语言自然主义：哲学与科学方法
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摘要
语言自然主义一直是语言哲学和科学的认识方法以及研究手段之一。最早的语言自然认识方法源于柏拉图的《克拉底鲁篇》，在这部作品中阐释了语言与自然的关系，提出了语言现实主义，奠定了后世语言、思维和世界的三维模式。语言的自然主义方法与现代语言学理论密切相连，奠定了形式逻辑、心理和社会的三位一体的研究方法。形式逻辑蕴涵语言的形式化和公理化，在自然主义角度借鉴了自然哲学的认识手段；而心理和社会分别假定语言是心理和社会产物，从自然主义角度标识了经验化的语言心理和社会过程。三位一体的研究方法从认识论角度构成了语言先验主义、唯理主义和经验主义的认识论体系，分别假定语言是先天的内在禀赋和后天的行为及刺激的产物，二者均为自然主义认识方式，可依赖理性主义进行归纳和建构。
传统的语言自然主义思想在本文中作为语言自然化认识论以及语言的自然方法的理论基础。在评价奎因和乔姆斯基语言自然主义思想基础上，文章尝试把语言从认识领域转到本体领域，也就是把语言放到包括心理和社会范畴的更开阔的自然主义范畴，从而描述语言的自然属性和特征。在这里，论文尝试用本体论代替认识论，即语言不仅反应客观存在，本身也是客观存在的一个部分，可以用最基本的物理法则来描述和界定。在此意义上，本文采用两个视角：哲学和科学视角。哲学构成本文的研究目的，蕴涵四位一体的语言认识论，即“心理—社会—形式逻辑—物理”四位一体的研究模式；而科学所指研究对象，也就是把语言简化成较抽象的物理实体，从而在物理学框架下分析语言的心理和社会动态过程。
本论文重新认识和解读传统上世界、思维以及语言三者的关系，语言与后两者一样，为客观世界的组成部分，具有本体属性；因此，语言不仅是客观世界与心理世界的载体，本身也是所反映的对象。本文旨在为哲学认识论、科学自然论以及语言禀赋/经验论提供参考理据，为语言学的研究提供全新的认识视角。在本论文中，我们将跨越传统意义上语言各色假说，强调语言不仅是心理和社会过程，兼容了刺激-反应-理念-输出等一系列程序，同时语言也是物理过程，语言的物理过程是语言存在的根本动因。语言不仅是工具，同样也是客观存在。语言的本体性可以帮助我们更好地理解先验主义和经验主义，弱化各自理论的极端性，强化解释的充分性。本论文研究目的体现在三个方面：第一，尝试理解语言与自然的关系，语言可以作为自然体系的一个部分对待，享有本体上的现象和存在属性；第二，在语言自然化认识论的框架下，语言等同于抽象的物理系统，除了受制于社会和心理法则之外，同样受制于最基本物理法则。在此意义上，语言同时是微观和宏观系统，确定性和不确定性并存。第三，语言的物理主义可以充分揭示语言所分享的热力学特征，秩序与混沌属性可以等同于语言的形式与功能，从而从自然主义角度解释了形式主义与功能主义的对立与融合，进一步在自然主义框架下融合语言的先验主义、经验主义和唯理主义。
Linguistic naturalism is derived from naturalism, a traditional philosophic andscientific paradigm suggesting a theorem defining the existentialism of the worldexperiences. The notion of naturalism has been advanced in reaction to the classicalmetaphysics highlighting the conceptual aspect of the knowledge about the humanworld experiences or religious doctrines attributing to the supernatural agency. Inlinguistics naturalism used to be meant to refer to the relationships between humanlanguage and what word signs or symbols denote from the philosophic perspective orthe experimental aspect of language from the scientific perspective. In a sense theprevalent linguistic naturalism serves as the epistemological tool about worldknowledge by highlighting the instrumental aspect of language to reflect or convey.Such a view is modified in the current dissertation by assuming that language, inaddition to be a vehicle of communication and a mirror of world experiences, isexistential as well. In this respect language is furthermore understood as a subject ofinvestigation. Therefore linguistic ontology based upon the hard science is advancedin reaction to the traditional linguistic epistemology consisting of a priorism,rationalism and empiricism represented by Chomsky and Quine by constructinglanguage either as a mental product or as a social product. Under the context ofnaturalism language is a natural product in general as well covering the mental andsocial ones. Be the assumptions true, linguistic naturalism would be expanded,namely the entire language system is a set of human experiences phenomenally orexistentially accounted for within the limit of the nature we know about. Language asa system in nature is bound to share the general world laws.
The theoretical paradigm is established by arguing over linguistic naturalismsupplementing with the traditional trichotomy of linguistic epistemology consisting ofa priorism, rationalism and empiricism. The quadrilateral model of linguisticepistemology offers a new possibility in understanding the essence of linguisticknowledge and the actual manner language as a system behaves or influences. It isfurther argued that a priorism, rationalism and empiricism could be reductively understood under naturalism that serves as a cover label to embrace the alternativethree ones. In this respect language is not different from any other world systemsunder the context of physics and therefore methodologically linguistics as part ofphysics is validly justified instead of that as part of psychology, as part of sociologyand as part of formal logic. Linguistic physicalism is bent towards the scientific aspectof language approached by the physical means and under the current context we aresupposed to identify the dual attributes of language system universally true to thethree-dimensional space in terms of physics. Language is said to be a thermodynamicsystem of order and chaos respectively specified as linguistic determinacy andindeterminacy. Language as a competing system of order and chaos corresponds tothe physical world in the general human world knowledge. The dual attributes oflanguage system are specified as the wave-particle duality embodied in the humanlinguistic experiences socio-culturally and psychologically motivated.
Linguistic naturalism, linguistic physicalism per se, is established to highlightthe physical aspect of language instead of the social and psychological aspect of it.Only by assuming the physical attributes of language system could we have a generalunderstanding of the contrastive linguistic methodologies specified as formalism andfunctionalism dominating in the current linguistic research. Both count as validepistemological tools to account for the meaning and use of language on the conditionthat they could be put in the physical domain beyond the scope of mental and socialones. Physically form and function are equivalent to order and chaos working in acompeting fashion when language is put to use. They are the very thermodynamicattributes of nature in a general sense embodied in the language system. Thereinterpretation of the linguistic dynamic equilibrium based upon form and functionalike helps us to construct an integrative model of linguistic epistemology resting withformalism and functionalism in terms of research methodology. It further serves as aphilosophical tool in reconstructing a unified linguistic model of epistemology tomerge a priorism and empiricism bridged by rationalism. The unity is validly possibleonly under the context of physics.
In sum the research objective is sought for in three respects. In the first place we are expected to make tentative contributions to linguistic epistemology inunderstanding the relationships between language and nature. In this directionlanguage is itself said to be part of nature. In addition to be the social andpsychological product, language is also the natural product. In the second placelanguage, under the naturalized linguistic epistemology, is said to be an intangiblephysical system with physical properties. It is likened to a system macroscopic andmicroscopic alike subject to determinacy and indeterminacy coexisting in a competingfashion. In the third place the linguistic physicalism might offer the possibility ofaccounting for linguistics as being specified as a competing model of formalism andfunctionalism. This might lay the epistemological and ontological foundation ofmerging a priorism, rationalism and empiricism under the context of naturalism.
传统的语言自然主义思想在本文中作为语言自然化认识论以及语言的自然方法的理论基础。在评价奎因和乔姆斯基语言自然主义思想基础上，文章尝试把语言从认识领域转到本体领域，也就是把语言放到包括心理和社会范畴的更开阔的自然主义范畴，从而描述语言的自然属性和特征。在这里，论文尝试用本体论代替认识论，即语言不仅反应客观存在，本身也是客观存在的一个部分，可以用最基本的物理法则来描述和界定。在此意义上，本文采用两个视角：哲学和科学视角。哲学构成本文的研究目的，蕴涵四位一体的语言认识论，即“心理—社会—形式逻辑—物理”四位一体的研究模式；而科学所指研究对象，也就是把语言简化成较抽象的物理实体，从而在物理学框架下分析语言的心理和社会动态过程。
本论文重新认识和解读传统上世界、思维以及语言三者的关系，语言与后两者一样，为客观世界的组成部分，具有本体属性；因此，语言不仅是客观世界与心理世界的载体，本身也是所反映的对象。本文旨在为哲学认识论、科学自然论以及语言禀赋/经验论提供参考理据，为语言学的研究提供全新的认识视角。在本论文中，我们将跨越传统意义上语言各色假说，强调语言不仅是心理和社会过程，兼容了刺激-反应-理念-输出等一系列程序，同时语言也是物理过程，语言的物理过程是语言存在的根本动因。语言不仅是工具，同样也是客观存在。语言的本体性可以帮助我们更好地理解先验主义和经验主义，弱化各自理论的极端性，强化解释的充分性。本论文研究目的体现在三个方面：第一，尝试理解语言与自然的关系，语言可以作为自然体系的一个部分对待，享有本体上的现象和存在属性；第二，在语言自然化认识论的框架下，语言等同于抽象的物理系统，除了受制于社会和心理法则之外，同样受制于最基本物理法则。在此意义上，语言同时是微观和宏观系统，确定性和不确定性并存。第三，语言的物理主义可以充分揭示语言所分享的热力学特征，秩序与混沌属性可以等同于语言的形式与功能，从而从自然主义角度解释了形式主义与功能主义的对立与融合，进一步在自然主义框架下融合语言的先验主义、经验主义和唯理主义。
Linguistic naturalism is derived from naturalism, a traditional philosophic andscientific paradigm suggesting a theorem defining the existentialism of the worldexperiences. The notion of naturalism has been advanced in reaction to the classicalmetaphysics highlighting the conceptual aspect of the knowledge about the humanworld experiences or religious doctrines attributing to the supernatural agency. Inlinguistics naturalism used to be meant to refer to the relationships between humanlanguage and what word signs or symbols denote from the philosophic perspective orthe experimental aspect of language from the scientific perspective. In a sense theprevalent linguistic naturalism serves as the epistemological tool about worldknowledge by highlighting the instrumental aspect of language to reflect or convey.Such a view is modified in the current dissertation by assuming that language, inaddition to be a vehicle of communication and a mirror of world experiences, isexistential as well. In this respect language is furthermore understood as a subject ofinvestigation. Therefore linguistic ontology based upon the hard science is advancedin reaction to the traditional linguistic epistemology consisting of a priorism,rationalism and empiricism represented by Chomsky and Quine by constructinglanguage either as a mental product or as a social product. Under the context ofnaturalism language is a natural product in general as well covering the mental andsocial ones. Be the assumptions true, linguistic naturalism would be expanded,namely the entire language system is a set of human experiences phenomenally orexistentially accounted for within the limit of the nature we know about. Language asa system in nature is bound to share the general world laws.
The theoretical paradigm is established by arguing over linguistic naturalismsupplementing with the traditional trichotomy of linguistic epistemology consisting ofa priorism, rationalism and empiricism. The quadrilateral model of linguisticepistemology offers a new possibility in understanding the essence of linguisticknowledge and the actual manner language as a system behaves or influences. It isfurther argued that a priorism, rationalism and empiricism could be reductively understood under naturalism that serves as a cover label to embrace the alternativethree ones. In this respect language is not different from any other world systemsunder the context of physics and therefore methodologically linguistics as part ofphysics is validly justified instead of that as part of psychology, as part of sociologyand as part of formal logic. Linguistic physicalism is bent towards the scientific aspectof language approached by the physical means and under the current context we aresupposed to identify the dual attributes of language system universally true to thethree-dimensional space in terms of physics. Language is said to be a thermodynamicsystem of order and chaos respectively specified as linguistic determinacy andindeterminacy. Language as a competing system of order and chaos corresponds tothe physical world in the general human world knowledge. The dual attributes oflanguage system are specified as the wave-particle duality embodied in the humanlinguistic experiences socio-culturally and psychologically motivated.
Linguistic naturalism, linguistic physicalism per se, is established to highlightthe physical aspect of language instead of the social and psychological aspect of it.Only by assuming the physical attributes of language system could we have a generalunderstanding of the contrastive linguistic methodologies specified as formalism andfunctionalism dominating in the current linguistic research. Both count as validepistemological tools to account for the meaning and use of language on the conditionthat they could be put in the physical domain beyond the scope of mental and socialones. Physically form and function are equivalent to order and chaos working in acompeting fashion when language is put to use. They are the very thermodynamicattributes of nature in a general sense embodied in the language system. Thereinterpretation of the linguistic dynamic equilibrium based upon form and functionalike helps us to construct an integrative model of linguistic epistemology resting withformalism and functionalism in terms of research methodology. It further serves as aphilosophical tool in reconstructing a unified linguistic model of epistemology tomerge a priorism and empiricism bridged by rationalism. The unity is validly possibleonly under the context of physics.
In sum the research objective is sought for in three respects. In the first place we are expected to make tentative contributions to linguistic epistemology inunderstanding the relationships between language and nature. In this directionlanguage is itself said to be part of nature. In addition to be the social andpsychological product, language is also the natural product. In the second placelanguage, under the naturalized linguistic epistemology, is said to be an intangiblephysical system with physical properties. It is likened to a system macroscopic andmicroscopic alike subject to determinacy and indeterminacy coexisting in a competingfashion. In the third place the linguistic physicalism might offer the possibility ofaccounting for linguistics as being specified as a competing model of formalism andfunctionalism. This might lay the epistemological and ontological foundation ofmerging a priorism, rationalism and empiricism under the context of naturalism.
引文
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