北美栎树引种栽培技术研究
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摘要
栎类是温带和亚热带的重要森林树种，在用材、生物多样性、生态、环境美化等方面具有重要价值。本文报道从北美引种北方红栎、红栎、柳叶栎、南方红栎、北方大果栎、水栎、柱栎、黑栎、北美白栎、英国栎、纳塔栎和沼生栎等12个树种38个种源、家系在江苏进行育苗和造林的试验结果。观测了苗期和幼林期的生长、适应性、物候、生长节律等性状，开展了纳塔栎和南方红栎淹水胁迫盆栽试验和水栎、纳塔栎、柳叶栎等扦插与嫁接繁殖试验，研究结果表明：
1．不同引种栎树及种源、家系间种子大小、种子萌发时间、展叶时间、萌芽率、苗高和地径生长等性状有明显变异。依据种子大小，可将引种栎树分为大粒类(北方大果栎、北方红栎、夏栎、纳塔栎和北美白栎)、中等粒类(红栎、黑栎和沼生栎)和小粒类(柱栎、水栎、柳叶栎和南方红栎)。种子萌发时间柱栎LA、黑栎IA和MO种源较早，水栎各个种源发芽均很迟，种子萌发需要较高积温。苗期生长量为纳塔栎、柳叶栎和英国栎最大，其次为南方红栎、大果栎、水栎和柱栎，黑栎、北美白栎、红栎、北方红栎、沼生栎最小。
2．引种北美栎树在南京的苗高季节生长表现出与原产地相似的规律，北方红栎、红栎、北方大果栎和黑栎等4种栎树容器苗多数植株全年仅1次抽梢生长，属短期生长型；柱栎和南方红栎容器苗全年有3-4次抽梢，属中期生长型；而柳叶栎和水栎容器苗全年有4-5次以上抽梢生长，属长期生长型。柱栎、南方红栎、柳叶栎和水栎的苗高季节生长用Logistic方程拟合具有较好效果。北方红栎和红栎幼树多数植株全年仅两次抽梢生长。柳叶栎全年生长季内有多次(4-5次以上)抽梢生长。采用有序样本聚类法，可将北方红栎和红栎幼全年高生长划分为速生期、缓慢生长期和停滞生长期3个阶段；柳叶栎划分为速生前期、速生中期和生长后期3个阶段；北方红栎、红栎、柳叶栎3种栎树的地径年生长变化动态基本相同，都可划分为生长初期、生长盛期和生长后期3个阶段。在柳叶栎、红栎和北方红栎3种树种中，春季展叶期早迟为柳叶栎＞红栎＞北方红栎；秋季叶变色期早迟为红栎＞北方红栎＞柳叶栎，落叶期早迟为北方红栎＞柳叶＞红栎。
3．纳塔栎和南方红栎能耐75d的土壤涝渍胁迫，植株成活生长。在淹水20cm持续75d胁迫条件下，纳塔栎的成活率仍达100％，南方红栎的成活率仅30％。持续的土壤涝渍和深度淹水胁迫下，使南方红栎的净光合速率、气孔导度、根系活力和乙醇脱氢酶活性出现显著的下降，高生长与生物量积累受到抑制，其耐水湿的能力较差。纳塔栎在淹水条件下，仅根系活力指标出现显著下降，但乙醇脱氢酶活性出现大幅度增加，高生长与生物量积累未受影响，反映出纳塔栎对淹水胁迫有很强的自我调节与适应能力。
4．在引种北美栎树中，水栎、柳叶栎和纳塔栎的造林成活保存率最高，生长速度最快。在苏南地区，纳塔栎造林3年生时平均树高达3.7m，地径5.7cm，冠幅1.56m；水栎造林6年时，平均树高、胸径和冠幅分别达6.39m、9.56cm和4.00m；柳叶栎造林5年生时，平均树高达3.77-3.87m，地径5.86-8.12cm，冠幅1.70-2.55m。其生长量接近或超过乡土树种麻栎(ck1)，显著超过了小叶栎(ck2)、栓皮栎(ck3)和青冈栎(ck4)等乡土栎树；南方红栎造林3年生树高和地径年平均生长量分别为0.58-1.01m和0.82-1.35cm，其生长量小于麻栎，但超过小叶栎和栓皮栎和青冈栎。红栎、北方红栎、沼生栎、北方大果栎和北美白栎造林成活保存率最低，生长量也最差。红栎、南方红栎、沼生栎、水栎、纳塔栎、北方红栎和北美白栎等7种栎树秋季叶色有明显的红叶期。柳叶栎秋叶呈黄色或桔黄色。综合造林后的生长、适应性及观赏性状指标，初步选择出纳塔栎、水栎和柳叶柳为优良速生用材和观赏树种，可在江苏丘陵山区、平原及低湿滩地用材及生态景观造林中推广应用；南方红栎、北方红栎、红栎和沼生栎为优良秋叶观赏树种，可在江苏城市园林绿化中适当栽培应用。
5．引种各栎树种内不同种源、家系间苗期和幼龄期生长存在明显变异，具选择改良潜力，引种北美栎树应重视不同种源、家系的选择。采用综合性状评价法，从参试的9个柳叶栎种源、家系评选出9818和9817两个柳叶栎优良种源，在苏北丘陵干旱瘠薄立地，造林8年生时，树高和地径分别比种源平均值增加10.6％和13.9％。
6．从柳叶栎、纳塔栎和水栎1-1.5a实生苗上采穗扦插，最佳处理的生根率分别达70％、52.0％和22.0％，具有一定的扦插繁殖潜力。不同树种的扦插生根能力大小为柳叶栎＞纳塔栎＞水栎。生根剂ABT6高浓度处理具有较好的促进生根效果。以麻栎为砧木，纳塔栎、红栎和水栎春季枝接的成活率分别为47.5％-61.2％、47.5％和13.3％-15.0％，其效果优于秋季芽接。但春季嫁接成活后，因亲和性等原因，年终保存率仍会出现明显下降。为加快引种栎树的扩繁，建议生产上在引进北美栎树种子播种育苗时，可利用当年生苗侧枝进行扦插繁殖，扩大苗木繁殖数量，而对于引种栎树中初选的优良观赏类型或单株，可采用嫁接繁殖为主。
The performances of 12 oak species and 38 provenances and families(including 5 seed sources of Quercus coccinea, 6 families of Q. rubra, 10provenances and families of Q. phellos, 4 seed sources of Q.nigra, 2 seed sources ofQ. falcate, 4 seed sources of Q. velutina, 2 seed sources of Q. macrocarpa, and 5mixed seed sources of Q. stellala, Q. alba, Q. robu, Q. nuttallii, Q. palustrisrespectively) introduced from North America have been investigated in JiangsuProvince, China, from 1998 to 2006. Test characters included the seed size and weight,germination percentage, seedling height and main stem diameter, seasonal growthrhythm and phonological phase in seedling phase and the survival rate, height, basaland breast stem diameter, crown diameter, leaves color variance in sapling phase atdifferent test sites. Moreover, under greenhouse conditions, 2-year-old sapling ofQ. nuttallii and Q. falcate were subjected to a flooding stress and subsequent growthand physiological responses were evaluated. The vegetative propagating methods bycutting and grafting in four exotic oaks were tried. The result indicated that:
(1) The characters of seeds and seedlings were significantly different among oakspecies and provenances of each species. Seed size: Q. macrocarpa, Q. nuttallii, Q.rubra, Q. robur, and Q. alba were the biggest ones, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina and Q.palustris were middle types and Q. phellos, Q. nigra, Q. falcate, and Q. stellata werethe least. Germination time: Q. stellata (LA source) and Q. velutina (IA and MOsource) were the earliest, and the secondary species were Q. macrocarpa (IL source),Q. falcate (AR source) and Q.velutina (ON source) and all of the Q. nigraprovenances were the latest to germinate. Germination percentage: The germinationrate of Q. velutina (MO source) seeds was the highest, and Q. nigra (TX source) andQ. macrocarpa (MT source) were the least. 1-year-old seedling growth (height andmain stem diameter): The seedling growth condition of Q. nuttallii, Q. phellos and Q.robur were the best and Q. velutina, Q. rubra, Q. cocciea, Q. palustris and Q. albawere the worst, while the condition of Q. falcat, Q. nigra, Q. macrocarpa and Q.stellata was the middling.
(2) The annual height growth rhythm of 8 exotic oaks seedlings growing incontainer was observed. Our results showed that the shoot growth flush had only oncein Q. velutina, Q. rubra, Q. cocciea and Q. macrocarpa, 3 or 4 times in O. falcat andQ. stellata, 4 or 5 times in Q. phellos and Q. nigra. Their growth period of one seasonwas classified into three types including short, middle and long period type. The monthly growth of seedling height in Q. falcat, Q phello and Q. nigra can be fittedwith "S" curves and simulated by Logistic Equations. Q. rubra and Q. coccieashooted twice in the sapling phase and the flush was episodic. Q. phellos sapling hadover four or five times shooting and the flush was continuous. According to dusteranalysis of sequential sample, the monthly height growth rhythm was divided into 3growth phases of fast (from16 Apr to 30 Apr), slow (from 1 May to 15 July) and stop(from 15 July to 30 Sep) in Q. rubra and Q. cocciea, and fast prophase (from 16 Aprto 30 Apr), fast (from 1 May to 31 Aug) and slow (in Sep) in Q. phellos. Thephonological phase: leaves expansion Of Q. phellos was earlier than that of Q. coccieaand Q. rubra was the latest in spring. Leaves colors of Q. cocciea changed earlier thanothers and Q. phellos was the latest in autumn. Leaves of Q. rubra fell earher thanthat of Q. phellos and Q. cocciea.
(3) 2-year-old saplings of Q. nuttallii and Q. falcat can tolerant water stress for75d. In 20cm deep-drown treatment, Q.falcat saplings began to die after 49d and only30% survived after 75d, while Q. nuttallii was still alive. Under these two conditions,sapling height growth, mass, net photosynthetic rate and leaf stomatal conductancewere significantly reduced in Q. falcat and indistinctive in Q. nuttallii. The roots vigorand the activity of the ADH in roots declined in Q. falcat by two treatments. The rootsvigor was indistinctive by water saturation treatment and significantly reduced by20cm deep-drown in Q. nuttallii, however, the activity of the ADH in root increaseddramatically in later stage by 20cm deep-drown, wich suggested that theself-adjusting ability of Q. nuttallii in response to water stress was strong.Comprehensive analysis proved that flooding tolerance ability of Q. nuttall (about 75d)was stronger than that of Q. falcat (about 20d).
(4) Within all the exotic oaks, the growth and survival rate of Q. nuttallii, Q. nigraand Q. phellos were the most. In Southern Jiangsu hill sites, the average annual growthof 3 -year-old tree of Q. nuttallii was 1.24m(high) and 2.85cm(collar diameter), that of6-year-old tree of Q. nigra was 0.96-1.20 m(H) and 1.36-1.55cm(C.D) and that of8-year-old tree of Q. phellos was 0.75-0.91m(H) and 1.17-1.62cm (C.D). The growthrate was approaching or exceeding that of native oak tree Q. acutissima (ck1) and overtexceeding that of Q. variabilis(ck2), Q. chenii(ck3) and Q. glauca (ck4). Q. falcat wassecondly and the growth rate exceeded ck2, ck3 and ck4. Q. macrocarpa, Q. coccieaand Q. alba had the slowest growth rate and less survival. In fall, the leaves of 7 oakspecies including Q. coccinea, O. rubra, O. falcate, Q. palustris, Q. alba, Q.nuttalliiand Q. nigra changed into red color and leaves of Q. pkellos grew yellow or orange.The leaves of native oaks changed into filemot color and the landscape value was low.
(5) Based on growth, adaptability and ornamental characteristics, O. nuttallii, Q.nigra and Q. phellos were selected for timber and landscape trees because of their fastgrowth rate, and Q. falcate, Q. coccinea, Q. rubra and Q. palustris were selected forlandscape trees because of their excellent red leaves in the autumn. Introduction ofNorth American oaks in Jiangsu area should be focused in Q. nuttalli, Q. nigra, Q.falcata and Q. phellos that are distributed in subtropics of Southeast Unite States withthe similar climate.
(6) Different provenances and families of each oak species also had significantvariation of growth and adaptability. There were preferable potential for choosingseed source. According to the synthetic index value, 2 elite provenances No.9818 andNo.9817 were selected from 9 provenances and families of Q. phellos. The averageheight and collar diameter of 8- year-old tree increased 10.6% and 13.9% respectivelycompared with the mean value of trees in northern Jiangsu hill site. The growth rate ofQ. phellos (height and diameter) was significantly different from 1 age to 8 age trees.
(7) The cutting rooting rate of Q. phellos, Q. nuttalli, and Q. nigra branch tips of1-year-old sapling were 70%, 52.0% and 22.0% respective with the optimal treatment,but no rooting from Q. phellos branch of 6-year-old sapling. The rooting ability of Q.phellos was better than that of Q. nuttallii and Q. nigra. Rooting rate of the cuttingstreated with ABT_6 was higher than that of NAA +V_(B2) and NAA. The field graftingsurvival rate of Q. nuttallii, Q. nigra and Q. coccinea were 47.5%-61.2%. 47.5% and13.3%-15.0% respectively with rootstock of Q. acutissima after 2 month, but thesurvival rate declined in the end of one season. The bench grafting in spring wasbetter than budding in autumn.
(8) Main technologies for raising oak seedlings in the nursery: Maintain acornsmoisture level to keep seed vigor; Store acorns at 2-5℃and stratification for breakingseeds dormancy; Seed soaked in warm water (40℃) for 24h and treated with GA_3 for5h before sowing for increased germination speed. Planting acorn deep (2-3cm) andsidelong lying for the radicle and embryo better emerged; Undrecutting roots toincreased lateral roots of seedling; Transplanting seedlings in early spring or lateautumn.
1．不同引种栎树及种源、家系间种子大小、种子萌发时间、展叶时间、萌芽率、苗高和地径生长等性状有明显变异。依据种子大小，可将引种栎树分为大粒类(北方大果栎、北方红栎、夏栎、纳塔栎和北美白栎)、中等粒类(红栎、黑栎和沼生栎)和小粒类(柱栎、水栎、柳叶栎和南方红栎)。种子萌发时间柱栎LA、黑栎IA和MO种源较早，水栎各个种源发芽均很迟，种子萌发需要较高积温。苗期生长量为纳塔栎、柳叶栎和英国栎最大，其次为南方红栎、大果栎、水栎和柱栎，黑栎、北美白栎、红栎、北方红栎、沼生栎最小。
2．引种北美栎树在南京的苗高季节生长表现出与原产地相似的规律，北方红栎、红栎、北方大果栎和黑栎等4种栎树容器苗多数植株全年仅1次抽梢生长，属短期生长型；柱栎和南方红栎容器苗全年有3-4次抽梢，属中期生长型；而柳叶栎和水栎容器苗全年有4-5次以上抽梢生长，属长期生长型。柱栎、南方红栎、柳叶栎和水栎的苗高季节生长用Logistic方程拟合具有较好效果。北方红栎和红栎幼树多数植株全年仅两次抽梢生长。柳叶栎全年生长季内有多次(4-5次以上)抽梢生长。采用有序样本聚类法，可将北方红栎和红栎幼全年高生长划分为速生期、缓慢生长期和停滞生长期3个阶段；柳叶栎划分为速生前期、速生中期和生长后期3个阶段；北方红栎、红栎、柳叶栎3种栎树的地径年生长变化动态基本相同，都可划分为生长初期、生长盛期和生长后期3个阶段。在柳叶栎、红栎和北方红栎3种树种中，春季展叶期早迟为柳叶栎＞红栎＞北方红栎；秋季叶变色期早迟为红栎＞北方红栎＞柳叶栎，落叶期早迟为北方红栎＞柳叶＞红栎。
3．纳塔栎和南方红栎能耐75d的土壤涝渍胁迫，植株成活生长。在淹水20cm持续75d胁迫条件下，纳塔栎的成活率仍达100％，南方红栎的成活率仅30％。持续的土壤涝渍和深度淹水胁迫下，使南方红栎的净光合速率、气孔导度、根系活力和乙醇脱氢酶活性出现显著的下降，高生长与生物量积累受到抑制，其耐水湿的能力较差。纳塔栎在淹水条件下，仅根系活力指标出现显著下降，但乙醇脱氢酶活性出现大幅度增加，高生长与生物量积累未受影响，反映出纳塔栎对淹水胁迫有很强的自我调节与适应能力。
4．在引种北美栎树中，水栎、柳叶栎和纳塔栎的造林成活保存率最高，生长速度最快。在苏南地区，纳塔栎造林3年生时平均树高达3.7m，地径5.7cm，冠幅1.56m；水栎造林6年时，平均树高、胸径和冠幅分别达6.39m、9.56cm和4.00m；柳叶栎造林5年生时，平均树高达3.77-3.87m，地径5.86-8.12cm，冠幅1.70-2.55m。其生长量接近或超过乡土树种麻栎(ck1)，显著超过了小叶栎(ck2)、栓皮栎(ck3)和青冈栎(ck4)等乡土栎树；南方红栎造林3年生树高和地径年平均生长量分别为0.58-1.01m和0.82-1.35cm，其生长量小于麻栎，但超过小叶栎和栓皮栎和青冈栎。红栎、北方红栎、沼生栎、北方大果栎和北美白栎造林成活保存率最低，生长量也最差。红栎、南方红栎、沼生栎、水栎、纳塔栎、北方红栎和北美白栎等7种栎树秋季叶色有明显的红叶期。柳叶栎秋叶呈黄色或桔黄色。综合造林后的生长、适应性及观赏性状指标，初步选择出纳塔栎、水栎和柳叶柳为优良速生用材和观赏树种，可在江苏丘陵山区、平原及低湿滩地用材及生态景观造林中推广应用；南方红栎、北方红栎、红栎和沼生栎为优良秋叶观赏树种，可在江苏城市园林绿化中适当栽培应用。
5．引种各栎树种内不同种源、家系间苗期和幼龄期生长存在明显变异，具选择改良潜力，引种北美栎树应重视不同种源、家系的选择。采用综合性状评价法，从参试的9个柳叶栎种源、家系评选出9818和9817两个柳叶栎优良种源，在苏北丘陵干旱瘠薄立地，造林8年生时，树高和地径分别比种源平均值增加10.6％和13.9％。
6．从柳叶栎、纳塔栎和水栎1-1.5a实生苗上采穗扦插，最佳处理的生根率分别达70％、52.0％和22.0％，具有一定的扦插繁殖潜力。不同树种的扦插生根能力大小为柳叶栎＞纳塔栎＞水栎。生根剂ABT6高浓度处理具有较好的促进生根效果。以麻栎为砧木，纳塔栎、红栎和水栎春季枝接的成活率分别为47.5％-61.2％、47.5％和13.3％-15.0％，其效果优于秋季芽接。但春季嫁接成活后，因亲和性等原因，年终保存率仍会出现明显下降。为加快引种栎树的扩繁，建议生产上在引进北美栎树种子播种育苗时，可利用当年生苗侧枝进行扦插繁殖，扩大苗木繁殖数量，而对于引种栎树中初选的优良观赏类型或单株，可采用嫁接繁殖为主。
The performances of 12 oak species and 38 provenances and families(including 5 seed sources of Quercus coccinea, 6 families of Q. rubra, 10provenances and families of Q. phellos, 4 seed sources of Q.nigra, 2 seed sources ofQ. falcate, 4 seed sources of Q. velutina, 2 seed sources of Q. macrocarpa, and 5mixed seed sources of Q. stellala, Q. alba, Q. robu, Q. nuttallii, Q. palustrisrespectively) introduced from North America have been investigated in JiangsuProvince, China, from 1998 to 2006. Test characters included the seed size and weight,germination percentage, seedling height and main stem diameter, seasonal growthrhythm and phonological phase in seedling phase and the survival rate, height, basaland breast stem diameter, crown diameter, leaves color variance in sapling phase atdifferent test sites. Moreover, under greenhouse conditions, 2-year-old sapling ofQ. nuttallii and Q. falcate were subjected to a flooding stress and subsequent growthand physiological responses were evaluated. The vegetative propagating methods bycutting and grafting in four exotic oaks were tried. The result indicated that:
(1) The characters of seeds and seedlings were significantly different among oakspecies and provenances of each species. Seed size: Q. macrocarpa, Q. nuttallii, Q.rubra, Q. robur, and Q. alba were the biggest ones, Q. coccinea, Q. velutina and Q.palustris were middle types and Q. phellos, Q. nigra, Q. falcate, and Q. stellata werethe least. Germination time: Q. stellata (LA source) and Q. velutina (IA and MOsource) were the earliest, and the secondary species were Q. macrocarpa (IL source),Q. falcate (AR source) and Q.velutina (ON source) and all of the Q. nigraprovenances were the latest to germinate. Germination percentage: The germinationrate of Q. velutina (MO source) seeds was the highest, and Q. nigra (TX source) andQ. macrocarpa (MT source) were the least. 1-year-old seedling growth (height andmain stem diameter): The seedling growth condition of Q. nuttallii, Q. phellos and Q.robur were the best and Q. velutina, Q. rubra, Q. cocciea, Q. palustris and Q. albawere the worst, while the condition of Q. falcat, Q. nigra, Q. macrocarpa and Q.stellata was the middling.
(2) The annual height growth rhythm of 8 exotic oaks seedlings growing incontainer was observed. Our results showed that the shoot growth flush had only oncein Q. velutina, Q. rubra, Q. cocciea and Q. macrocarpa, 3 or 4 times in O. falcat andQ. stellata, 4 or 5 times in Q. phellos and Q. nigra. Their growth period of one seasonwas classified into three types including short, middle and long period type. The monthly growth of seedling height in Q. falcat, Q phello and Q. nigra can be fittedwith "S" curves and simulated by Logistic Equations. Q. rubra and Q. coccieashooted twice in the sapling phase and the flush was episodic. Q. phellos sapling hadover four or five times shooting and the flush was continuous. According to dusteranalysis of sequential sample, the monthly height growth rhythm was divided into 3growth phases of fast (from16 Apr to 30 Apr), slow (from 1 May to 15 July) and stop(from 15 July to 30 Sep) in Q. rubra and Q. cocciea, and fast prophase (from 16 Aprto 30 Apr), fast (from 1 May to 31 Aug) and slow (in Sep) in Q. phellos. Thephonological phase: leaves expansion Of Q. phellos was earlier than that of Q. coccieaand Q. rubra was the latest in spring. Leaves colors of Q. cocciea changed earlier thanothers and Q. phellos was the latest in autumn. Leaves of Q. rubra fell earher thanthat of Q. phellos and Q. cocciea.
(3) 2-year-old saplings of Q. nuttallii and Q. falcat can tolerant water stress for75d. In 20cm deep-drown treatment, Q.falcat saplings began to die after 49d and only30% survived after 75d, while Q. nuttallii was still alive. Under these two conditions,sapling height growth, mass, net photosynthetic rate and leaf stomatal conductancewere significantly reduced in Q. falcat and indistinctive in Q. nuttallii. The roots vigorand the activity of the ADH in roots declined in Q. falcat by two treatments. The rootsvigor was indistinctive by water saturation treatment and significantly reduced by20cm deep-drown in Q. nuttallii, however, the activity of the ADH in root increaseddramatically in later stage by 20cm deep-drown, wich suggested that theself-adjusting ability of Q. nuttallii in response to water stress was strong.Comprehensive analysis proved that flooding tolerance ability of Q. nuttall (about 75d)was stronger than that of Q. falcat (about 20d).
(4) Within all the exotic oaks, the growth and survival rate of Q. nuttallii, Q. nigraand Q. phellos were the most. In Southern Jiangsu hill sites, the average annual growthof 3 -year-old tree of Q. nuttallii was 1.24m(high) and 2.85cm(collar diameter), that of6-year-old tree of Q. nigra was 0.96-1.20 m(H) and 1.36-1.55cm(C.D) and that of8-year-old tree of Q. phellos was 0.75-0.91m(H) and 1.17-1.62cm (C.D). The growthrate was approaching or exceeding that of native oak tree Q. acutissima (ck1) and overtexceeding that of Q. variabilis(ck2), Q. chenii(ck3) and Q. glauca (ck4). Q. falcat wassecondly and the growth rate exceeded ck2, ck3 and ck4. Q. macrocarpa, Q. coccieaand Q. alba had the slowest growth rate and less survival. In fall, the leaves of 7 oakspecies including Q. coccinea, O. rubra, O. falcate, Q. palustris, Q. alba, Q.nuttalliiand Q. nigra changed into red color and leaves of Q. pkellos grew yellow or orange.The leaves of native oaks changed into filemot color and the landscape value was low.
(5) Based on growth, adaptability and ornamental characteristics, O. nuttallii, Q.nigra and Q. phellos were selected for timber and landscape trees because of their fastgrowth rate, and Q. falcate, Q. coccinea, Q. rubra and Q. palustris were selected forlandscape trees because of their excellent red leaves in the autumn. Introduction ofNorth American oaks in Jiangsu area should be focused in Q. nuttalli, Q. nigra, Q.falcata and Q. phellos that are distributed in subtropics of Southeast Unite States withthe similar climate.
(6) Different provenances and families of each oak species also had significantvariation of growth and adaptability. There were preferable potential for choosingseed source. According to the synthetic index value, 2 elite provenances No.9818 andNo.9817 were selected from 9 provenances and families of Q. phellos. The averageheight and collar diameter of 8- year-old tree increased 10.6% and 13.9% respectivelycompared with the mean value of trees in northern Jiangsu hill site. The growth rate ofQ. phellos (height and diameter) was significantly different from 1 age to 8 age trees.
(7) The cutting rooting rate of Q. phellos, Q. nuttalli, and Q. nigra branch tips of1-year-old sapling were 70%, 52.0% and 22.0% respective with the optimal treatment,but no rooting from Q. phellos branch of 6-year-old sapling. The rooting ability of Q.phellos was better than that of Q. nuttallii and Q. nigra. Rooting rate of the cuttingstreated with ABT_6 was higher than that of NAA +V_(B2) and NAA. The field graftingsurvival rate of Q. nuttallii, Q. nigra and Q. coccinea were 47.5%-61.2%. 47.5% and13.3%-15.0% respectively with rootstock of Q. acutissima after 2 month, but thesurvival rate declined in the end of one season. The bench grafting in spring wasbetter than budding in autumn.
(8) Main technologies for raising oak seedlings in the nursery: Maintain acornsmoisture level to keep seed vigor; Store acorns at 2-5℃and stratification for breakingseeds dormancy; Seed soaked in warm water (40℃) for 24h and treated with GA_3 for5h before sowing for increased germination speed. Planting acorn deep (2-3cm) andsidelong lying for the radicle and embryo better emerged; Undrecutting roots toincreased lateral roots of seedling; Transplanting seedlings in early spring or lateautumn.
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