餐厨垃圾制沼及膜法沼气提纯一体化系统设计及理论研究
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摘要
全球每年消费能源总量的85%以上来自于煤炭、石油与天然气三种主要化石燃料。据专家估计,按现在的能源消费速度,全球石油、天然气、煤炭现有蕴藏量分别只能再开采大约四十多年、六十多年和二百多年。由此可见,人类生产和生活所依赖的主要化石能源日趋枯竭,急需发展各种新能源来补充。同时,我国使用化石燃料的C02排放总量已居全球之首,这与我国确立的清洁发展、可持续发展和和谐发展的方针严重相悖。另外,我国是一个人口大国,也是一个餐饮消费大国,每年有数亿吨的餐厨垃圾需要进行科学利用和无害化处理。因此,研究和发展将餐厨垃圾沼气化、进而制成天然气级的提纯沼气,一举实现垃圾的科学处理和资源化,弥补我国能源不足,具有重要的现实意义、环保意义和能源战略意义。
普通沼气热值比较低,且含有大量C02和其他的无用成分,因此,很难作为工业能源进行销售和使用,其市场基本限定在农村生活领域。
本文针对我国能源短缺、餐厨垃圾需要科学处理、普通沼气品味低、不能进入工业领域应用的现实情况,研究和探讨了：基于气体分离膜的沼气除杂、提纯技术,以丰富的餐厨垃圾为原料的制沼及沼气除杂、提纯一体化方法和相关理论,以及其技术系统如何实现等相关问题,并做了以下主要研究工作：
提出并设计了一种基于两相厌氧发酵制沼和以膜分离C02为主的餐厨垃圾制沼及沼气提纯一体化技术系统,并对其中的主要装置进行了设计与理论分析；
在深入研究和探讨气体分离用膜材料、分离机理、主要特性、组件构造方法及特点的基础上,制作出了适用于高效去除沼气中CO2的膜组件,研究、提出了基于该膜组件的单级膜沼气提纯的工艺流程和实施方案,经实验室沼气提纯试验研究表明,采用适当的膜材料制造膜组件并按本文提出的流程构建沼气提纯技术系统是可行的。
利用本文所构建的沼气提纯系统进行沼气提纯试验研究发现：当膜组件进口压力在0.2～0.8 Mpa范围内,随着膜压力的增加,渗余气侧C02的含量呈逐渐下降趋势,CH4的含量呈逐渐升高趋势；当膜组件进口压力增至0.6 MPa时,CH4的含量达到81.99%；当压力增至0.8 MPa时,CH4的含量可达到83.90%。这意味着在单级膜组件的条件下,当膜组件的入口压力在0.6MPa以上时,即可获得CH4含量为80%以上的提纯沼气。
在分析我国餐厨垃圾主要成分和主要元素含量的基础上,推导出了我国餐厨垃圾的近似分子式,进而根据巴斯维尔-穆勒(Buswell-Mualler)公式估算了单位餐厨垃圾的可能产气量和可能经济效益,同时探讨了用沼渣、沼液制沼肥的可能经济效益和提纯沼气的效益。分析结果表明餐厨垃圾中蕴含了大量的生物质能源,用餐厨垃圾制沼并进行提纯,具有重要意义和推广应用前景,可为保障我国能源安全提供一定支持和帮助。
确定出了餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵制沼与膜分离提纯中试系统的工艺路线和总体方案,进行了厌氧发酵工艺和发酵罐选择；设计了产酸发酵罐与产甲烷发酵罐及其搅拌装置；对其中的低压储气罐进行了理论分析和设计。
本论文研究结果,可为在我国利用餐厨垃圾规模化生产沼气、并一举将所生产的沼气提纯成具有工业应用价值的天然气级新能源产品提供了可行的方法、可参考的数据、产业化开发的思路和借鉴。
Fossil fuels-coal, oil and gas, used as energy now are more than the total 85%. It is estimated that the world oil reserves can be mined for only forty years, gas can be exploited for more than sixty years and coal can be used more than 200 years. We can see that fossil energy sources which human beings rely on are turning out. Searching for renewable energy seems no time to delay. Furthermore, the use of fossil fuel causes CO2 emissions in our country's ranking first in the world. It is against current national requirements of the clean, sustainable and harmonious development. China is a country with large population, generates several million tons of food waste every year which should be disposed Scientifically without any pollution. Therefore, it has important practical, environmental and strategic significance to research and develop on purifying the food waste gas into natural gas, achieving waste treatment and resource science, and making up our Energy shortage,
Ordinary biogas with low heat value contains a lot of CO2 and other unwanted ingredients. So it is difficult for sales and use as industrial energy and its market is limited in the rural areas. In this paper, according to the reality of China's energy shortage, the problems that food waste requires scientific treatment and difficulties that ordinary biogas is difficult to apply in the industrial field because of low heat value, we researched and discussed the method to get biogas basing on advanced membrane technology combining with other gas purification technology, theoretical integration method of biogas production and purification by large amount of food waste, how to achieve the technology systems and other related issues. Main research achievements include following points:
We proposed and designed a technology system based on the technology system which integrated two-phase anaerobic fermentation to methane, biogas production using CO2 membrane separation and membrane biogas purification. Then, we designed and analyzed the theory of the main device.
Basing on in-depth study and exploration of gas separation membrane materials, separation mechanism, the main characteristics, construction methods and characteristics of component construction, we developed a membrane which can efficiently remove CO2 out from biogas, and proposed technological process and experiment plan of single-stage membrane biogas purification..Through the gas purification experiments in laboratory, it showed it is feasible to construct biogas purification system by using appropriate membrane.
Basing on biogas purification experiments by purification system developed by this paper, we found following conclusion:when the pressure changes between 0.2 and 0.8 MPa, with the increase of film pressure, the content of residual CO2 decreased gradually, but the content of CH4 increased gradually. When the pressure reaches 0.6 MPa, CH4 content can be 81.99%. When the pressure is increased to 0.8 MPa, CH4 content reached the highest level of 83.90%. It means that under the condition of the single-stage membrane module, if Pressure is more than 0.6MPa, we can get purified biogas which CH4 content is over 80%.
Basing on analysis of major components and element distribution of food waste, we derived its approximate formula, and then estimated the potential gas production and food waste possible economic benefits by using Buswell-Mualler formula. At the sane time, we discussed the potential economic benefits of biogas production and purification. The results show that the food waste contains a large amount of biomass energy and it is meaningful and valuable to product and purify biogas by food waste. So it can be a useful complement for China's energy security.
We determined the overall technology plan for two-phase anaerobic fermentation by food waste and the purification test system. We also choose the anaerobic fermentation and the fermentation tank and design fermentation tank for acid production, the Biogas fermentation tank and the mixing device and block board. At last, we design and analyze the low-pressure Biogas tank which plays a key role in the total process system..
In this paper,, we provide the feasible method that food waste can be used in large-scale production of biogas and purified into valuable new energy products like natural gas, datas for referring, idears and experience of industrial development.
普通沼气热值比较低,且含有大量C02和其他的无用成分,因此,很难作为工业能源进行销售和使用,其市场基本限定在农村生活领域。
本文针对我国能源短缺、餐厨垃圾需要科学处理、普通沼气品味低、不能进入工业领域应用的现实情况,研究和探讨了：基于气体分离膜的沼气除杂、提纯技术,以丰富的餐厨垃圾为原料的制沼及沼气除杂、提纯一体化方法和相关理论,以及其技术系统如何实现等相关问题,并做了以下主要研究工作：
提出并设计了一种基于两相厌氧发酵制沼和以膜分离C02为主的餐厨垃圾制沼及沼气提纯一体化技术系统,并对其中的主要装置进行了设计与理论分析；
在深入研究和探讨气体分离用膜材料、分离机理、主要特性、组件构造方法及特点的基础上,制作出了适用于高效去除沼气中CO2的膜组件,研究、提出了基于该膜组件的单级膜沼气提纯的工艺流程和实施方案,经实验室沼气提纯试验研究表明,采用适当的膜材料制造膜组件并按本文提出的流程构建沼气提纯技术系统是可行的。
利用本文所构建的沼气提纯系统进行沼气提纯试验研究发现：当膜组件进口压力在0.2～0.8 Mpa范围内,随着膜压力的增加,渗余气侧C02的含量呈逐渐下降趋势,CH4的含量呈逐渐升高趋势；当膜组件进口压力增至0.6 MPa时,CH4的含量达到81.99%；当压力增至0.8 MPa时,CH4的含量可达到83.90%。这意味着在单级膜组件的条件下,当膜组件的入口压力在0.6MPa以上时,即可获得CH4含量为80%以上的提纯沼气。
在分析我国餐厨垃圾主要成分和主要元素含量的基础上,推导出了我国餐厨垃圾的近似分子式,进而根据巴斯维尔-穆勒(Buswell-Mualler)公式估算了单位餐厨垃圾的可能产气量和可能经济效益,同时探讨了用沼渣、沼液制沼肥的可能经济效益和提纯沼气的效益。分析结果表明餐厨垃圾中蕴含了大量的生物质能源,用餐厨垃圾制沼并进行提纯,具有重要意义和推广应用前景,可为保障我国能源安全提供一定支持和帮助。
确定出了餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵制沼与膜分离提纯中试系统的工艺路线和总体方案,进行了厌氧发酵工艺和发酵罐选择；设计了产酸发酵罐与产甲烷发酵罐及其搅拌装置；对其中的低压储气罐进行了理论分析和设计。
本论文研究结果,可为在我国利用餐厨垃圾规模化生产沼气、并一举将所生产的沼气提纯成具有工业应用价值的天然气级新能源产品提供了可行的方法、可参考的数据、产业化开发的思路和借鉴。
Fossil fuels-coal, oil and gas, used as energy now are more than the total 85%. It is estimated that the world oil reserves can be mined for only forty years, gas can be exploited for more than sixty years and coal can be used more than 200 years. We can see that fossil energy sources which human beings rely on are turning out. Searching for renewable energy seems no time to delay. Furthermore, the use of fossil fuel causes CO2 emissions in our country's ranking first in the world. It is against current national requirements of the clean, sustainable and harmonious development. China is a country with large population, generates several million tons of food waste every year which should be disposed Scientifically without any pollution. Therefore, it has important practical, environmental and strategic significance to research and develop on purifying the food waste gas into natural gas, achieving waste treatment and resource science, and making up our Energy shortage,
Ordinary biogas with low heat value contains a lot of CO2 and other unwanted ingredients. So it is difficult for sales and use as industrial energy and its market is limited in the rural areas. In this paper, according to the reality of China's energy shortage, the problems that food waste requires scientific treatment and difficulties that ordinary biogas is difficult to apply in the industrial field because of low heat value, we researched and discussed the method to get biogas basing on advanced membrane technology combining with other gas purification technology, theoretical integration method of biogas production and purification by large amount of food waste, how to achieve the technology systems and other related issues. Main research achievements include following points:
We proposed and designed a technology system based on the technology system which integrated two-phase anaerobic fermentation to methane, biogas production using CO2 membrane separation and membrane biogas purification. Then, we designed and analyzed the theory of the main device.
Basing on in-depth study and exploration of gas separation membrane materials, separation mechanism, the main characteristics, construction methods and characteristics of component construction, we developed a membrane which can efficiently remove CO2 out from biogas, and proposed technological process and experiment plan of single-stage membrane biogas purification..Through the gas purification experiments in laboratory, it showed it is feasible to construct biogas purification system by using appropriate membrane.
Basing on biogas purification experiments by purification system developed by this paper, we found following conclusion:when the pressure changes between 0.2 and 0.8 MPa, with the increase of film pressure, the content of residual CO2 decreased gradually, but the content of CH4 increased gradually. When the pressure reaches 0.6 MPa, CH4 content can be 81.99%. When the pressure is increased to 0.8 MPa, CH4 content reached the highest level of 83.90%. It means that under the condition of the single-stage membrane module, if Pressure is more than 0.6MPa, we can get purified biogas which CH4 content is over 80%.
Basing on analysis of major components and element distribution of food waste, we derived its approximate formula, and then estimated the potential gas production and food waste possible economic benefits by using Buswell-Mualler formula. At the sane time, we discussed the potential economic benefits of biogas production and purification. The results show that the food waste contains a large amount of biomass energy and it is meaningful and valuable to product and purify biogas by food waste. So it can be a useful complement for China's energy security.
We determined the overall technology plan for two-phase anaerobic fermentation by food waste and the purification test system. We also choose the anaerobic fermentation and the fermentation tank and design fermentation tank for acid production, the Biogas fermentation tank and the mixing device and block board. At last, we design and analyze the low-pressure Biogas tank which plays a key role in the total process system..
In this paper,, we provide the feasible method that food waste can be used in large-scale production of biogas and purified into valuable new energy products like natural gas, datas for referring, idears and experience of industrial development.
引文
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