济阳坳陷第三系储层预测技术研究
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摘要
济阳坳陷第三系是胜利油田最主要的勘探开发层系,经过40多年的勘探开发,目前隐蔽油气藏已成为勘探开发的主要对象,隐蔽油气藏勘探开发的核心是储层预测,经过近几年统计分析,胜利油田由于储层预测问题(储层不发育或不落实)导致钻探失利占总失利井的40%以上,原有储层地震预测技术已经满足不了勘探实际的需要。因此,储层地震预测技术迫切需要进一步深化,才能有效地减少储层预测的盲目性,降低勘探开发风险,提高储层预测精度和钻探成功率。
本次研究利用济阳坳陷大量的地震、地质等资料,结合第三系的储层发育特征,制作了大量的具有针对性的地震正演模型,通过地震正演模型与地震响应关系研究,分析了济阳坳陷第三系主要储层的地震响应特征；针对储层地震预测条件和预测技术的适应性进行深入研究分析,并结合济阳坳陷四大类典型储层,优化集成了一套有效的勘探开发技术系列,通过攻关和研究主要取得了以下4项创新成果：
(1)在储层预测基础研究方面,基于实验室测试和数值模拟成果,总结了济阳坳陷主要储层的地震响应规律,建立了三度储层地震模型。
①针对大于1/4波长的厚储层其振幅响应与隔层厚度、自身厚度、储层组合结构无关,物性、岩性(波阻抗)的变化是其响应的主要因素,这是利用地震属性进行储层物性、流体预测的基础；
②针对介于1/8和1/4波长之间的过渡型储层,除与自身的物性、岩性有关外,隔层厚度也有一定影响；
③针对复杂的薄(互)层,其地震响应的关键影响因素是：储层调谐厚度、储层组合结构(储层厚度、隔层及其结构)、储层阻抗大小变化规律等；
④建立了“亮度、尺度和纯度”的三度储层地震响应模型,“亮度”指储层相对波阻抗,“尺度”指储层相对厚度,“纯度”是指一定储层厚度内的岩性组合及结构,并以此模型为指导,结合济阳坳陷第三系储层实际特征,划分了基于地震响应的四类储层,为开展储层地震预测有效性定量评价奠定了理论基础。
(2)在利用地震数据预测储层的可行性研究方面,明确了储层预测对地震资料品质的要求。
①砂体厚度大,波阻抗大,其地震属性抗噪性越强,储层预测的准确性越高；反之,则对地震资料品质要求也越高。
②地震分辨率越高,地震属性抗噪能力越强,储层预测效果越好；反之,则对地震资料品质有更高要求。
③信噪比小于2的地震数据体不适合开展储层预测研究,即在利用地震属性研究地质问题(地层厚度、岩性、含油气性等)时,地震资料的信噪比应大于2。
(3)在储层预测关键技术的适应性研究方面,明确了储层地震预测三大关键技术的应用条件。
①针对地震反演技术,在强调反演结果的多解性及综合性的同时,提出了地震反演的“原生”与“平均”评价准则,“原生”准则是指地震反演结果只能尽量达到野外采集资料的最高分辨率,忽略地震数据精度和尺度限制,盲目地提高分辨率,反演结果并不可靠；“平均”准则是指地震反演结果是实际地质模型以平均函数(地震子波)为窗口的平均值,任何地震反演都有一定的平均效应。
②全面分析了谱分解技术的适应性,总结了分频技术的使用条件和适应范围,指出了应用地震时频特征进行沉积旋回分析的基本条件,提出了谱分解技术应用中的“极限原理”,为时频分析技术进一步推广应用奠定了基础。
③开展了地震属性及叠前属性优化方法研究,利用地震属性技术优选敏感参数对复杂的滩坝砂体进行预测,取得良好效果。
(4)针对胜利油田济阳坳陷第三系的典型储层,对地震预测技术进行优化集成,形成了一套行之有效的针对河道砂体、浊积砂体、滩坝砂体和砂砾岩体4类典型砂体的地震预测技术系列。
该研究成果在垦东、老河口、车排子等地区的不同类型岩性油藏勘探开发中得到推广应用,较好地指导了这些地区的勘探开发,通过与已知钻井对比,储层预测深度误差小于5%,厚度误差小于10%,储层预测的成功率大于70%,取得了显著的地质效果和经济效益,证实了该项研究具有一定的指导意义。
The Tertiary stratum in Jiyang Depression is the chief series of exploration and development strata for Shengli Oilfield. The subtle oil & gas reservoirs have become the chief objects of exploration and development currently after the exploration and development of 40 years, and the reservoir prediction is the key of exploration and development for subtle reservoirs. According to statistical analysis in recent years, more than 40% drilling wells failed in Shengli Oilfield have resulted from reservoir prediction problems (reservoir not developed or ascertained), therefore the original seismic prediction of reservoir has failed to meet the actual needs.For this reason, the seismic prediction techniques of reservoir need deepening urgently in order to reduce the blindness in reservoir prediction effectively and the risk of exploration and development to improve prediction accuracy of reservoir and drilling success rate.
In this study, based on a series of targeted seismic forward models by using a large number of seismic and geological data that combined with the development characteristics of Tertiary reservoir in Jiyang Depression, the seismic response characteristics of the Tertiary reservoirs were analysed by studying the relationship between the seismic forward models and seismic response. By ways of combining further analysis and study for the conditions of seismic prediction and the adaptability of prediction techniques with the four typical category reservoirs in Jiyang Depression, an effective series of technologies of exploration and development is optimized and integrated, which got the following four major innovations through the research:
(1) In the basic research of reservoir prediction, the regulation of seismic response for the main reservoir in Jiyang Depressions summarized and the three-degree seismic model based on the results of test in laboratory and mathematical simulation is established.
①For the thick reservoir which is greater than 1/4 wavelength, its amplitude response has no relationship with the thickness of interlayer as well as reservoir itself and the reservoir structure. While the changes of petrophysical property and lithological characteristic are the main factors for the responses, which are the foundation of petrophyiscal property and fluid prediction for the reservoir using seismic attributes;
②For the transitionary reservoir whose thickness is between 1/8 and 1/4 wavelength, the thickness of interlayer also have some influence except the petrophyiscal property and lithological characteristic;
③For the complex thin sand-shale interbed, the key factors of seismic responses are the tuned thickness of reservoir, assembled structure of reservoir (the thickness of reservoir, interlayer and its structure) and the regulation for change of reservoir acoustic impedance etc;
④Established the three-degree seismic response model of reservoir which includes the brightness, scale and purity. The "brightness" means the relative acoustic impedance, the "scale" means the relative thickness of reservoir and the "purity" means lithological combination structure in certain thickness of reservoir. Directed by this model, combined with the practical characteristic of the Tertiary reservoir in Jiyang Depression, four reservoir based on the seismic responses were divided so as to settle the theoretical basic for studying the seismic prediction of reservoir.
(2) In the feasibility research of reservoir prediction with the seismic data, the requirement of reservoir prediction for seismic data is made definitely.
①The noise immunity of seismic attributes rise while the thickness of sand body and acoustic impedance are great and the accuracy of reservoir prediction is correspondingly high; conversely, the reservoir prediction has higher requirement for the quality of seismic data.
②The noise immunity of seismic attributes rise while the resolution of seismic data is greater, and the results of reservoir prediction are better; conversely, the reservoir prediction has higher requirement for the quality of seismic data.
③The seismic cubes whose signal-noise ratios less than 2 are not suited for the research of reservoir prediction, that is to say, the signal-noise ratio should be larger than 2 for studying the geological problems(strata thickness, lithological characteristic and petroliferous property) using the seismic attributes.
(3) In the adaptability research of the key technology for reservoir prediction, the applicable conditions of the three key techniques for reservoir prediction are made definitely.
①For the seismic inversion technology, we emphasized the ambiguity and integrity of inversion results, meanwhile, presented the evaluation discipline of "primality" and "average" for seismic inversion. The discipline of "primality" means the results of seismic inversion may approach the highest resolution of field acquisition in some content, because the inversion results may not be reliable by only improving the seismic resolution while neglecting the accuracy and scale restriction of seismic data. The "average" means that seismic inversion results are the average value of practical geological model which the average function is set as the window as the average value, for any seismic inversion has some average effect.
②Made full analysis of the adaptability of spectral decomposition, summarized the applicable conditions and suitable range, presented the basic conditions of analysis the sedimentary cycle with seismic time-frequency characteristics and the "limit principle" in the application of spectral decomposition technology so as to settle the foundation for the further application of time-frequency analysis.
③Carried out the optimization for the seismic attributes and pre-stack attributes, and used seismic attributes to optimize the sensitive parameter and made prediction to the complex beach bar sandbody and got good results.
(4) As for the typical Tertiary reservoir of Jiyang Depression in Shengli Oilfield, the seismic prediction techniques are optimized and integrated, which present a series of suitable seismic prediction techniques for the four typical sand body of channel, turbidite, beach bar and glutenite.
This study results has been applied to various lithological reservoir exploration such as Kendong, Laohekou and Chepaizi areas, and have given great guidance to the exploration. Contrasting with the known drilling wells, the prediction error of reservoir depth is less than 5%, reservoir thickness is less than 10%, and the success rate of prediction is greater than 70%. This study results has got obvious geological effects and economic benefits so as to verify the instructive significance of the research.
本次研究利用济阳坳陷大量的地震、地质等资料,结合第三系的储层发育特征,制作了大量的具有针对性的地震正演模型,通过地震正演模型与地震响应关系研究,分析了济阳坳陷第三系主要储层的地震响应特征；针对储层地震预测条件和预测技术的适应性进行深入研究分析,并结合济阳坳陷四大类典型储层,优化集成了一套有效的勘探开发技术系列,通过攻关和研究主要取得了以下4项创新成果：
(1)在储层预测基础研究方面,基于实验室测试和数值模拟成果,总结了济阳坳陷主要储层的地震响应规律,建立了三度储层地震模型。
①针对大于1/4波长的厚储层其振幅响应与隔层厚度、自身厚度、储层组合结构无关,物性、岩性(波阻抗)的变化是其响应的主要因素,这是利用地震属性进行储层物性、流体预测的基础；
②针对介于1/8和1/4波长之间的过渡型储层,除与自身的物性、岩性有关外,隔层厚度也有一定影响；
③针对复杂的薄(互)层,其地震响应的关键影响因素是：储层调谐厚度、储层组合结构(储层厚度、隔层及其结构)、储层阻抗大小变化规律等；
④建立了“亮度、尺度和纯度”的三度储层地震响应模型,“亮度”指储层相对波阻抗,“尺度”指储层相对厚度,“纯度”是指一定储层厚度内的岩性组合及结构,并以此模型为指导,结合济阳坳陷第三系储层实际特征,划分了基于地震响应的四类储层,为开展储层地震预测有效性定量评价奠定了理论基础。
(2)在利用地震数据预测储层的可行性研究方面,明确了储层预测对地震资料品质的要求。
①砂体厚度大,波阻抗大,其地震属性抗噪性越强,储层预测的准确性越高；反之,则对地震资料品质要求也越高。
②地震分辨率越高,地震属性抗噪能力越强,储层预测效果越好；反之,则对地震资料品质有更高要求。
③信噪比小于2的地震数据体不适合开展储层预测研究,即在利用地震属性研究地质问题(地层厚度、岩性、含油气性等)时,地震资料的信噪比应大于2。
(3)在储层预测关键技术的适应性研究方面,明确了储层地震预测三大关键技术的应用条件。
①针对地震反演技术,在强调反演结果的多解性及综合性的同时,提出了地震反演的“原生”与“平均”评价准则,“原生”准则是指地震反演结果只能尽量达到野外采集资料的最高分辨率,忽略地震数据精度和尺度限制,盲目地提高分辨率,反演结果并不可靠；“平均”准则是指地震反演结果是实际地质模型以平均函数(地震子波)为窗口的平均值,任何地震反演都有一定的平均效应。
②全面分析了谱分解技术的适应性,总结了分频技术的使用条件和适应范围,指出了应用地震时频特征进行沉积旋回分析的基本条件,提出了谱分解技术应用中的“极限原理”,为时频分析技术进一步推广应用奠定了基础。
③开展了地震属性及叠前属性优化方法研究,利用地震属性技术优选敏感参数对复杂的滩坝砂体进行预测,取得良好效果。
(4)针对胜利油田济阳坳陷第三系的典型储层,对地震预测技术进行优化集成,形成了一套行之有效的针对河道砂体、浊积砂体、滩坝砂体和砂砾岩体4类典型砂体的地震预测技术系列。
该研究成果在垦东、老河口、车排子等地区的不同类型岩性油藏勘探开发中得到推广应用,较好地指导了这些地区的勘探开发,通过与已知钻井对比,储层预测深度误差小于5%,厚度误差小于10%,储层预测的成功率大于70%,取得了显著的地质效果和经济效益,证实了该项研究具有一定的指导意义。
The Tertiary stratum in Jiyang Depression is the chief series of exploration and development strata for Shengli Oilfield. The subtle oil & gas reservoirs have become the chief objects of exploration and development currently after the exploration and development of 40 years, and the reservoir prediction is the key of exploration and development for subtle reservoirs. According to statistical analysis in recent years, more than 40% drilling wells failed in Shengli Oilfield have resulted from reservoir prediction problems (reservoir not developed or ascertained), therefore the original seismic prediction of reservoir has failed to meet the actual needs.For this reason, the seismic prediction techniques of reservoir need deepening urgently in order to reduce the blindness in reservoir prediction effectively and the risk of exploration and development to improve prediction accuracy of reservoir and drilling success rate.
In this study, based on a series of targeted seismic forward models by using a large number of seismic and geological data that combined with the development characteristics of Tertiary reservoir in Jiyang Depression, the seismic response characteristics of the Tertiary reservoirs were analysed by studying the relationship between the seismic forward models and seismic response. By ways of combining further analysis and study for the conditions of seismic prediction and the adaptability of prediction techniques with the four typical category reservoirs in Jiyang Depression, an effective series of technologies of exploration and development is optimized and integrated, which got the following four major innovations through the research:
(1) In the basic research of reservoir prediction, the regulation of seismic response for the main reservoir in Jiyang Depressions summarized and the three-degree seismic model based on the results of test in laboratory and mathematical simulation is established.
①For the thick reservoir which is greater than 1/4 wavelength, its amplitude response has no relationship with the thickness of interlayer as well as reservoir itself and the reservoir structure. While the changes of petrophysical property and lithological characteristic are the main factors for the responses, which are the foundation of petrophyiscal property and fluid prediction for the reservoir using seismic attributes;
②For the transitionary reservoir whose thickness is between 1/8 and 1/4 wavelength, the thickness of interlayer also have some influence except the petrophyiscal property and lithological characteristic;
③For the complex thin sand-shale interbed, the key factors of seismic responses are the tuned thickness of reservoir, assembled structure of reservoir (the thickness of reservoir, interlayer and its structure) and the regulation for change of reservoir acoustic impedance etc;
④Established the three-degree seismic response model of reservoir which includes the brightness, scale and purity. The "brightness" means the relative acoustic impedance, the "scale" means the relative thickness of reservoir and the "purity" means lithological combination structure in certain thickness of reservoir. Directed by this model, combined with the practical characteristic of the Tertiary reservoir in Jiyang Depression, four reservoir based on the seismic responses were divided so as to settle the theoretical basic for studying the seismic prediction of reservoir.
(2) In the feasibility research of reservoir prediction with the seismic data, the requirement of reservoir prediction for seismic data is made definitely.
①The noise immunity of seismic attributes rise while the thickness of sand body and acoustic impedance are great and the accuracy of reservoir prediction is correspondingly high; conversely, the reservoir prediction has higher requirement for the quality of seismic data.
②The noise immunity of seismic attributes rise while the resolution of seismic data is greater, and the results of reservoir prediction are better; conversely, the reservoir prediction has higher requirement for the quality of seismic data.
③The seismic cubes whose signal-noise ratios less than 2 are not suited for the research of reservoir prediction, that is to say, the signal-noise ratio should be larger than 2 for studying the geological problems(strata thickness, lithological characteristic and petroliferous property) using the seismic attributes.
(3) In the adaptability research of the key technology for reservoir prediction, the applicable conditions of the three key techniques for reservoir prediction are made definitely.
①For the seismic inversion technology, we emphasized the ambiguity and integrity of inversion results, meanwhile, presented the evaluation discipline of "primality" and "average" for seismic inversion. The discipline of "primality" means the results of seismic inversion may approach the highest resolution of field acquisition in some content, because the inversion results may not be reliable by only improving the seismic resolution while neglecting the accuracy and scale restriction of seismic data. The "average" means that seismic inversion results are the average value of practical geological model which the average function is set as the window as the average value, for any seismic inversion has some average effect.
②Made full analysis of the adaptability of spectral decomposition, summarized the applicable conditions and suitable range, presented the basic conditions of analysis the sedimentary cycle with seismic time-frequency characteristics and the "limit principle" in the application of spectral decomposition technology so as to settle the foundation for the further application of time-frequency analysis.
③Carried out the optimization for the seismic attributes and pre-stack attributes, and used seismic attributes to optimize the sensitive parameter and made prediction to the complex beach bar sandbody and got good results.
(4) As for the typical Tertiary reservoir of Jiyang Depression in Shengli Oilfield, the seismic prediction techniques are optimized and integrated, which present a series of suitable seismic prediction techniques for the four typical sand body of channel, turbidite, beach bar and glutenite.
This study results has been applied to various lithological reservoir exploration such as Kendong, Laohekou and Chepaizi areas, and have given great guidance to the exploration. Contrasting with the known drilling wells, the prediction error of reservoir depth is less than 5%, reservoir thickness is less than 10%, and the success rate of prediction is greater than 70%. This study results has got obvious geological effects and economic benefits so as to verify the instructive significance of the research.
引文
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