几种典型民族乐器木质共鸣体的声学振动性能检测与分析
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摘要
本文首先对国内外乐器音板用材的现状以及我国民族乐器共鸣用材的振动性能、选材与加工的研究进展进行了阐述与分析。通过分析可以看出,虽然乐器从业者及研究人员认识到木材对于乐器的重要作用,但关于我国民族乐器用木材的声学振动性能研究主要局限于木材振动性能指标的测试,并未与我国民族乐器共鸣用材相结合。而在乐器用木材的选材与加工方面,也只是进行简单的介绍,并没有进行实质性的科学验证试验。针对上述问题,本文以我国几种典型民族乐器(琵琶、月琴、阮等)为对象,对乐器共鸣构件用木材(素材)、共鸣板、共鸣面板、独立共鸣构件(共鸣构件)及乐器成品中的共鸣构件(共鸣箱)的声学振动性能展开深入研究,具体研究结果如下：
1)根据基于统计的纹理分析思想,进行了基于纹理图像检测技术的民族乐器选材方法的研究。以纹理间距矩阵表征木板纹理疏密程度作为判断其用于制作乐器的适用性的特征,通过对用于制作琵琶、阮、月琴三种乐器的木材面板进行纹理间距情况的测算,得到各自的纹理间距矩阵,并分析了纹理宽度与振动性能的关系,为共鸣面板用木材的外观初选提供了一定的科学理论基础和技术支撑。
2)检测分析影响乐器音质的主要特性——振动特性的一般原理和检测实验的方法,探索并初步确立了民族乐器共鸣用木质构件的声学属性检测方法。在以往研究的基础上,结合乐器制作师的实践经验选择试验用素材,检测、分析试验用素材的声学振动性能,采用综合评分法和综合坐标法对所选弹拨乐器共振面板用木材的综合声学振动特性进行了综合评价与区分。
3)基于薄板动力学的基本理论,采用实验模态分析法的方法对乐器共鸣板声学振动性能进行研究,并根据模态的特性选取固有频率、阻尼比和模态振型作为参数。根据琵琶、月琴、阮的乐器共鸣面板构成特点,确定了实验模态分析的实验方法；通过位移与曲率的关系、曲率变化率、弯矩,根据振动原理确定了实验模态分析的圆形薄板和仿梨形薄板的无阻尼自由振动方程解,通过实测所得的激励和响应确定了第r阶模态的振型系数矩阵；对乐器共鸣面板的振动模态进行分析,结果表明月琴、阮共鸣面板的各阶振动振型基本呈纵轴(顺纹理方向,y轴)和横轴(横纹理方向,x轴)对称,而琵琶共鸣面板只呈纵轴对称,并不成横轴对称。
4)在民族乐器共鸣用木质构件的声学属性检测方法基础上,综合、系统地分析反映共鸣构件声学品质的基本参数。选取可有效表征共鸣用木质构件声学性能的客观指标,通过对琵琶、月琴、阮三种乐器共鸣面板、共鸣构件和共鸣箱的表面波传播速度和琵琶、月琴、阮、二胡四种乐器共鸣面板、共鸣构件和共鸣箱的声辐射强度进行了顺纹理方向、斜纹理方向、横纹理方向测试,探索得出了相应的规律。对于琵琶、月琴、阮三种乐器共鸣面板阶段表面波传播速度和声辐射强度值最小,共鸣构件阶段声辐射强度最大,每种乐器在三个阶段的声辐射强度的走向趋势一致。共鸣箱阶段横纹理方向表面波传播速度速度最快,其它方向各有交错,总体呈现以共鸣箱阶段表面波传播速度值较大为主。二胡共鸣构件阶段声辐射强度值最大,但共鸣箱阶段三种木材声辐射强度值与共鸣构件阶段走向趋势却恰好颠倒,原来的最大值此时变为最小值。
系统地研究了用于共鸣木质构件的木材(素材)、共振板、共鸣面板、制成独立构件的共鸣木质构件、组装成乐器后作为乐器其中一个组件的共鸣箱等各阶段的声学属性,以及它们与乐器成品声学品质之间的内在关系,从木材声学的角度,挖掘影响乐器声学品质的主要因素。有机地结合乐器厂制作师的实际工作经验,其结果可为实现民族乐器共鸣用木材的科学选材提供一定的理论研究基础和科学依据。
This paper describes and analyzes the status quo of the musical instrument soundboard's material in the home and abroad, and the vibration performance and processing of Chinese instruments resonance's material. It can be seen by analyzing, although the instrument practitioners and researchers have recognized the important role of timber for musical instruments, but it mainly confines to the test of timber vibration properties on the research of our folk instrument's acoustic vibration performance. Moreover, it just gives a brief introduction about the material and processing of the timber for musical instruments, and it has no substantive scientific validation test. To solve the problem, the paper does depth study on the timber for musical instruments resonance components, the independent resonance components and the finished instrument resonate components. The specific contents are as follows:
1) Study on the materials election of folk instrument on the basis of texture image detection technology according to the texture analysis ideological which is based on statistics. Take the texture spacing matrix that can response the plank texture density level as the characteristics to determine its applicability for the production of musical instruments. Obtain the respective texture spacing matrix through the texture spacing estimates of the wood panel for the production of lute, nguyen, yueqin three instruments. It analyzes the relationship between texture width and vibration performance, and provides a certain scientific theoretical basis and technical support for the apperarance primaries of the resonance panel wood.
2) Analyze and detect the main feature that can affect the sound quality of musical instrument-the general principles of the vibration characteristics and the method of the testing experiments, discover and initially establish the acoustic properties detection methods of the timber components for folk instruments resonate, and establish the experimental environment for detection. On the basis of the previous studies, choose the materials for the experiment combined with the practical experience of the musical instrument production division, and analyze the acoustic vibration performance of the materials. We can use the vibration performance of the timber for resonance panel to evaluate the vibration properties of the materials objective. The paper distinguishes the acoustic vibration characteristics of the selected stringed instrument resonance panel.
3) Study the acoustic vibration performance of the instrument soundboard by using the combination of the experimental modal analysis and calculation modal analysis on the basis of the sheet dynamics, and select the natural frequency, damping ratio and mode shapes as the parameters on the basis of the modal characteristics. Determine the experimental method of the experimental modal analysis on the basis of the lute, yueqin, and nguyen instrument soundboard's composition characteristics. Determine the undamped free vibration equation and the r-order modal vibration coefficient matrix of the modal analysis thin circular plate according to the principle of vibration, and the relationship between displacements and curvature, curvature change rate, the bending moment. Analyze the vibration moden of the instrument resonance panel, and the result shows that the order vibration model shaps of yueqin and nguyen's resonance panel substantially appears symmetry of longitudinal axis (along grain direction, y-axis) and horizontal axis (horizontal grain direction, x-axis), but lute's resonance panel only appears symmetry of longitudinal axis.
4) On the basis of the acoustic properties detection method of the timber components for folk instruments resonate, comprehensively analyze the all parameters of the resonance members acoustic quality, select the objective indicators of the effective characterization resonance acoustic properties. Detect and analyze the surface wave propagation velocity of resonance component and the radiation intensity of resonance component acoustic. Test the surface wave propagation velocity of lute, yueqin, nguyen three instruments resonance component and the acoustic radiation intensity of lute, yueqin, nguyen, erhu four instruments resonance component along the texture direction, twill direction, horizontal grain direction, and draw the corresponding law. The surface acoustic wave propagation velocity and acoustic radiation intensity values of lute, yueqin, nguyen three musical instruments resonance panel are the minimum, and their acoustic radiation intensity value in the resonance component stage is the maximum, the acoustic radiation intensity of each instrument in three-stage trends the same toward. The surface wave propagation velocity speed in the cross-grain direction resonance box stage is fastest, and in the other directions is staggered, and the overall is mainly to the greater value of the resonance box's surface wave propagation velocity speed. The acoustic radiation intensity value in lute resonance component stage is the maximum, but the trend of three types of wood's acoustic radiation intensity values in resonance box stage and in resonance component stage are precisely reversed, the original maximum value turns into the minimum value.
The research of the system is used for timber of resonance wood component (material), sounding board, resonance panel, resonance wood component that is used to make independent component, a component of the assembled musical instrument, and the intrinsic relationship between its and the acoustic quality of the finished instrument and, and find the main factors that can affect the acoustic quality. It provides the research base for the realization of the scientific selection which is used to provide the the national musical instrument resonance in organic combination of the musical instrument production master's practical experience.
1)根据基于统计的纹理分析思想,进行了基于纹理图像检测技术的民族乐器选材方法的研究。以纹理间距矩阵表征木板纹理疏密程度作为判断其用于制作乐器的适用性的特征,通过对用于制作琵琶、阮、月琴三种乐器的木材面板进行纹理间距情况的测算,得到各自的纹理间距矩阵,并分析了纹理宽度与振动性能的关系,为共鸣面板用木材的外观初选提供了一定的科学理论基础和技术支撑。
2)检测分析影响乐器音质的主要特性——振动特性的一般原理和检测实验的方法,探索并初步确立了民族乐器共鸣用木质构件的声学属性检测方法。在以往研究的基础上,结合乐器制作师的实践经验选择试验用素材,检测、分析试验用素材的声学振动性能,采用综合评分法和综合坐标法对所选弹拨乐器共振面板用木材的综合声学振动特性进行了综合评价与区分。
3)基于薄板动力学的基本理论,采用实验模态分析法的方法对乐器共鸣板声学振动性能进行研究,并根据模态的特性选取固有频率、阻尼比和模态振型作为参数。根据琵琶、月琴、阮的乐器共鸣面板构成特点,确定了实验模态分析的实验方法；通过位移与曲率的关系、曲率变化率、弯矩,根据振动原理确定了实验模态分析的圆形薄板和仿梨形薄板的无阻尼自由振动方程解,通过实测所得的激励和响应确定了第r阶模态的振型系数矩阵；对乐器共鸣面板的振动模态进行分析,结果表明月琴、阮共鸣面板的各阶振动振型基本呈纵轴(顺纹理方向,y轴)和横轴(横纹理方向,x轴)对称,而琵琶共鸣面板只呈纵轴对称,并不成横轴对称。
4)在民族乐器共鸣用木质构件的声学属性检测方法基础上,综合、系统地分析反映共鸣构件声学品质的基本参数。选取可有效表征共鸣用木质构件声学性能的客观指标,通过对琵琶、月琴、阮三种乐器共鸣面板、共鸣构件和共鸣箱的表面波传播速度和琵琶、月琴、阮、二胡四种乐器共鸣面板、共鸣构件和共鸣箱的声辐射强度进行了顺纹理方向、斜纹理方向、横纹理方向测试,探索得出了相应的规律。对于琵琶、月琴、阮三种乐器共鸣面板阶段表面波传播速度和声辐射强度值最小,共鸣构件阶段声辐射强度最大,每种乐器在三个阶段的声辐射强度的走向趋势一致。共鸣箱阶段横纹理方向表面波传播速度速度最快,其它方向各有交错,总体呈现以共鸣箱阶段表面波传播速度值较大为主。二胡共鸣构件阶段声辐射强度值最大,但共鸣箱阶段三种木材声辐射强度值与共鸣构件阶段走向趋势却恰好颠倒,原来的最大值此时变为最小值。
系统地研究了用于共鸣木质构件的木材(素材)、共振板、共鸣面板、制成独立构件的共鸣木质构件、组装成乐器后作为乐器其中一个组件的共鸣箱等各阶段的声学属性,以及它们与乐器成品声学品质之间的内在关系,从木材声学的角度,挖掘影响乐器声学品质的主要因素。有机地结合乐器厂制作师的实际工作经验,其结果可为实现民族乐器共鸣用木材的科学选材提供一定的理论研究基础和科学依据。
This paper describes and analyzes the status quo of the musical instrument soundboard's material in the home and abroad, and the vibration performance and processing of Chinese instruments resonance's material. It can be seen by analyzing, although the instrument practitioners and researchers have recognized the important role of timber for musical instruments, but it mainly confines to the test of timber vibration properties on the research of our folk instrument's acoustic vibration performance. Moreover, it just gives a brief introduction about the material and processing of the timber for musical instruments, and it has no substantive scientific validation test. To solve the problem, the paper does depth study on the timber for musical instruments resonance components, the independent resonance components and the finished instrument resonate components. The specific contents are as follows:
1) Study on the materials election of folk instrument on the basis of texture image detection technology according to the texture analysis ideological which is based on statistics. Take the texture spacing matrix that can response the plank texture density level as the characteristics to determine its applicability for the production of musical instruments. Obtain the respective texture spacing matrix through the texture spacing estimates of the wood panel for the production of lute, nguyen, yueqin three instruments. It analyzes the relationship between texture width and vibration performance, and provides a certain scientific theoretical basis and technical support for the apperarance primaries of the resonance panel wood.
2) Analyze and detect the main feature that can affect the sound quality of musical instrument-the general principles of the vibration characteristics and the method of the testing experiments, discover and initially establish the acoustic properties detection methods of the timber components for folk instruments resonate, and establish the experimental environment for detection. On the basis of the previous studies, choose the materials for the experiment combined with the practical experience of the musical instrument production division, and analyze the acoustic vibration performance of the materials. We can use the vibration performance of the timber for resonance panel to evaluate the vibration properties of the materials objective. The paper distinguishes the acoustic vibration characteristics of the selected stringed instrument resonance panel.
3) Study the acoustic vibration performance of the instrument soundboard by using the combination of the experimental modal analysis and calculation modal analysis on the basis of the sheet dynamics, and select the natural frequency, damping ratio and mode shapes as the parameters on the basis of the modal characteristics. Determine the experimental method of the experimental modal analysis on the basis of the lute, yueqin, and nguyen instrument soundboard's composition characteristics. Determine the undamped free vibration equation and the r-order modal vibration coefficient matrix of the modal analysis thin circular plate according to the principle of vibration, and the relationship between displacements and curvature, curvature change rate, the bending moment. Analyze the vibration moden of the instrument resonance panel, and the result shows that the order vibration model shaps of yueqin and nguyen's resonance panel substantially appears symmetry of longitudinal axis (along grain direction, y-axis) and horizontal axis (horizontal grain direction, x-axis), but lute's resonance panel only appears symmetry of longitudinal axis.
4) On the basis of the acoustic properties detection method of the timber components for folk instruments resonate, comprehensively analyze the all parameters of the resonance members acoustic quality, select the objective indicators of the effective characterization resonance acoustic properties. Detect and analyze the surface wave propagation velocity of resonance component and the radiation intensity of resonance component acoustic. Test the surface wave propagation velocity of lute, yueqin, nguyen three instruments resonance component and the acoustic radiation intensity of lute, yueqin, nguyen, erhu four instruments resonance component along the texture direction, twill direction, horizontal grain direction, and draw the corresponding law. The surface acoustic wave propagation velocity and acoustic radiation intensity values of lute, yueqin, nguyen three musical instruments resonance panel are the minimum, and their acoustic radiation intensity value in the resonance component stage is the maximum, the acoustic radiation intensity of each instrument in three-stage trends the same toward. The surface wave propagation velocity speed in the cross-grain direction resonance box stage is fastest, and in the other directions is staggered, and the overall is mainly to the greater value of the resonance box's surface wave propagation velocity speed. The acoustic radiation intensity value in lute resonance component stage is the maximum, but the trend of three types of wood's acoustic radiation intensity values in resonance box stage and in resonance component stage are precisely reversed, the original maximum value turns into the minimum value.
The research of the system is used for timber of resonance wood component (material), sounding board, resonance panel, resonance wood component that is used to make independent component, a component of the assembled musical instrument, and the intrinsic relationship between its and the acoustic quality of the finished instrument and, and find the main factors that can affect the acoustic quality. It provides the research base for the realization of the scientific selection which is used to provide the the national musical instrument resonance in organic combination of the musical instrument production master's practical experience.
引文
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