松辽盆地深层火成岩破碎机理及破岩效率评价
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摘要
松辽盆地深层火成岩分布广泛，含有大段中酸性火山喷发岩、流纹岩、砂砾岩、凝灰岩、玄武岩、角砾岩以及安山岩等，上述火成岩地层具有高硬度，强研磨性、高可钻性、沿纵向和横向强非均质性等特征，给钻井作业带来了很多大困难，造成现有钻头适应性差，破岩效率不高，钻头事故频出，单只钻头进尺少，寿命短等。如近2年松辽盆地北部徐家围子气田所钻的气井，平均井深3725米，平均钻井周期120.1天，营城组及以下平均400～700m，平均单只钻头进尺仅56.21m，需牙轮钻头9～13只，行程钻速只有0.92m/h，严重影响制约深层油气的勘探和开发。
针对上述问题，本文深入开展了深层火成岩破碎机理研究，主要的工作和研究成果如下：
（1）开展了不同岩性火成岩的基本物理力学特性研究。不同岩性火成岩具有不同的测井响应特征，本文借助测井资料、录井资料和岩心资料，运用神经网络理论，建立了火成岩岩性识别方法；通过室内实验分析了火成岩的密度特性、热力学特性、Biot参数、全应力-应变关系曲线，计算了抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比、内聚力、内摩擦角和抗拉强度等变形参数和强度参数，结合室内实验和测井数据，建立的火成岩物理力学参数的测井解释模型，并计算了了松辽盆地北部徐深44等井的岩石力学参数剖面。
（2）开展了不同岩性火成岩抗钻特性研究。测试了松辽盆地深层火成岩硬度、塑性系数、可钻性级值和研磨性等抗钻特性参数，并建立基于测井解释的抗钻特性参数预测模型，计算了徐深41、44等井的抗钻特性剖面，并运用模糊聚类方法，建立了基于地层可钻性的地层分层的方法；针对抗钻特性的钻前预测问题，建立了基于有限单元插值方法的抗钻特性预测方法，并对松辽盆地北部兴城气田营城组进行了应用。
（3）开展了区域地应力场特性研究。对松辽盆地兴城气田火成岩进行了取心，并运用古地磁实验和差应变实验测试了单井点的地应力大小和方向，结合地应力测井解释信息和区域地质特征，运用多源信息集成和融合的地应力场反演方法，计算了松辽盆地兴城气田营城组的现今三维地应力场。
（4）开展了火成岩地层/钻头牙齿的接触耦合作用机理分析。基于弹性力学和接触力学，分析了不同齿形牙齿与地层岩石接触过程的弹性应力状态、侵入过程和岩石破碎机理，并建立了牙齿/地层岩石作用过程中从弹塑性变形、压实体形成及体积破碎形成等不同阶段的产生条件和判别模型，结合单齿破岩模拟实验，获得了破岩效率的影响因素和影响规律。
（5）开展了火成岩地层钻头适配性研究。对松辽盆地北部深层火成岩地层的钻头使用情况进行了统计，并进行了标准化处理，形成了钻头使用数据库。然后通过钻速、钻时、进尺等技术指标的对比，分析了现有钻头与地层的适配性，并利用改进的主成分算法，对现有的钻头进行了优选分析，并针对钻头的失效情况和失效原因，提出了相应的改进方案。
（6）基于钻头牙齿/地层耦合作用模型，建立了孕镶金刚石钻头破岩效率和磨损评价理论，形成了金刚石粒度、浓度、胎体强度等参数的设计方法，并针对火成岩地层特性优选了高速研磨-切削钻头参数，在古深3井和达深15井进行了现场应用，取得了较好的提速效果。
上述研究成果深入揭示了松辽盆地深层火成岩的基本物理力学特性、抗钻特性、地应力特性和基本的破碎规律，为火成岩气藏的有效开发，提高钻井速度，减少作业成本，提供了技术支撑。
Deep igneous rocks are widely distributed in the Songliao Basin, including a largesegment of intermediate-acid volcanic eruptive rock, rhyolite, glutenite, tuff, basalt, brecciaand andesite, and so on. These igneous rock formations has many characteristics such as highhardness, strong abrasive, high drillability, strong longitudinal and transverse heterogeneity,which bring drilling operation a lot of difficult, resulting in existing drill bit with pooradaptability, rock-breaking efficiency not high, drill bit accidents frequent, single bit footagesmall, and service life short. For example, as nearly two years, in northern Songliao BasinXujiaweizi Gas-field the gas-wells drilled are affected, with the average depth of3725m, theaverage drilling cycle of120.1d, the average thickness of Yingcheng Group and belowformations of400~700m, the average single bit footage only56.21m, needing cone drill9~13, the trip ROP only0.92m/h, severely restricting and impacting on the exploration anddevelopment of deep oil and gas.
In response to the above problem, this paper carry out a thorough study on the igneousrock crushing mechanism in deep reservoir, the main work and results are as follows:
(1) It is carried out to study the basic physical and mechanical properties of differentlithologic igneous rock, which is with different logging response characteristics. In this paper,by using well logging data, log data and core data, and applying the theory of neural network,a method to identify the lithology of igneous rock is established. Through the indoorexperiment, the density characteristics of igneous rock, thermodynamic properties, Biotparameters and full stress-strain curve are analyzed, and many deformation parameters andstrength parameters such as the compressive strength, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio,cohesion, internal friction angle and tensile strength are calculated. Combined with thelaboratory test and well logging data, the log interpretation model of physical and mechanicalparameters of igneous rock is established, and the rock mechanics parameters profile of somewells such as Xushen44in northern Songliao Basin is calculated.
(2) The anti-drilling characteristics of different lithologic igneous rock are studied. Theanti-drilling parameters of the deep igneous rock in Songliao Basin are tested, including thehardness, plasticity coefficient, drillability level values and abrasive property. The predictionmodel of anti-drilling parameters based on log interpretation is set up to calculate theanti-drilling characteristics profile of Xushen41,44and other wells. Using fuzzy clusteringmethod, according to the drillability an approach of formation layered is built. For theprediction problem before drilling, an prediction method of anti-drilling characteristics uponthe finite element interpolation method is established, and it has been applied in YingchengGroup of Xingcheng Gas-field in northern Songliao Basin.
(3) The research on regional ground stress characteristics is conducted. Coring theigneous rock of Xingcheng Gas-field in Songliao Basin and applying the paleomagnetic experiment and differential strain experiment, the ground stress size and direction of thesingle well point is tested. Combined with the ground stress log interpretation information andregional geological features, and using the ground stress field inversion method ofmulti-source information integration and fusion, present three-dimensional ground stress fieldof Yingcheng Group in Xingcheng Gas-field of Songliao Basin is calculated.
(4) The bit suitability of igneous rock formation is studied. This paper analysesstatistically the bit usage of deep igneous rock formation in northern Songliao Basin, andstandardized processing, forming the database of drill bit use. Then through comparing thedrilling rate, drilling time, footage and other technical indicators, the suitability of the existingbit and formation is analyzed. Applying the improved main component algorithm, the existingbit is analyzed and optimized. And according to the failure situation and reason of the bit, thecorresponding improvement program is put forward.
(5) The contact coupling mechanism of igneous rock formation and bit teeth is analyzed.According to the elasticity mechanics and contact mechanics, in the process of the teeth withdifferent tooth profile contacting formation rock, the elastic stress state, invasion process androck crushing mechanism are analyzed, and the generating conditions and discriminant modelunder different stage including elastic-plastic deformation, formation of compaction andvolumetric crushing are established. Combined with the simulation experiment of the singletooth crushing rock, the influence factor and law of rock fragmentation efficiency areobtained.
(6) Based on the coupling model of bit teeth and formation, the rock fragmentationefficiency and wear evaluation theory of the impregnated diamond bit are built, and the designmethod of some parameters of diamond such as particle size, concentration and tire bodystrength is formed. According to the formation characteristics of igneous rock, a kind ofcutting-abrasive drill is designed and developed, which has been applied in field of Gushen3well and Dashen15well, achieving good accelerated effect.
The above research results further reveal the basic physical and mechanical properties ofthe deep igneous rock in Songliao Basin, anti-drilling characteristics, ground stresscharacteristics and basic crushing rule. It provides a technical support for the effectivedevelopment of igneous gas reservoirs, which is conducive to increasing drilling speed andreducing operating costs.
针对上述问题，本文深入开展了深层火成岩破碎机理研究，主要的工作和研究成果如下：
（1）开展了不同岩性火成岩的基本物理力学特性研究。不同岩性火成岩具有不同的测井响应特征，本文借助测井资料、录井资料和岩心资料，运用神经网络理论，建立了火成岩岩性识别方法；通过室内实验分析了火成岩的密度特性、热力学特性、Biot参数、全应力-应变关系曲线，计算了抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比、内聚力、内摩擦角和抗拉强度等变形参数和强度参数，结合室内实验和测井数据，建立的火成岩物理力学参数的测井解释模型，并计算了了松辽盆地北部徐深44等井的岩石力学参数剖面。
（2）开展了不同岩性火成岩抗钻特性研究。测试了松辽盆地深层火成岩硬度、塑性系数、可钻性级值和研磨性等抗钻特性参数，并建立基于测井解释的抗钻特性参数预测模型，计算了徐深41、44等井的抗钻特性剖面，并运用模糊聚类方法，建立了基于地层可钻性的地层分层的方法；针对抗钻特性的钻前预测问题，建立了基于有限单元插值方法的抗钻特性预测方法，并对松辽盆地北部兴城气田营城组进行了应用。
（3）开展了区域地应力场特性研究。对松辽盆地兴城气田火成岩进行了取心，并运用古地磁实验和差应变实验测试了单井点的地应力大小和方向，结合地应力测井解释信息和区域地质特征，运用多源信息集成和融合的地应力场反演方法，计算了松辽盆地兴城气田营城组的现今三维地应力场。
（4）开展了火成岩地层/钻头牙齿的接触耦合作用机理分析。基于弹性力学和接触力学，分析了不同齿形牙齿与地层岩石接触过程的弹性应力状态、侵入过程和岩石破碎机理，并建立了牙齿/地层岩石作用过程中从弹塑性变形、压实体形成及体积破碎形成等不同阶段的产生条件和判别模型，结合单齿破岩模拟实验，获得了破岩效率的影响因素和影响规律。
（5）开展了火成岩地层钻头适配性研究。对松辽盆地北部深层火成岩地层的钻头使用情况进行了统计，并进行了标准化处理，形成了钻头使用数据库。然后通过钻速、钻时、进尺等技术指标的对比，分析了现有钻头与地层的适配性，并利用改进的主成分算法，对现有的钻头进行了优选分析，并针对钻头的失效情况和失效原因，提出了相应的改进方案。
（6）基于钻头牙齿/地层耦合作用模型，建立了孕镶金刚石钻头破岩效率和磨损评价理论，形成了金刚石粒度、浓度、胎体强度等参数的设计方法，并针对火成岩地层特性优选了高速研磨-切削钻头参数，在古深3井和达深15井进行了现场应用，取得了较好的提速效果。
上述研究成果深入揭示了松辽盆地深层火成岩的基本物理力学特性、抗钻特性、地应力特性和基本的破碎规律，为火成岩气藏的有效开发，提高钻井速度，减少作业成本，提供了技术支撑。
Deep igneous rocks are widely distributed in the Songliao Basin, including a largesegment of intermediate-acid volcanic eruptive rock, rhyolite, glutenite, tuff, basalt, brecciaand andesite, and so on. These igneous rock formations has many characteristics such as highhardness, strong abrasive, high drillability, strong longitudinal and transverse heterogeneity,which bring drilling operation a lot of difficult, resulting in existing drill bit with pooradaptability, rock-breaking efficiency not high, drill bit accidents frequent, single bit footagesmall, and service life short. For example, as nearly two years, in northern Songliao BasinXujiaweizi Gas-field the gas-wells drilled are affected, with the average depth of3725m, theaverage drilling cycle of120.1d, the average thickness of Yingcheng Group and belowformations of400~700m, the average single bit footage only56.21m, needing cone drill9~13, the trip ROP only0.92m/h, severely restricting and impacting on the exploration anddevelopment of deep oil and gas.
In response to the above problem, this paper carry out a thorough study on the igneousrock crushing mechanism in deep reservoir, the main work and results are as follows:
(1) It is carried out to study the basic physical and mechanical properties of differentlithologic igneous rock, which is with different logging response characteristics. In this paper,by using well logging data, log data and core data, and applying the theory of neural network,a method to identify the lithology of igneous rock is established. Through the indoorexperiment, the density characteristics of igneous rock, thermodynamic properties, Biotparameters and full stress-strain curve are analyzed, and many deformation parameters andstrength parameters such as the compressive strength, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio,cohesion, internal friction angle and tensile strength are calculated. Combined with thelaboratory test and well logging data, the log interpretation model of physical and mechanicalparameters of igneous rock is established, and the rock mechanics parameters profile of somewells such as Xushen44in northern Songliao Basin is calculated.
(2) The anti-drilling characteristics of different lithologic igneous rock are studied. Theanti-drilling parameters of the deep igneous rock in Songliao Basin are tested, including thehardness, plasticity coefficient, drillability level values and abrasive property. The predictionmodel of anti-drilling parameters based on log interpretation is set up to calculate theanti-drilling characteristics profile of Xushen41,44and other wells. Using fuzzy clusteringmethod, according to the drillability an approach of formation layered is built. For theprediction problem before drilling, an prediction method of anti-drilling characteristics uponthe finite element interpolation method is established, and it has been applied in YingchengGroup of Xingcheng Gas-field in northern Songliao Basin.
(3) The research on regional ground stress characteristics is conducted. Coring theigneous rock of Xingcheng Gas-field in Songliao Basin and applying the paleomagnetic experiment and differential strain experiment, the ground stress size and direction of thesingle well point is tested. Combined with the ground stress log interpretation information andregional geological features, and using the ground stress field inversion method ofmulti-source information integration and fusion, present three-dimensional ground stress fieldof Yingcheng Group in Xingcheng Gas-field of Songliao Basin is calculated.
(4) The bit suitability of igneous rock formation is studied. This paper analysesstatistically the bit usage of deep igneous rock formation in northern Songliao Basin, andstandardized processing, forming the database of drill bit use. Then through comparing thedrilling rate, drilling time, footage and other technical indicators, the suitability of the existingbit and formation is analyzed. Applying the improved main component algorithm, the existingbit is analyzed and optimized. And according to the failure situation and reason of the bit, thecorresponding improvement program is put forward.
(5) The contact coupling mechanism of igneous rock formation and bit teeth is analyzed.According to the elasticity mechanics and contact mechanics, in the process of the teeth withdifferent tooth profile contacting formation rock, the elastic stress state, invasion process androck crushing mechanism are analyzed, and the generating conditions and discriminant modelunder different stage including elastic-plastic deformation, formation of compaction andvolumetric crushing are established. Combined with the simulation experiment of the singletooth crushing rock, the influence factor and law of rock fragmentation efficiency areobtained.
(6) Based on the coupling model of bit teeth and formation, the rock fragmentationefficiency and wear evaluation theory of the impregnated diamond bit are built, and the designmethod of some parameters of diamond such as particle size, concentration and tire bodystrength is formed. According to the formation characteristics of igneous rock, a kind ofcutting-abrasive drill is designed and developed, which has been applied in field of Gushen3well and Dashen15well, achieving good accelerated effect.
The above research results further reveal the basic physical and mechanical properties ofthe deep igneous rock in Songliao Basin, anti-drilling characteristics, ground stresscharacteristics and basic crushing rule. It provides a technical support for the effectivedevelopment of igneous gas reservoirs, which is conducive to increasing drilling speed andreducing operating costs.
引文
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