细晶钨合金穿甲弹芯侵彻机理分析及试验研究
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摘要
为提高杆式穿甲弹芯的侵彻威力,论文拟研制一种新型细晶结构钨合金穿甲弹芯材料,在侵彻过程中容易发生绝热剪切和“自锐”效应,以代替贫铀合金。普通钨合金是绝热剪切不敏感材料,侵彻过程中弹芯头部首先形成粗大“蘑菇头”。晶粒细化能有效增加晶界面积,提高钨合金的强度和硬度,及高温塑性变形速率,是提高钨合金力学性能和绝热剪切敏感性的一种可行方法。
论文对钨合金杆式弹芯侵彻45#钢和603钢靶后的残余弹体和弹孔进行微、细观组织检测,并利用LS-DYNA程序对侵彻过程进行有限元模拟,深入分析弹、靶相互作用过程和变形失效机制。钨合金穿甲弹芯侵彻过程中弹芯头部3-4mm范围内产生较大的塑性变形,初始近似球形的钨晶粒被压扁成细长状,发生明显的塑性变形。45#钢的破坏为典型的延性扩孔,侵彻过程中不形成绝热剪切带。对603钢的侵彻,钨合金弹芯“蘑菇头”前端约1mm位置产生绝热剪切带,微裂纹在剪切带中形成和扩展,造成弹芯材料的质量消蚀。在603钢靶板的弹坑表面观测到绝热剪切带和裂纹分布,其中弹坑底部1-2mm处发现局部围绕弹坑分布的冠状裂纹,其形成原因可由绝热剪切带演化而来,或解释为弹、靶接触区域局部卸载波的相互作用引起的拉伸破坏。冠状裂纹的发现,可揭示装甲板弹坑形成的微、细观机制。
绝热剪切沿最大剪应力方向发展,研究尺度属于材料结构的细观演化行为。本文利用可移动元胞自动机方法(MCA),在细观尺度上构造了钨合金两相特征的计算模型,并进行剪切失效行为的数值模拟。结果表明,细观尺度下的剪切变形表现为试件内各点速度场涡流形态的不断演化以满足变形协调；最后在局部涡流干涉处质点无法满足变形协调时发生微损伤,并诱发剪切变形局部化的快速发展和材料的失效。钨合金的剪切失效明显受晶粒大小影响,晶粒越细,需要的临界剪应力较小,剪切失效也越早发生。
利用雾化干燥法制取钨纳米复合粉末和采用二次烧结工艺成功制备不同化学成分的细晶钨合金弹芯材料。得到细晶钨合金的晶粒平均尺寸为10-20μm,并具有更高的硬度。分别使用14.5mm机枪次口径穿甲弹和30mm次口径杆式尾翼弹对制备的细晶钨合金弹芯侵彻不同特性靶板进行对比试验,试验结果验证了细晶弹芯较普通弹具有更好的.侵彻性能。
The purpose of the thesis is to develop a new fine-grain stungsten heavy alloy material which may improves the penetration performance of long-rod penetrator. The fine-grain penetrator is prone to adiabatic shear and induces self-sharpening behavior. Conventional tungsten heavy alloy is well known as insensitive to adiabatic shear and such likely to form mushroom head-like during penetration. Refinement of tungsten grain size can increase the boundary area and enhances the strength and hardness and as well as plastic deformation flow speed under high temperature, which is an effective method to promote the mechanics capability and the sensitiveness of adiabatic shear.
The residual penetrators of tungsten heavy alloy and the shot holes of45#steel and603steel were performed respectively by microscopical observation. And also the simulations of penetrating into targets by tungsten long-rod penetrator were conducted by LS-DYNA. As a result, a large mushroom head-like formed in the range of3-4mm ahead of penetrator, which has caused by large plastic deformation of W grains that compressed from sphericity to slender body. It was obvious ductile failure for45#steel, the adiabatic shear band has never formed because of uniform deformation. While for the penetration of603steel, the adiabatic band was observed on the position about lmm ahead of the mushroom, and some micro-cracks were also distributed along the shear band. What important that large coronary cracks beneath the crater about1-2mm were also observed except for some adiabatic bands. Those coronary cracks may evolve from the adiabatic bands, another assumption was that caused by tensile stress which has induced by the superposition of rarefaction at some local areas of impacted interface. And that could reveal the microscopical mechanism of the formation of the crater.
The adiabatic shear band generally distributes on the direction of maximum shear stress. And all of indicates that it is a mesoscale behavior which affected by internal-structure of materials. Movable cellular Automata method (MCA) was employed to fabricate the interior structure of tungsten alloy, and further investigation of the shear deformation failure behavior considering the meso-structure features such as the influence of grains size on shear mechanics capacity have been also discussed. From simulation, the vortex-morphology would change continually to sustain the global deformation field. Then the consistency of deformation was lost because of micro-damage for stress concentration between local vortexes, which finally results in failure of the material. It was also proved that the fine grain corresponding low critical stress for fracture and premature instability failure.
W nanocomposite powders were synthesized by means of improved spray drying, and two steps sintering process were performed to the preparation of fine grain tungsten heavy alloy with series of different composition. The W grains varied10-20μm diameter, which was fine comparatively to conventional tungsten heavy alloy, and the hardness were also improved. The14.5mm and30mm normal projectiles penetrating into defferent armor plates were carried out in order to test the penetration performance of the fine grain tungsten alloy. The results indicats that fine grain tungsten alloy seems more sensitivity to adiabatic shear and self-sharpening behavior, and exhibits better penetration performance.
论文对钨合金杆式弹芯侵彻45#钢和603钢靶后的残余弹体和弹孔进行微、细观组织检测,并利用LS-DYNA程序对侵彻过程进行有限元模拟,深入分析弹、靶相互作用过程和变形失效机制。钨合金穿甲弹芯侵彻过程中弹芯头部3-4mm范围内产生较大的塑性变形,初始近似球形的钨晶粒被压扁成细长状,发生明显的塑性变形。45#钢的破坏为典型的延性扩孔,侵彻过程中不形成绝热剪切带。对603钢的侵彻,钨合金弹芯“蘑菇头”前端约1mm位置产生绝热剪切带,微裂纹在剪切带中形成和扩展,造成弹芯材料的质量消蚀。在603钢靶板的弹坑表面观测到绝热剪切带和裂纹分布,其中弹坑底部1-2mm处发现局部围绕弹坑分布的冠状裂纹,其形成原因可由绝热剪切带演化而来,或解释为弹、靶接触区域局部卸载波的相互作用引起的拉伸破坏。冠状裂纹的发现,可揭示装甲板弹坑形成的微、细观机制。
绝热剪切沿最大剪应力方向发展,研究尺度属于材料结构的细观演化行为。本文利用可移动元胞自动机方法(MCA),在细观尺度上构造了钨合金两相特征的计算模型,并进行剪切失效行为的数值模拟。结果表明,细观尺度下的剪切变形表现为试件内各点速度场涡流形态的不断演化以满足变形协调；最后在局部涡流干涉处质点无法满足变形协调时发生微损伤,并诱发剪切变形局部化的快速发展和材料的失效。钨合金的剪切失效明显受晶粒大小影响,晶粒越细,需要的临界剪应力较小,剪切失效也越早发生。
利用雾化干燥法制取钨纳米复合粉末和采用二次烧结工艺成功制备不同化学成分的细晶钨合金弹芯材料。得到细晶钨合金的晶粒平均尺寸为10-20μm,并具有更高的硬度。分别使用14.5mm机枪次口径穿甲弹和30mm次口径杆式尾翼弹对制备的细晶钨合金弹芯侵彻不同特性靶板进行对比试验,试验结果验证了细晶弹芯较普通弹具有更好的.侵彻性能。
The purpose of the thesis is to develop a new fine-grain stungsten heavy alloy material which may improves the penetration performance of long-rod penetrator. The fine-grain penetrator is prone to adiabatic shear and induces self-sharpening behavior. Conventional tungsten heavy alloy is well known as insensitive to adiabatic shear and such likely to form mushroom head-like during penetration. Refinement of tungsten grain size can increase the boundary area and enhances the strength and hardness and as well as plastic deformation flow speed under high temperature, which is an effective method to promote the mechanics capability and the sensitiveness of adiabatic shear.
The residual penetrators of tungsten heavy alloy and the shot holes of45#steel and603steel were performed respectively by microscopical observation. And also the simulations of penetrating into targets by tungsten long-rod penetrator were conducted by LS-DYNA. As a result, a large mushroom head-like formed in the range of3-4mm ahead of penetrator, which has caused by large plastic deformation of W grains that compressed from sphericity to slender body. It was obvious ductile failure for45#steel, the adiabatic shear band has never formed because of uniform deformation. While for the penetration of603steel, the adiabatic band was observed on the position about lmm ahead of the mushroom, and some micro-cracks were also distributed along the shear band. What important that large coronary cracks beneath the crater about1-2mm were also observed except for some adiabatic bands. Those coronary cracks may evolve from the adiabatic bands, another assumption was that caused by tensile stress which has induced by the superposition of rarefaction at some local areas of impacted interface. And that could reveal the microscopical mechanism of the formation of the crater.
The adiabatic shear band generally distributes on the direction of maximum shear stress. And all of indicates that it is a mesoscale behavior which affected by internal-structure of materials. Movable cellular Automata method (MCA) was employed to fabricate the interior structure of tungsten alloy, and further investigation of the shear deformation failure behavior considering the meso-structure features such as the influence of grains size on shear mechanics capacity have been also discussed. From simulation, the vortex-morphology would change continually to sustain the global deformation field. Then the consistency of deformation was lost because of micro-damage for stress concentration between local vortexes, which finally results in failure of the material. It was also proved that the fine grain corresponding low critical stress for fracture and premature instability failure.
W nanocomposite powders were synthesized by means of improved spray drying, and two steps sintering process were performed to the preparation of fine grain tungsten heavy alloy with series of different composition. The W grains varied10-20μm diameter, which was fine comparatively to conventional tungsten heavy alloy, and the hardness were also improved. The14.5mm and30mm normal projectiles penetrating into defferent armor plates were carried out in order to test the penetration performance of the fine grain tungsten alloy. The results indicats that fine grain tungsten alloy seems more sensitivity to adiabatic shear and self-sharpening behavior, and exhibits better penetration performance.
引文
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