontology-based applications. An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization. The distributed nature of ontology development has led to a large number of ontologies covering overlapped domains. Therefore, it is necessary to find the mapping relationship between different ontologies to reuse and share ontology. Ontology mapping is a process of finding the semantic relationship between heterogeneous ontologies and express the relationship with fomal languages. It is important to achieve interoperation between different ontologies in semantic web.
For the features of ontology such as element's concept, instance and structure, this paper proposes a multi-strategy ontology mapping approach to realize automatic ontology mapping between heterogeneous ontologies. The main research works are as follows:
(1) Researching on the theroies of ontology and ontology mapping and analyzing the reasons of heterogeneous ontologies. And the similiarity of ontologies is given formally.
(2) Proposing a linguistic ontology mapping strategy which calculates the similarity of ontologies using edit distance and wordnet-based approach which has been modifed.
(3) Proposing an instance based mapping strategy which constructs instance using semantic enrichment and calculates the similarity of ontologies by vector space model.
(4) Proposing a strutcture-based ontology mapping strategy. This method calculates the similarity of ontologies by tree kernel and similarity propagation model.
(5) Combining the similarity of element pair to obtain an integrated similarity and outputing the relationship of mapping by ontology discovering algorithm.
Finally, this paper designs and implements a prototype for ontolgy mapping called MSOM. And we do experiments and analysis on the prposed algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that our solution yields a higher precision.
本文围绕本体映射问题,在分析了本体映射的研究现状的基础上,针对本体间元素名称、实例、结构等特征,提出了一种多策略的本体映射方法,实现了异构本体间的自动映射。主要包括以下几方面内容:
(1)研究本体及本体映射理论,分析了本体异构性产生的原因,给出了本体元素间相似度的形式化定义。
(2)采用了一种基于语言学的策略,利用编辑距离和WordNet词典计算本体元素名称间的相似度,并对利用WordNet计算相似度的方法进行了改进。
(3)针对本体中实例,提出了一种基于实例的策略,通过语义富含,增加实例,并利用向量空间模型对本体间基于实例的相似度进行计算。
(4)提出了一种基于结构的策略,针对本体的结构特点,利用树核函数和相似度传递模型计算本体基于结构的相似度。
(5)通过相似度合并算法得到本体元素对的综合相似度,利用映射发现算法输出本体之间的映射关系。
本文最后设计和实现了一个多策略的本体映射原型系统MSOM,对文中提出的算法进行了实验和分析,实验结果表明该算法可以得到较好的查准率。
With the rapid development of Semantic Web, there are more and more ontology-based applications. An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization. The distributed nature of ontology development has led to a large number of ontologies covering overlapped domains. Therefore, it is necessary to find the mapping relationship between different ontologies to reuse and share ontology. Ontology mapping is a process of finding the semantic relationship between heterogeneous ontologies and express the relationship with fomal languages. It is important to achieve interoperation between different ontologies in semantic web.
For the features of ontology such as element's concept, instance and structure, this paper proposes a multi-strategy ontology mapping approach to realize automatic ontology mapping between heterogeneous ontologies. The main research works are as follows:
(1) Researching on the theroies of ontology and ontology mapping and analyzing the reasons of heterogeneous ontologies. And the similiarity of ontologies is given formally.
(2) Proposing a linguistic ontology mapping strategy which calculates the similarity of ontologies using edit distance and wordnet-based approach which has been modifed.
(3) Proposing an instance based mapping strategy which constructs instance using semantic enrichment and calculates the similarity of ontologies by vector space model.
(4) Proposing a strutcture-based ontology mapping strategy. This method calculates the similarity of ontologies by tree kernel and similarity propagation model.
(5) Combining the similarity of element pair to obtain an integrated similarity and outputing the relationship of mapping by ontology discovering algorithm.
Finally, this paper designs and implements a prototype for ontolgy mapping called MSOM. And we do experiments and analysis on the prposed algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that our solution yields a higher precision.
引文
[1]Berners-Lee Tim.Semantic web road map[EB/OL].http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Semantic.html,1998
[2]Thomas R.Gruber.A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications[J].Knowledge Acquisition,1993(5):199-220
[3]RDFS描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
[4]OWL描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/
[5]J de Bruijn,F Martin-Recuerda,D Manov,et al.State of the Art Survey on Ontology Merging and Aligning[EB/OL].http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruh/WBS/meh/publications/debruijn04state.pdf.2004
[6]Euzenat,Thanh Le,Bach Barrasa,et al.State of the Art on Ontology Alignment[EB/OL].http://knowledgeweb.semanticweb.org/semanticportal/deliverables/D2.2.3,pdf,2004
[7]Pavel Shvaiko,J.Euzenat.A Classification of Schema-Based Matching Approaches[C].In Proceedings of the Meaning Coordination and Negotiation Workshop at ISWC' 04,2004:146-171
[8]Rahm,Bernstein.A survey of approaches to automatic schema matching[J].The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases,2001,10(4):334-350
[9]AnHai Doan,Jayant Madhavan,Pedro Domingos,et al.learning to map between ontologies on the semantic web[C].In Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference,2002:662-673
[10]Fausto Giunchiglia,Pavel Shvaiko,Mikalai Yatskevich.S-Match:An Algorithm and an Implementation of Semantic Matching[C].In Proceedings of the 1st European Semantic Web Symposium,2004:61-75
[11]Ningsheng Jian,Wei Hu,Gong Cheng,et al.Falcon-AO:Aligning Ontologies with Falcon[C].In Proceedings of K-CAP Workshop on Integrating Ontologies,2005:85-91
[12]唐杰,梁邦勇,李涓子.语义Web中的本体自动匹配[J].计算机学报,2006,29(11):1956-1976
[13]Jayant Madhavan,Philip A.Bernstein,Erhard Rahm.Generic schema matching with Cupid[C].In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases,2001:49-58
[14]Natalya Fridman Noy,Mark A.Musen.Anchor-PROMPT:Using Non-Local Context for Semantic Matching[C].In Proceedings of IJCAI workshop on Ontologies and Information Sharing,2001:63-70
[15]Melnik,S.Garcia-Molina,H.Rahm.Similarity flooding:a versatile graph matching algorithm and its application to schema matching[C].In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Data Engineering,2002:117-128
[16]Semantic Web Architecture[EB/OL].http:// www.w3.org/2000/Talks/1206-xm12k-tb1/slide10-0.html
[17]邓志鸿,唐世渭,张铭等.Ontology研究综述[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38(5):730-738
[18]Neches R,Fikes R E,Gruber T R,et al.Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing[J].AIMagazine,1991,12(3):36-56
[19]Borst W N.Construction of Engineering Ontologies for Knowledge Sharing and Reuse[D].The Netherland:University of Twente,1997
[20]Studer R,Benjamins V R,Fensel D.Knowledge Engineering:Principles and Methods[J].Data and Knowledge Engineering,1998,25(1):161-197
[21]Perez A G,Benjamins V R.Overview of Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Components:Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods:Lessons Learned and Future Trends[C].In Proceedings of the IJCAI' 99 workshop on Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods,1999:1-15
[22]Grigoris Antoniou,Frank van Harmelen.Web Ontology Language:OWL[M].Handbook on Ontologies,International Handbooks on Information Systems,Springer Verlag,2004:67-92
[23]Oontolingua[EB/OL].http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/software/ontolingua
[24]OCML描述语言[EB/OL].http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/ocml
[25]SHOE描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.es.umd.edu/projects/Plus/SHOE/
[26]XOL描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.ai.sri.com/pkarp/xol/
[27]RDF描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.w3.org/RDF
[28]DAML+OIL描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.w3.org/TR/daml+oil-reference
[29]Visser PRS,Jones D M,Bench-Capon T J M.Assessing heterogeneity by classifying ontology mismatches[C].In Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Formal Ontology Information Systems.1998:148-162
[30]刘海滨,李冠宇,刘发军.基于Ontology的信息集成研究综述[J].计算机工程与应用,2005(25):159-161
[31]Su Xiaomeng,Gulla J A.Semantic Enrichment for Ontology Mapping[C].In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Data Bases,2004:217-228
[32]Ehrig M,Sure Y.Ontology Mapping-An Integrated Approach[C].In Proceedings of the 1st European Semantic Web Symposium,2004:76-91
[33]J e rome Euz e nat,David Loup,Mohamed Touzani,et al.Ontology Alignment with OLA[C].In Proceedings of the 3rd EON Workshop and the 3rd International Semantic Web Conference,2004:59-68
[34]Robert E.McGrath.Semantic Infrastructure for a Ubiquitous Computing Environment[D].Illinois:University of Illinois,2005
[35]M.Ehrig,P.Haase,N.Stojanovic.Similarity for ontologies-a comprehensive framework[J].In Proceedings of Workshop Enterprise Modelling and Ontology:Ingredients for Interoperability,2004:122-136
[36]G.Navarro.A Guided Tour to Approximate String Matching[J].ACM Computing Surveys,2001,33(1):31-88
[37]K.Sorensen.Distance measures based on the edit distance for permutation-type representations[C].In Proceedings of Workshop on Analysis and Design of Representations and Operators,2003:8-14
[38]Philip Resnik.Using information content to evaluate semantic similarity[J].In Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1995:448-453
[39]Graeme Hirst,David St-Onge.WordNet:An electronic lexical database[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1998:305-332
[40]Dekang Lin.An information-theoretic definition of similarity[C].In Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Machine Learning.1998:82-93
[41]M.Boman,J.A.Bubenko,P.Johannesson.Conceptual Modelling[M].Prentices Hall,1997
[42]Google网址[EB/OL].http://www.google.com
[43]QTag词性标注器[CP/OL].http://www.english.bham.ac.uk/staff/omason/ software/qtag.html
[44]Ricardo Baeza-Yates,Berthier RIBeiro-Neto.现代信息检索[M].王知津,贾福新等,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[45]Collins,M.and Duffy,N.Convolution kernels for natural languages[C].In Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems,2001:625-632
[46]Hong Hai Do,Rahm E.Coma:A system for flexible combination of schema matching approaches[C].In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases,2002:610-621
[47]Doan A.H.,Domingos P.,Halevy A..Reconciling schemas of disparate data sources:A machine-learning approach[C].In Proceedings of 2001 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data,2001:509-520
[48]Prot e g e 工具[CP/OL].http://protege.stanford.edu
[49]Jena工具包[CP/OL].http://www.hpl.hp.com/semweb
[50]JWNL开发包[CP/OL].http://sourceforge.net/projects/jwordnet
[51]Google SOAP API[CP/OL].http://code.google.com/apis/soapsearch
[52]Alignment API[CP/OL].http://alignapi.gforge.inria.fr/
[53]Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative[EB/OL].http://oaei.ontologymatching.org
[54]Hong Hai Do,Sergey Melnik,Erhard Rahm.Comparison of Schema Matching Evaluations[C].In Proceedings of 2002 GI-Workshop Web and Databases 2002:221-237
[55]Vassilis,Alexandros G.,George A,et al.SEMA:Results for the Ontology Alignment Contest OAEI 2007[C].In Proceedings of the 2rd International Workshop on Ontology Matching and the 6th International Semantic Web Conference,2007:244-254
[56]PRIORPLUS[CP/OL].http://www.sis.pitt.edu/mingmao/om07/index.html
[57]Jerome Euz e nat,Antoine Isaac,et al.Results of the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 2007[C].In Proceedings of the 2rd International Workshop on Ontology Matching and the 6th International Semantic Web Conference,2007:96-130
[2]Thomas R.Gruber.A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications[J].Knowledge Acquisition,1993(5):199-220
[3]RDFS描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
[4]OWL描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/
[5]J de Bruijn,F Martin-Recuerda,D Manov,et al.State of the Art Survey on Ontology Merging and Aligning[EB/OL].http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruh/WBS/meh/publications/debruijn04state.pdf.2004
[6]Euzenat,Thanh Le,Bach Barrasa,et al.State of the Art on Ontology Alignment[EB/OL].http://knowledgeweb.semanticweb.org/semanticportal/deliverables/D2.2.3,pdf,2004
[7]Pavel Shvaiko,J.Euzenat.A Classification of Schema-Based Matching Approaches[C].In Proceedings of the Meaning Coordination and Negotiation Workshop at ISWC' 04,2004:146-171
[8]Rahm,Bernstein.A survey of approaches to automatic schema matching[J].The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases,2001,10(4):334-350
[9]AnHai Doan,Jayant Madhavan,Pedro Domingos,et al.learning to map between ontologies on the semantic web[C].In Proceedings of the 11th International World Wide Web Conference,2002:662-673
[10]Fausto Giunchiglia,Pavel Shvaiko,Mikalai Yatskevich.S-Match:An Algorithm and an Implementation of Semantic Matching[C].In Proceedings of the 1st European Semantic Web Symposium,2004:61-75
[11]Ningsheng Jian,Wei Hu,Gong Cheng,et al.Falcon-AO:Aligning Ontologies with Falcon[C].In Proceedings of K-CAP Workshop on Integrating Ontologies,2005:85-91
[12]唐杰,梁邦勇,李涓子.语义Web中的本体自动匹配[J].计算机学报,2006,29(11):1956-1976
[13]Jayant Madhavan,Philip A.Bernstein,Erhard Rahm.Generic schema matching with Cupid[C].In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases,2001:49-58
[14]Natalya Fridman Noy,Mark A.Musen.Anchor-PROMPT:Using Non-Local Context for Semantic Matching[C].In Proceedings of IJCAI workshop on Ontologies and Information Sharing,2001:63-70
[15]Melnik,S.Garcia-Molina,H.Rahm.Similarity flooding:a versatile graph matching algorithm and its application to schema matching[C].In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Data Engineering,2002:117-128
[16]Semantic Web Architecture[EB/OL].http:// www.w3.org/2000/Talks/1206-xm12k-tb1/slide10-0.html
[17]邓志鸿,唐世渭,张铭等.Ontology研究综述[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2002,38(5):730-738
[18]Neches R,Fikes R E,Gruber T R,et al.Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing[J].AIMagazine,1991,12(3):36-56
[19]Borst W N.Construction of Engineering Ontologies for Knowledge Sharing and Reuse[D].The Netherland:University of Twente,1997
[20]Studer R,Benjamins V R,Fensel D.Knowledge Engineering:Principles and Methods[J].Data and Knowledge Engineering,1998,25(1):161-197
[21]Perez A G,Benjamins V R.Overview of Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Components:Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods:Lessons Learned and Future Trends[C].In Proceedings of the IJCAI' 99 workshop on Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods,1999:1-15
[22]Grigoris Antoniou,Frank van Harmelen.Web Ontology Language:OWL[M].Handbook on Ontologies,International Handbooks on Information Systems,Springer Verlag,2004:67-92
[23]Oontolingua[EB/OL].http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/software/ontolingua
[24]OCML描述语言[EB/OL].http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/ocml
[25]SHOE描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.es.umd.edu/projects/Plus/SHOE/
[26]XOL描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.ai.sri.com/pkarp/xol/
[27]RDF描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.w3.org/RDF
[28]DAML+OIL描述语言[EB/OL].http://www.w3.org/TR/daml+oil-reference
[29]Visser PRS,Jones D M,Bench-Capon T J M.Assessing heterogeneity by classifying ontology mismatches[C].In Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Formal Ontology Information Systems.1998:148-162
[30]刘海滨,李冠宇,刘发军.基于Ontology的信息集成研究综述[J].计算机工程与应用,2005(25):159-161
[31]Su Xiaomeng,Gulla J A.Semantic Enrichment for Ontology Mapping[C].In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Data Bases,2004:217-228
[32]Ehrig M,Sure Y.Ontology Mapping-An Integrated Approach[C].In Proceedings of the 1st European Semantic Web Symposium,2004:76-91
[33]J e rome Euz e nat,David Loup,Mohamed Touzani,et al.Ontology Alignment with OLA[C].In Proceedings of the 3rd EON Workshop and the 3rd International Semantic Web Conference,2004:59-68
[34]Robert E.McGrath.Semantic Infrastructure for a Ubiquitous Computing Environment[D].Illinois:University of Illinois,2005
[35]M.Ehrig,P.Haase,N.Stojanovic.Similarity for ontologies-a comprehensive framework[J].In Proceedings of Workshop Enterprise Modelling and Ontology:Ingredients for Interoperability,2004:122-136
[36]G.Navarro.A Guided Tour to Approximate String Matching[J].ACM Computing Surveys,2001,33(1):31-88
[37]K.Sorensen.Distance measures based on the edit distance for permutation-type representations[C].In Proceedings of Workshop on Analysis and Design of Representations and Operators,2003:8-14
[38]Philip Resnik.Using information content to evaluate semantic similarity[J].In Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,1995:448-453
[39]Graeme Hirst,David St-Onge.WordNet:An electronic lexical database[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1998:305-332
[40]Dekang Lin.An information-theoretic definition of similarity[C].In Proceedings of 15th International Conference on Machine Learning.1998:82-93
[41]M.Boman,J.A.Bubenko,P.Johannesson.Conceptual Modelling[M].Prentices Hall,1997
[42]Google网址[EB/OL].http://www.google.com
[43]QTag词性标注器[CP/OL].http://www.english.bham.ac.uk/staff/omason/ software/qtag.html
[44]Ricardo Baeza-Yates,Berthier RIBeiro-Neto.现代信息检索[M].王知津,贾福新等,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[45]Collins,M.and Duffy,N.Convolution kernels for natural languages[C].In Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems,2001:625-632
[46]Hong Hai Do,Rahm E.Coma:A system for flexible combination of schema matching approaches[C].In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases,2002:610-621
[47]Doan A.H.,Domingos P.,Halevy A..Reconciling schemas of disparate data sources:A machine-learning approach[C].In Proceedings of 2001 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data,2001:509-520
[48]Prot e g e 工具[CP/OL].http://protege.stanford.edu
[49]Jena工具包[CP/OL].http://www.hpl.hp.com/semweb
[50]JWNL开发包[CP/OL].http://sourceforge.net/projects/jwordnet
[51]Google SOAP API[CP/OL].http://code.google.com/apis/soapsearch
[52]Alignment API[CP/OL].http://alignapi.gforge.inria.fr/
[53]Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative[EB/OL].http://oaei.ontologymatching.org
[54]Hong Hai Do,Sergey Melnik,Erhard Rahm.Comparison of Schema Matching Evaluations[C].In Proceedings of 2002 GI-Workshop Web and Databases 2002:221-237
[55]Vassilis,Alexandros G.,George A,et al.SEMA:Results for the Ontology Alignment Contest OAEI 2007[C].In Proceedings of the 2rd International Workshop on Ontology Matching and the 6th International Semantic Web Conference,2007:244-254
[56]PRIORPLUS[CP/OL].http://www.sis.pitt.edu/mingmao/om07/index.html
[57]Jerome Euz e nat,Antoine Isaac,et al.Results of the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative 2007[C].In Proceedings of the 2rd International Workshop on Ontology Matching and the 6th International Semantic Web Conference,2007:96-130